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Friction

Friction is the force that opposes the relative motion between two surfaces in contact.
It arises from the interaction of surface irregularities, adhesion, and deformation at the interface.
Friction is an important concept in various fields, including mechanics, tribology, and engineering, as it affects the efficiency of mechanical systems and the wear of materials.
Understanding and quantifying friction is crucial for designing and optimizing a wide range of applications, from machine components to biomechanical systems.
This MeSH term provides a comprehensive overview of the role of friction in research and its significance for enhancing reproducibility and accuracy in scientific studies.

Most cited protocols related to «Friction»

1
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Peptides
Simulations of Ala5 were run using the simulation package Gromacs28 ,29 using a protocol similar to that used in our previous work,15 (link) and with the implementation of the Amber force fields by Sorin and Pande.30 (link) The peptide was unblocked and protonated at both N and C termini, corresponding to the experimental conditions of pH 2.14 (link) Molecular dynamics simulations of each peptide in a 30 Å cubic simulation box of explicit TIP3P water31 were run at a constant temperature of 300 K and a constant pressure of 1 atm, with long range electrostatic terms evaluated using particle-mesh Ewald (PME) using a 1.0 Å grid spacing and a 9 Å cutoff for short-range interactions. For each force field, four runs of 50 ns each were initiated from different starting configurations. Further details of the simulation protocols are as published.15 (link)Replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) simulations of the blocked peptide Ac-(AAQAA)3-NH2 were run using Gromacs28 ,29 with 32 replicas spanning a temperature range of 278 K to 595 K. The peptide was solvated in a truncated octahedron simulation cell of 1022 TIP3P water molecules with an initial distance of 35 Å between the nearest faces of the cell. This cell was equilibrated for 200 ps at 300 K and a constant pressure of 1 atm. Subsequently, all REMD simulations were done at constant volume, with long range electrostatics calculated using PME with a 1.2 Å grid spacing and 9 Å cutoff. Dynamics was propagated with a Langevin integration algorithm using a friction of 1 ps−1, and replica exchange attempts every 1 ps (every 500 steps with a time step of 2 fs). Typical acceptance probabilities for the replica exchange were in the range 0.1–0.5. All replica exchange runs used the same set of initial configurations, which were taken from the final configurations of a preliminary replica exchange simulation with ff99SB. The simulations were run for at least 30 ns per replica, of which the first 10 ns were discarded in the analysis (with an aggregate of ≈ 1 µs for each force field). To test for possible system size dependence, additional simulations of Ac-(AAQAA)3-NH2 in a 45 Å truncated octahedron box solvated by 2268 water molecules were run for 30 ns using a similar protocol, in this case with 32 replicas at 5 K intervals between 278 and 433 K.
Additional simulations were performed for the unblocked peptide HEWL19, derived from hen egg-white lysozyme with sequence KVFGRC(SMe)ELAAAMKRHGLDN. The structure and parameters for the S-methylated Cys 6 were adapted from those for methionine and are given in Supporting Information (SI) Figure 1 and Table 1 respectively. Both termini as well as all acidic side chains were protonated, corresponding to the experimental conditions of pH 2.14 (link) The peptide was solvated in a truncated octahedron simulation cell with a 42 Å distance between nearest faces, and equilibrated at constant pressure for 200 ps at 300 K. Constant volume REMD was run with 32 replicas spanning the temperature range 278 K to 472 K, for 27 ns, of which the first 10 ns were discarded in the analysis. All other parameters were the same as for Ac-(AAQAA)3-NH2.
Native state simulations of ubiquitin were run starting from the crystal structure 1UBQ.32 (link) The protein was solvated by 2586 explicit TIP3P water molecules in a cubic simulation box of 45 Å length with long range electrostatics calculated using PME with a 1.2 Å grid spacing and 9 Å cutoff. To neutralize the system charge, 7 sodium and 8 chloride ions were added. Dynamics was propagated for 30 ns at constant pressure (1 atm) and temperature (300 K) using a Nosé-Hoover thermostat33 and Parrinello-Rahman barostat.34
Best R.B, & Hummer G. (2009). Optimized molecular dynamics force fields applied to the helix-coil transition of polypeptides. The journal of physical chemistry. B, 113(26), 9004-9015.
Publication 2009
Acids Amber Cells Chlorides Cuboid Bone Electrostatics Face Friction hen egg lysozyme Ions Methionine Molecular Dynamics Peptides Pressure Proteins Sodium Ubiquitin
2
Updating Costing Manual Alignment
Changes to the content of the costing manual that were made to align with the new health economic guidelines included incorporating a new typology of costs and consequently updating the roadmap for costing studies. The roadmap describes the steps that are needed to conduct a costing study [4 (link)]. It serves as a starting point for conducting costing studies and connects the health economic guidelines to the costing manual.
Reference prices for health care consumption, which are average unit costs, constitute a frequently used part of the costing manual. Reference prices were recalculated using recent information on costs, volume and prices for various types of health care services. Reference prices were updated using various techniques (summarized in Table 1), depending on data availability. If possible, bottom-up microcosting was used to calculate reference prices, as this is the gold standard for calculating cost prices [5 (link)]. When bottom-up microcosting data was not available, grosscosting methods were applied to calculate reference prices. Bottom-up microcosting studies, identifying and valuating resource use per individual patient, were used to calculate references prices for hospital care [Tan, S.S., et al. Reference unit prices for surgery, neurology and paediatrics. Submitted for publication]. Reference prices for emergency care, ambulances, blood products, daycare treatment in mental health care and rehabilitation were calculated using top-down grosscosting, for which data on costs and volumes were derived from health care providers. Data on expenditures and volumes derived from national health care database were used to calculate reference prices using top-down grosscosting, for primary care physicians, paramedical care, elderly care, home care, mental health care and health care for disabled patients [6 ]. Finally, tariffs were used to value diagnostic procedures [7 ]. For contacts with independent psychotherapists and psychiatrists, ambulatory consultation in a general institution and inpatients days in mental health care tariffs were used [8 ]. Relevant stakeholders were consulted to validate the updated reference prices. Updated informal care costs were derived from the website of the Central Administration Office (CAK). Productivity costs should be valued using the friction cost method based on the Dutch health economic guidelines. The friction period is equal to the average duration of a job vacancy plus an additional four weeks. The average duration of job vacancies was calculated with the following formula: 365 / (the number of filled vacancies in one year / the number of vacancies at a moment in that same year). The number of vacancies was derived from the website of Statistics Netherlands. Wage levels were also derived from the Statistics Netherlands website.
