The 4046 tumors assembled into tissue microarrays, in BCCA series, were examined with immunohistochemistry and fluorescent in situ hybridization. Immunohistochemistry for ER, PR, HER2, and Ki67 was performed concurrently on serial sections with the standard streptavidin–biotin complex method with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine as the chromogen. Staining for ER, PR, and HER2 interpretation was as described previously (20 (link)). Briefly, the Ki67 antibody (clone SP6; ThermoScientific, Fremont, CA) was applied at a 1:200 dilution for 32 minutes, by following the Ventana Benchmark automated immunostainer (Ventana, Tucson AZ) standard Cell Conditioner 1 (CC1, a proprietary buffer) protocol at 98°C for 30 minutes. ER antibody (clone SP1; ThermoFisher Scientific, Fremont CA) was used at 1:250 dilution with 10-minute incubation, after an 8-minute microwave antigen retrieval in 10 mM sodium citrate (pH 6.0). Ready-to-use PR antibody (clone 1E2; Ventana) was used by following the CC1 protocol as above. HER2 staining was done with the SP3 antibody (ThermoFisher Scientific) at a 1:100 dilution after antigen retrieval in 0.05 M Tris buffer (pH 10.0) with heating to 95°C in a steamer for 30 minutes. For HER2 fluorescent in situ hybridization assay, slides were hybridized with probes to LSI (locus-specific identifier) HER2/neu and to centromere 17 by use of the PathVysion HER-2 DNA Probe kit (Abbott Molecular, Abbott Park, IL) according to manufacturer's instructions, with modifications to pretreatment and hybridization as previously described (29 (link)). Slides were counterstained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, stained material was visualized on a Zeiss Axioplan epifluorescent microscope, and signals were analyzed with a Metafer image acquisition system (Metasystems, Altlussheim, Germany). Biomarker expression from immunohistochemistry assays was scored by two surgical pathologists (T. O. Nielsen and D. Gao), who were blinded to the clinicopathological characteristics and outcome and who used previously established and published criteria for biomarker expression levels that had been developed on other breast cancer cohorts (12 (link),30 (link)). Tumors were considered positive for ER (27 (link)) or PR (31 ) if immunostaining was observed in more than 1% of tumor nuclei, as described previously. Tumors were considered positive for HER2 if immunostaining was scored as 3+ according to HercepTest criteria, with an amplification ratio for fluorescent in situ hybridization of 2.0 or more being the cut point that was used to segregate immunohistochemistry equivocal tumors (scored as 2+) (32 (link)). Ki67 was visually scored for percentage of tumor cell nuclei with positive immunostaining above the background level by two pathologists (T. O. Nielsen and D. Gao). Tissue microarray core samples with fewer than 50 tumor cells were considered uninterpretable (27 (link),28 (link)). All the stained tissue microarrays were digitally scanned, and primary image data are available for public access (http://www.gpecimage.ubc.ca ; username, luminalB; password, luminalb).
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Phenomena
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Natural Phenomenon or Process
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Microwaves
Microwaves
Microwaves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from about 1 millimeter to 1 meter, and frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz.
They are used in a variety of applications, including radar, telecommunications, and heating/cooking.
Microwaves can penetrate many materials and are absorbed by water and other polar molecules, making them useful for heating and drying.
They are also used in medical imaging and therapy, as well as in scientific research.
Microwave technology continues to evolve, with new applications and improvements in efficiency and safety being developed.
Resaerchers can utilize tools like PubCompare.ai to easily locate protocols and identify the best microwave-based approaches for their needs, streamlining their workflow and accelerating discoveries.
They are used in a variety of applications, including radar, telecommunications, and heating/cooking.
Microwaves can penetrate many materials and are absorbed by water and other polar molecules, making them useful for heating and drying.
They are also used in medical imaging and therapy, as well as in scientific research.
Microwave technology continues to evolve, with new applications and improvements in efficiency and safety being developed.
