The UARTO psychosocial assessments also sought to measure several potentially related constructs, including self-blame for HIV status, depression symptom severity, enacted stigma, health-related quality of life, and HIV-related symptom burden. We measured self-blame by asking participants whether they agreed (yes/no) with the statement, “It is my own fault that I am HIV-positive.” To measure depression symptom severity, we used the 15-item Hopkins Symptom Checklist for Depression [31 (link)]. Following prior studies of depression in Uganda, we modified the depression scale for the local context by adding a 16th item, “feeling like I don’t care about my health” [32 ]. Each item is scored on a four-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 to 4, and the total scale score is computed as the average of the 16 items. To assess enacted stigma, which refers to overt acts of HIV-related discrimination [29 (link)], we asked participants whether or not they had ever experienced (yes/no) any one of 13 different events, including spousal abandonment, discrimination in health care settings, loss of housing, threats of violence, or physical assault. Health-related quality of life was measured with the Medical Outcomes Study-HIV Health Survey (MOS-HIV) mental health summary (MHS) and physical health summary (PHS) scores. The MOS-HIV consists of 35 items grouped into 11 domains, and higher MHS and PHS scores reflect a better health-related quality of life [33 (link)–35 (link)]. The individual domains are scored as summated rating scales from 0–100, and the overall MHS and PHS scores are transformed to t-scores with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. For HIV-related symptom burden, we inquired about whether or not participants had experienced, in the previous month, any of 29 potentially HIV-related symptoms (e.g., “tremors or shakes,” “problems with weight loss or wasting,” “change in the way your body looks such as fat deposits or weight gain,” “skin problems, such as rash, dryness, or itching,” “hair loss or changes in the way your hair looks,” “enlarged bumps in your neck, armpits, or groin,” etc.). Among participants who had experienced a particular symptom, the extent to which they found each symptom bothersome was scored on a four-point Likert-type scale ranging from 0 to 4. These variables were used to create an equally weighted average of the z-scores [36 ], with the sign of the aggregate measure oriented so that greater values of the symptom index are associated with a greater symptom burden.
Desiccation
This term encompasses techniques such as air-drying, freeze-drying, and chemical dehydration.
Desiccation is a crucial aspect of many fields, including biology, chemistry, and engineering, as it can impact the physical, chemical, and biological properties of substances.
Understanding and optimizing desiccation protocols is important for a wide range of applications, from food preservation to the development of advanced materials.
Researches in this area often utilize tools like PubCompare.ai to effortlessly locate and compare desiccation protocols from the literature, pre-prints, and patents, helping to streamline their research process and identify the most effective methods.
Most cited protocols related to «Desiccation»
Analysis of variance was used to determine statistical significance except where an alternative test is specified. Statistical significance was accepted at P < 0.05.
During the survey, all participants were required to fill in a demographic form that included information on age, education, income, marital status, occupation, menopausal status, and disease history. Menopausal status was categorized as perimenopause (climacteric transition with irregular menses) and menopause (last menstrual period at least 12 months prior to the survey). Each participant was also required to complete the Chinese version of the MRS (
The order in which each participant completed the MRS and modified KI was entirely at random. Two experienced interviewers (SHF and LCB) provided all the surveys, and answered any questions raised by the participants.
The MRS consists of 11 items categorized into three subscales, ie, sweating/hot flushes, heart discomfort, sleep problems, joint and muscle problems, categorized as somatovegetative symptoms; depressive mood, irritability, anxiety, and physical/mental exhaustion, categorized as psychological symptoms; and sexual problems, bladder problems, and vaginal dryness, categorized as urogenital symptoms. Severity was rated and scored as none (0 points), mild (1 point), moderate (2 points), severe (3 points), and very severe (4 points). The total score possible ranges from 0 to 44. Scores ranging from 0–4, 5–8, 9–15, and 16+ were used to rate the perceived menopausal symptoms as none/minimal, mild, moderate, and severe, respectively.10 (link),16 (link)
The modified KI1 ,17 consists of 13 items (see
Most recents protocols related to «Desiccation»
Example 2
Antimicrobial activity of the compositions according to the invention has been compared with compositions comprising either only the modified clay particle comprising an antimicrobial compound (‘CPC’, prepared as in Ex. 1), or only a nonionic triblock copolymer (‘pluronic’). Salivary flora and actives (according to Table 1 below) were co-incubated overnight and at the end of incubation biofilm was stained with crystal violet. Detailed protocol as mentioned below:
Treatment and Biofilm Formation
Early morning saliva samples before brushing was collected from 4-5 people, pooled together and washed twice in saline. Absorbance was set to 0.2 OD620 nm in ultra-filtered tryptone yeast extract broth (2% sucrose) and used for experiments as mentioned in further steps. 2 ml of set culture was added into 24/12 well plate to which test actives at varying concentrations were added into each of the wells. The plate was incubated anaerobically overnight at 37° C.