Kanters T.A., Bouwmans C.A., van der Linden N., Tan S.S, & Hakkaart-van Roijen L. (2017). Update of the Dutch manual for costing studies in health care. PLoS ONE, 12(11), e0187477.
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Publication 2017
Aged Ambulances BLOOD Day Care, Medical Friction Gold Health Services Administration Informal care Inpatient Mental Health Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Primary Care Physicians Psychiatrist Psychotherapists Rehabilitation Service, Emergency Medical Tests, Diagnostic Vaginal Diaphragm
3
Molecular Dynamics Simulation with Langevin Integrator
Molecular dynamics was
propagated via the Langevin dynamics integrator in GROMACS (version
4.5.5 or 4.6.5),30 using a time step of
2 fs, and a friction coefficient of 1 ps–1. Langevin
dynamics was used because it is a very effective thermostat and correctly
samples the canonical ensemble. The friction used here will have only
a small effect on the dynamics,31 and no
effect on most of the observables we are concerned with, because these
are almost all equilibrium configurational averages. Lennard-Jones
pair interactions were cut off at 1.4 nm, electrostatic energies were
computed via particle-mesh Ewald32 with
a grid spacing of ∼0.1 nm and a real-space cutoff of 0.9 nm.
The force field in all cases was a derivative of Amber ff03:33 (link) either Amber ff03*6 (link) in conjunction with the TIP3P water model11 or Amber ff03w20 (link) in conjunction with
the TIP4P/2005 water model.13 (link) The force
field for the chromophores Alexa 488 and Alexa 594 will be described
in a future publication, and has been extensively validated against
experimental data.
In certain cases, temperature replica exchange
simulations were performed (for Csp M34, ACTR, Ac-(AAQAA)3-NH2, GB1 hairpin, chignolin, and Trp cage). The protocol
for these is the same as above, with exchanges attempted every 1 ps.
Further details on the temperature ranges and simulation lengths for
each case are included in the Results section.
We eliminate from the analysis any configurations in which the proteins
make van der Waals contact with their periodic image, defined by a
closest approach of any atom with an image atom of less than 0.3 nm.22 Nativeness of proteins and peptides was
assessed by computing the dRMS over native
contacts, defined as the mean-square
difference between the distances dij0 between residue pairs (i,j) in contact in the reference (native)
state, and the corresponding distance dij(x) in a given configuration x The list of the Nij native contacts, {native}, is defined
as all pairs
of heavy atoms (i,j) within 4.5
Å in the native structure, excluding pairs for which |Res(i) – Res(j)| ≤ 2, where the
function Res(k) gives the residue number of atom k.
Best R.B., Zheng W, & Mittal J. (2014). Balanced Protein–Water Interactions Improve Properties of Disordered Proteins and Non-Specific Protein Association. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, 10(11), 5113-5124.
Publication 2014
Alexa594 Amber chignolin Desminopathy, Primary Electrostatics Friction Molecular Dynamics Peptides Proteins
4
Validation of the Chinese WHOQOL-BREF
The WHOQOL-BREF was chosen for the present study for a number of reasons. First, it is one of the most commonly used generic QOL questionnaire simultaneously developed in diverse cultures, thus overcoming the typical problems relying on either the emic or the etic approach [1 (link),22 (link)]. Second, due to its relatively short length, it is a very convenient instrument for large-scale surveys or clinical trials. Third, the official Chinese version for the PRC was developed and formally approved by the WHOQOL Group in 1999 and became available for use in mainland China at the planning stage of the present research. As described in a report from the WHOQOL Group, it is available in approximately 40 different languages for both developed and developing countries [8 (link),23 (link)]. While other Chinese versions (including ones for Hong Kong and Taiwan) have also been developed and examined [24 -27 (link)], the psychometric properties of the mainland China instrument remain largely unknown.
The mainland Chinese version of the WHOQOL-BREF [16 ] consisted of 28 items, including 26 standard items from the original WHOQOL-BREF and two additional items that were unique to the Chinese instrument. The 26 original items included two items on overall QOL and general health (the general facet on health and overall QOL). The remaining 24 items, on a five-point scale, could be classified into four domains: physical (7 items), psychological (6 items), social relationships (3 items), and environment (8 items) [6 (link),8 (link),9 (link)]. The two items specific to Chinese were: "Does family friction affect your life?" and "How is your appetite?", which were put at the end of the instrument [16 ]. To the team developing the Chinese WHOQOL-BREF, these items were believed to capture the important role of family and appetite as potential indicators of QOL in the Chinese culture. As recommended by the original Chinese developers, these two culturally specific items were analysed separately and not included in any domain score in order to maintain the comparability of the Chinese instrument with the standard WHOQOL-BREF [16 ]. The total score for each domain was converted to a score that ranged either from 4 to 20 or from 0 to 100, with low scores indicating poor QOL [9 (link)]. A domain was treated as missing when over 20% of its items were missing.
Xia P., Li N., Hau K.T., Liu C, & Lu Y. (2012). Quality of life of Chinese urban community residents: a psychometric study of the mainland Chinese version of the WHOQOL-BREF. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 12, 37.
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Publication 2012
Chinese Endemic Tyrolean Infantile Cirrhosis Friction Generic Drugs Physical Examination Psychometrics
5
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Protein-Ligand Complexes