Resaerchers can utilize tools like PubCompare.ai to easily locate protocols and identify the best microwave-based approaches for their needs, streamlining their workflow and accelerating discoveries.
Most cited protocols related to «Microwaves»
Acid Hybridizations, Nucleic
Antigens
azo rubin S
Biological Assay
Biological Markers
biotin-streptavidin complex
Breast Carcinoma
Buffers
Cell Nucleus
Cells
Centromere
Clone Cells
DNA Probes
ERBB2 protein, human
Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization
Immunoglobulins
Immunohistochemistry
Microarray Analysis
Microscopy
Microwaves
Neoplasms
Operative Surgical Procedures
Pathologists
Receptor, ErbB-2
Sodium Citrate
Technique, Dilution
Tissues
Tissue Stains
Tromethamine
Antigens
Endopeptidases
Enzymes
Microwaves
Pressure
alexa fluor 488
Amino Acids
anti-IgG
Antibodies
Antigens
Avidin
azo rubin S
Biotin
Buffers
Citrates
Cloning Vectors
Ethanol
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Formalin
Homo sapiens
Immunohistochemistry
Microwaves
Molecular Probes
Paraffin
Phosphorylation
protein TDP-43, human
Rabbits
Technique, Dilution
Tissues
The soil samples were then analysed for heavy metal elements using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), model PerkinElmer NexION 300 ICP-MS (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA). Before ICP-MS was done, soil samples were first digested in a Multiwave 3000 microwave system. Digestion is done in order to dissolve the heavy metals from the soil samples. In this process, 1 g dry weight of each soil sample was accurately measured and mixed with 3 mL of nitric acid and 9 mL of hydrochloric acid in a rotor vessel. 1 mL of hydrogen peroxide also added to the mixture. The mixture was then digested at a temperature of 120 °C for about 25 min and then allowed to cool down for about 15 min. After this, the digested samples were transferred into 100 mL volumetric flasks with 2% HNO3. Deionised water was then used to top up to this volume [19 ]. The digested samples were then allowed to sediment overnight and there after filtered with No. 40 Whatman filter paper in readiness for ICP-MS.
The digested samples were then introduced into the ICP-MS, where the sample components were decomposed into their atomic constituents. TotalQuant method was used together with Perkin Elmer Pure Plus NexION Dual Detector Calibration Solution standard. This method has the advantage of high sensitivity (ng × L−1 range), wide linear dynamic detection range and specificity for the accurate detection and quantification of heavy metals. TotalQuant calibration was achieved using 200 µg/L of Al, Ba, Ce, Co, Cu, In, Li, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Tb, U and Zn. The quality of the analytical data was guaranteed by implementing standard quality assurance procedures. Each sample was analysed in duplicates. After every 10 samples, a certified standard and a blank solution were run to check for contamination and drift. All the chemicals and reagents used were of certified analytical grade and procured from Merck (South Africa). The detection limits for As, Pb, Hg, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn were 0.015, 0.0003, 0.0003, 0.005, 0.0009, 0.001, 0.006, 0.004 and 0.04 µg/L, respectively. The heavy metal concentrations obtained from the ICP-MS analysis in mg/L were then converted into mg/kg.
The digested samples were then introduced into the ICP-MS, where the sample components were decomposed into their atomic constituents. TotalQuant method was used together with Perkin Elmer Pure Plus NexION Dual Detector Calibration Solution standard. This method has the advantage of high sensitivity (ng × L−1 range), wide linear dynamic detection range and specificity for the accurate detection and quantification of heavy metals. TotalQuant calibration was achieved using 200 µg/L of Al, Ba, Ce, Co, Cu, In, Li, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Tb, U and Zn. The quality of the analytical data was guaranteed by implementing standard quality assurance procedures. Each sample was analysed in duplicates. After every 10 samples, a certified standard and a blank solution were run to check for contamination and drift. All the chemicals and reagents used were of certified analytical grade and procured from Merck (South Africa). The detection limits for As, Pb, Hg, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn were 0.015, 0.0003, 0.0003, 0.005, 0.0009, 0.001, 0.006, 0.004 and 0.04 µg/L, respectively. The heavy metal concentrations obtained from the ICP-MS analysis in mg/L were then converted into mg/kg.