Staining Protocol
At the end overnight incubation, decant the plate out over a biohazard bag to remove all the planktonic bacteria. Rinse the plate in a tray of water and decant the water out over the tray. This step was done once to remove the loosely adhered biofilm. Place the plate on a blotting paper/paper towel over the bench top. Stain all the test wells with 1 ml of 1% Crystal violet stain (CV) for 10 min. This step was done using a pipette. Decant the plate out over the biohazard discard bag to remove all the stain. Rinse the plate in a tray of water and pour the water out over the tray. This step was done thrice consecutively, in three separate trays of water. (Each tray procedure was repeated thrice-total 9 rinse). Cover the bench top with more blotting paper/paper towel and hit the plate against the bench top until all the wells are free of any liquid. This step was done to ensure that only CV remaining is bound to a biofilm at the bottom of a well. Leave the plate face up on the bench top at room temperature (23+2° C.) until it dries completely. Add 1 ml of 33% glacial acetic acid to the test wells to solubilize the biofilm bound CV stain. Allow the acetic acid to sit for 10 mins. Pipette up and down the mix of acetic acid and CV in the wells.
Transfer 10 μl of above solution mix to 90 ul of 33% acetic acid in a well of flat bottom 96 well plate. Mix the solution well and absorbance is taken at 540 nm. All the test actives were done in duplicates.
Example 9
A 3D printed mesh was prepared from succinic acid-1,4-butanediol-malic acid copolyester (Tepha lot 180333), with weight average molecular weight of 184 kDa, Tm=115° C., using melt extrusion deposition according to the following method. The mesh was printed using an ARBURG Free-Former machine consisting of a horizontal extruder feeding into a vertical ram extruder fitted with motion controlled needle plunger, 200 micron spinneret nozzle and a movable stage table. The extruder hopper was charged with 1½×3 mm sized polymer pellets with a moisture content of less than 2,000 ppm. The pellets were purged with dry nitrogen in the extruder hopper to maintain dryness. The temperature profile of the extruder was set between 45°-180° C., and the residence time of the polymer in the extrusion system was maintained at less than 15 min/cm. The conditions resulted in the formation of very high quality printed mesh as shown in
enriched using a freeze-dryer (Alpha1-4, Christ, Germany). A 40 mL
aliquot of each sample was transferred into a 50 mL falcon tube and
prefrozen at −20 °C overnight, followed by freeze-drying
at 15 °C and 1.65 mbar for 30 h until dryness. The residue was
reconstituted in 400 μL of acetonitrile and water (90:10, v:v),
transferred into an Eppendorf tube, and then centrifuged at 13000
min–1 for 10 min. The supernatant was then transferred
into glass vials and stored at −20 °C until analysis.
An ultrapure water blank was prepared following the same procedure.
30 mL of ultrapure water in a 100 mL beaker with constant magnetic
stirring. One gram of the prepared Mg/Al LDH was added to the solution
and mixed for 2 h at 25 °C. The solution was subsequently added
dropwise to a 250 mL beaker containing 100 mL of 0.3 mol/L Ca(NO3)2·6H2O to produce hydrogel beads
(LB). The prepared beads were stirred for 10 min, filtered, washed
with ultrapure water, and then dried in a freeze dryer for 24 h.
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More about "Desiccation"
This technique encompasses a range of methods, including air-drying, freeze-drying, and chemical dehydration.
Understanding and optimizing desiccation protocols is crucial in fields such as biology, chemistry, and engineering, as it can impact the physical, chemical, and biological properties of substances.
Researchers frequently utilize tools like PubCompare.ai to effortlessly locate and compare desiccation protocols from the literature, pre-prints, and patents, helping to streamline their research process and identify the most effective methods.
Synonyms and related terms for desiccation include dehydration, dewatering, and drying.
Commonly used abbreviations in this field include HCP-2 (High Capacity Pump), Trace DSQ (Trace Dewatering System), and EM CPD300 (Electron Microscope Critical Point Dryer).
Key subtopics include the use of Whatman No. 1 filter paper, a widely used substrate for desiccation experiments, as well as the application of glutaraldehyde, a chemical agent used in the preservation and fixation of biological samples.
Additionally, the SU8100 scanning electron microscope and the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit, a common tool for DNA extraction and purification, are often utilized in desiccation research.
Optimizing desiccation protocols is essential for a wide range of applications, from food preservation to the development of advanced materials.
By leveraging the power of PubCompare.ai, researchers can streamline their work and identify the most effective desiccation methods, ultimately contributing to the advancement of science and technology.