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

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Publication 2016
Cuboid Bone dihydrofolate Diphosphates Electrostatics Friction glucosyltransferase D Halogens Homo sapiens Hydrogen Hydrogen Bonds inhibitors Ligands Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 10 NADP NADPH Dehydrogenase Oxidoreductase Pressure Proteins Sodium Chloride Staphylococcus aureus Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase Thrombin Thymidine

Most recents protocols related to «Friction»

1
Characterizing Ester Blend Friction and Wear
Not available on PMC !

Example 3

Reciprocating tests were used to characterize both friction and wear behavior of the ester blends at 25° C. and 40° C. under boundary lubrication. As mentioned prior, each ester was blended at a concentration of 1% by weight. Neat oil served as the control. The testing device is a custom ball-on-flat microtribometer as seen in FIG. 3 and was operated in conjunction with a temperature-controlled stage. In brief, precise normal loading of a probe onto the sample substrate is performed via software controlled linear stages. The sample substrate is forced to slide against the probe and subsequent lateral or frictional forces are measured. The temperature-controlled stage consists of an aluminum block that contains an oil reservoir. The block's temperature is monitored and controlled via an adhesive thermocouple connected to a PID controller. In addition, the oil temperature is monitored with a thermistor. Prior to testing, an equal volume filled the reservoir and the oil temperature was equilibrated. The oil level sits just above the substrate surface so there is a constant supply of oil into the contact zone.