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Blood Vessel
Digestion
Hydrochloric acid
Hypersensitivity
Mass Spectrometry
Metals, Heavy
Microwaves
Nitric acid
Peroxide, Hydrogen
Plasma
Strains
An X-band EPR instrument (E-Scan—Bruker BioSpin, GmbH, MA USA) was adopted for determinations. The instrument allows us to deal with very low-concentration amounts of paramagnetic species in small (50 μL) samples. As is well known, ROS half-life is too short if compared to the EPR time scale so that they result in being EPR-invisible but become EPR detectable once “trapped” and transformed in a more stable radical species. Among spin trapping or spin probe molecules, suitable for biological utilization, CMH (1-hydroxy-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine) probe was adopted.
For each recruited subject, ROS production rate was determined at rest by means of a recently developed EPR method [16 ] analyzing 50 μL samples immediately treated with CMH solution (1 : 1). 50 μL of the obtained solution was put in a glass EPR capillary tube (Noxygen Science Transfer & Diagnostics, Germany) that was placed inside the cavity of the E-scan spectrometer for data acquisition (Figure 1 ).
Acquisition parameters were microwave frequency 9.652 GHz; modulation frequency 86 kHz; modulation amplitude 2.28 G; sweep width 60 G, microwave power 21.90 mW, number of scans 10; and receiver gain 3.17·101. Sample temperature was firstly stabilized and then kept at 37°C by the Temperature & Gas Controller “Bio III” unit, interfaced to the spectrometer. Spectra were recorded and analyzed by using Win EPR software (2.11 version) standardly supplied by Bruker.
EPR measurements allowed us to attain a relative quantitative determination of ROS production rate in samples. All data were, in turn, converted in absolute concentration levels (μmol·min−1) by adopting CP ∙ (3-Carboxy-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy) stable radical as external reference.
For each recruited subject, ROS production rate was determined at rest by means of a recently developed EPR method [16 ] analyzing 50 μL samples immediately treated with CMH solution (1 : 1). 50 μL of the obtained solution was put in a glass EPR capillary tube (Noxygen Science Transfer & Diagnostics, Germany) that was placed inside the cavity of the E-scan spectrometer for data acquisition (
Acquisition parameters were microwave frequency 9.652 GHz; modulation frequency 86 kHz; modulation amplitude 2.28 G; sweep width 60 G, microwave power 21.90 mW, number of scans 10; and receiver gain 3.17·101. Sample temperature was firstly stabilized and then kept at 37°C by the Temperature & Gas Controller “Bio III” unit, interfaced to the spectrometer. Spectra were recorded and analyzed by using Win EPR software (2.11 version) standardly supplied by Bruker.
EPR measurements allowed us to attain a relative quantitative determination of ROS production rate in samples. All data were, in turn, converted in absolute concentration levels (μmol·min−1) by adopting CP ∙ (3-Carboxy-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy) stable radical as external reference.
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Biopharmaceuticals
Capillaries
Dental Caries
Diagnosis
Microwaves
Radionuclide Imaging
Most recents protocols related to «Microwaves»
Example 2
Thuricide BT Caterpillar Control (Southern Ag) was used as the source of viable Bacillus thuringiensis spores (6 million spores/mg). A dilution series was produced from Thuricide BT to show that the material is viable and could be readily cultured on Petrifilm plates. Three DEE chemical compositions were evaluated: (1) about 0.06 M copper (II) chloride in water, (2) about 1 wt.-% surfactant and about 10 wt.-% PCSR in water, and (3) about 1 wt.-% surfactant and about 1 wt.-% PCSR in water. OxiClean was used as the PCSR and Tween 80 as the surfactant. During testing of each DEE composition, the DEE composition was added to the spores to yield a 1:100 dilution of spores and exposed to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation for about 10 s. After exposure, the cells were centrifuged and washed to remove the DEE composition and then plated on Petrifilm and cultured for 24 h at 30° C. When using each of the three DEE compositions shown above, the decontamination method destroyed BT spores at 6-7 log kill levels and demonstrated the efficacy of bleach-free treatments.