Reciprocating tests were carried out using a SiC-steel interface: a 4 mm diameter silicon carbide ball on an AISI 8620 steel substrate. The ceramic was chosen for its superior hardness relative to the substrate in order to isolate the majority of the wear to the substrate and preserve the probes geometry. In this way, a consistent contact pressure can be maintained. A constant normal load of 3.4 N (maximum Hertzian pressure of 1.5 GPa) was applied as the substrate was translated at a rate of 10 mm/s over a 8 mm stroke length for 4500 cycles. The load was chosen after initial tests with the PEs at 1.0 GPa were not sufficient to generate measureable wear scars (wear depths were on the same order as the surface roughness). The substrate was isotropically polished to a finish of 0.043 μm Ra determined from a scan area of 1.41 mm×1.88 mm using a Zygo optical profilometer. Based on EHL theory, the roughness, load, and viscosity parameters placed this study well within the boundary lubrication regime as the estimated λ ratio was much less than one.

After test completion, the substrate and probes were wiped with isopropyl alcohol before undergoing SEM and EDS analysis. In addition, the substrate wear scars were scanned using the Zygo optical profilometer. Nine to eleven unique scan areas were gathered to capture the entire length of each scar. All topographic and force data was then imported into MATLAB where the average wear depth and coefficient of friction was calculated. Three replicate tests were completed for each treatment.

US11866671B2. Base oil or lubricant additive (2024-01-09). Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. [US]. Inventors: George A. Kraus [US], Kyle Podolak [US], Derek Lee White [US], Sriram Sundararajan [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Aluminum Cardiac Arrest Cerebrovascular Accident Cicatrix DNA Replication Esters Friction Isopropyl Alcohol Lubrication Medical Devices Oil Reservoirs Pressure Radionuclide Imaging Steel Viscosity Vision
2
Coating Deposition and Friction Testing
Not available on PMC !

Example 3

Coatings were deposited onto each of Pebax rods (72D; 63D; and 35D—40% BASO4), NYLON-12 rods, PEEK rods, and HDPE rods.

Specifically, coating solution A was applied to each substrate using a dip coat method. Specifically, the substrate was immersed in the base coat coating solution with a dwell time of 5 seconds. The substrate was then extracted from the solution at a speed of 0.3 cm/s. The first layer was then air dried for at least 10 minutes. The first layer was then UV cured. Specifically the coated substrate was rotated in front of a Dymax 2000-EC series UV flood lamp with a 400 Watt metal halide bulb for 3 minutes, approximately 20 cm from the light source.

Next, coating solution B was applied to the first layer, also by dip coating at the same speed to form the second layer. The second layer was then air dried and UV cured using the same conditions as for the first layer.

The friction of the coating on each substrate was then tested according to the testing procedure outlined above. The results are shown in FIG. 5.

US11872325B2. Lubricious medical device coating with low particulates (2024-01-16). Surmodics, Inc. [US]. Inventors: David E. Babcock [US].
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Patent 2024
Floods Friction Light Metals nylon 12 Plant Bulb polyetheretherketone Polyethylene, High-Density Rod Photoreceptors
3
Abrasion Resistance of Polyimide-Coated Glass
Not available on PMC !

Example 12

Three sets of two glass vials formed from Schott Type 1B glass were prepared with a Kapton coating. The vials were dipped into a 0.1% poly(pyromellitic dianhydride-co-4,4′-oxydianiline) amic acid solution (Kapton precursor) in N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). Thereafter, the coatings were dried at 150° C. for 20 min and then cured by placing the coated vials in into a preheated furnace at 300° C. for 30 minutes.

Two vials were placed in the vial-on-vial jig depicted in FIG. 9 and abraded under a 10 N loaded. The abrasion procedure was repeated 4 more times over the same area and the coefficient of friction was determined for each abrasion. The vials were wiped between abrasions and the starting point of each abrasion was positioned on a previously non-abraded area. However, each abrasion traveled over the same “track”. The same procedure was repeated for loads of 30 N and 50 N. The coefficients of friction of each abrasion (i.e., A1-A5) are graphically depicted in FIG. 23 for each load. As shown in FIG. 23, the coefficients of friction of the Kapton coated vials generally increased after the first abrasion demonstrating poor abrasion resistance of a polyimide coating applied onto a glass without a coupling agent.

US11872189B2. Glass articles with low-friction coatings (2024-01-16). CORNING INCORPORATED [US]. Inventors: Andrei Gennadyevich Fadeev [US], Theresa Chang [US], Dana Craig Bookbinder [US], Santona Pal [US], Chandan Kumar Saha [US], Steven Edward DeMartino [US], Christopher Lee Timmons [US], John Stephen Peanasky [US].
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Patent 2024
1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone Acids Friction Poly A pyromellitic dianhydride
4
Variceal Tissue Ligation Band
Not available on PMC !

Example 3

FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of a ligation band 200, similar to the band 100 discussed above, with first and second tissue-contacting surfaces 220, 230 and tissue-gripping features 250, similar to the surfaces 120, 130 and the features 150. The figure illustrates the pressure being applied by the band 200 and the first and second surfaces 220, 230 to sandwich or secure trapped variceal tissue 260 therebetween, while the tissue-gripping features 250 provide extra anti-slip friction to lock or secure the variceal tissue 260 into place.

US11871930B2. Anti-slip ligation bands (2024-01-16). United States Endoscopy Group, Inc. [US], None [US], None [US]. Inventors: Melissa Clark [US], Fritz Haller [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Friction Ligation Pressure Tissues
5
Abrasion Behavior of APS-Coated Glass Vials
Not available on PMC !

Example 11

Three sets of two glass vials were prepared with an APS (aminopropylsilsesquioxane) coating. Each of the vials was dip coated in a 0.1% solution of APS and heated at 100° C. in a convection oven for 15 minutes. The coated vials were then depyrogenated (heated) at 300° C. for 12 hours. Two vials were placed in the vial-on-vial jig depicted in FIG. 9 and abraded under a 10 N loaded. The abrasion procedure was repeated 4 more times over the same area and the coefficient of friction was determined for each abrasion. The vials were wiped between abrasions and the starting point of each abrasion was positioned on a previously abraded area and each abrasion traveled over the same “track”. The same procedure was repeated for loads of 30 N and 50 N. The coefficients of friction of each abrasion (i.e., A1-A5) are graphically depicted in FIG. 22 for each load. As shown in FIG. 22, the coefficients of friction of the APS coated vials depyrogenated for 12 hours were significantly higher than the APS coated vials shown in FIG. 20 and were similar to coefficients of friction exhibited by uncoated glass vials, indicating that the vials may have experienced a significant loss of mechanical strength due to the abrasions.

US11872189B2. Glass articles with low-friction coatings (2024-01-16). CORNING INCORPORATED [US]. Inventors: Andrei Gennadyevich Fadeev [US], Theresa Chang [US], Dana Craig Bookbinder [US], Santona Pal [US], Chandan Kumar Saha [US], Steven Edward DeMartino [US], Christopher Lee Timmons [US], John Stephen Peanasky [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Convection Debility Friction

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Optima xl 1 by Beckman Coulter
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Dc 255 silicone resin by Dow
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Pressure sensitive tape by Fujifilm
Pressure sensitive tape is a type of adhesive tape that adheres to a surface upon the application of pressure. It is designed to provide a secure and reliable bond without the need for additional adhesives or activation. The tape's adhesive layer is activated by the pressure applied during installation, allowing it to form a strong connection to the target surface.
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More about "Friction"

Friction is a fundamental concept in various fields, including mechanics, tribology, and engineering.
It arises from the interaction of surface irregularities, adhesion, and deformation at the interface between two surfaces in contact.
Quantifying and understanding friction is crucial for designing and optimizing a wide range of applications, from machine components to biomechanical systems.
Friction can be influenced by factors such as the materials involved, surface roughness, and the presence of lubricants or coatings.
For example, Optima XL-I and ProteomeLab XL-I are analytical instruments used to measure frictional properties, while DC 255 silicone resin and Pressure sensitive tape can be used to modify surface characteristics and alter friction.
The study of friction also has important implications for enhancing reproducibility and accuracy in scientific research.
Techniques like S-4800 scanning electron microscopy and UMT-3 universal materials testing can be used to analyze surface topography and frictional behavior, respectively.
Additionally, MATLAB and An-50 Ti rotor are computational tools and equipment that can be employed to model and quantify friction in various applications.
By understanding the role of friction and leveraging the latest advancements in friction analysis, researchers and engineers can optimize the performance and reliability of their systems, leading to improved efficiency, reduced wear, and enhanced overall functionality.
Expereince the power of AI-driven friction analysis today with PubCompare.ai, which can help locate the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents to enhance reproducibility and accuracy.