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Bacillus thuringiensis
Cells
chemical composition
Chlorides
Copper
Decontamination
Microwaves
Spores
Surface-Active Agents
Technique, Dilution
Thuricide
Tween 80
Example 3
Penicillium roqueforti spores were suspended in water. Four DEE chemical compositions were evaluated: (1) 0.06 M copper (II) ions in water, (2) 1 wt.-% surfactant and 10 wt.-% PCSR, (3) 1 wt.-% surfactant and 1 wt.-% PCSR, and (4) 0.5 wt.-% bleach. OxiClean was used as the PCSR and Tween 80 as the surfactant. Clorox was used as bleach. Each DEE composition was added to 0.1 mg/ml suspension of mold spores and exposed to 2.45 GHz microwave for 10 s. After exposure, the cells were centrifuged, washed to remove the DEE chemicals and then plated on Petrifilm and cultured. With the DEE composition 0.06 M copper (II) ions in water and 1 wt.-% surfactant and 10 wt.-% sodium percarbonate, a 6-7 log reduction in P. roqueforti spores (6-7 log kill levels) was realized.
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Cells
chemical composition
Clorox
Copper
Fungus, Filamentous
Ions
Microwaves
Penicillium roqueforti
sodium percarbonate
Spores
Surface-Active Agents
Tween 80
Example 11
Alternative feedstocks to caking coals were explored as source materials for carbon foam. In one series of experiments, a foaming pitch derived from non-caking coal prepared as described above was used as a feedstock.
90 g of foaming pitch with a particle size range of 30-50 mesh was weighed and transferred to a 250 mL beaker and 15 g of a flux agent composed of high fructose corn syrup and recycled coal volatiles as described previously was added. The contents were mixed for a period of time until the mixture was homogeneous. The foaming mixture was loaded into a crucible and converted into carbon foam using microwave radiation at 20% power for 5 min. The foam was covered with a ceramic lid and calcined in one step in a non-oxidizing environment as described previously.
A thin layer of a graphene-type compound was found on the lid of the crucible after this experiment, showing that the method can provide an additional carbon species from vapors expelled during the heat treatment and calcination processes disclosed herein. Examples of graphene-type layers formed on carbon foams can be seen in
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11-dehydrocorticosterone
Carbon
Coal
Figs
Graphene
High Fructose Corn Syrup
Microwaves
Vision
Example 1
A glass article comprising aluminosilicate glass as commercially available under the designation AS 87 was first cleaned in an industrial dishwasher in order to clean the surfaces of the glass article from dirt such as grease, fingerprints, or the like. Then, a 0.25 wt % solution of a modified fluoroalkyl oligosiloxane in ethanol (1 g of fluoroalkyl oligosiloxane in 395 g of ethanol) was applied over the entire surface of the glass article. In this way, a surface of the glass article was made hydrophobic. More generally, without being limited to the example specifically described here, it is also possible that only an area of the at least one surface of the glass article is made hydrophobic, for example by covering the area or areas of the at least one surface, which are not intended to be hydrophobized. Subsequently, a 5% solution of a surfactant in ethanol and a mixture of different glycol ethers was applied to the hydrophobized surface of the glass article by spraying. Then, plasma etching was performed in a CF4-containing atmosphere in a microwave plasma at a pressure of 10 mbar.
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aluminosilicate
Atmosphere
Ethanol
Ethers
Glare
Glycols
Microwaves
Plasma
Pressure
Surface-Active Agents
Example 12
In some experiments, larger samples having compositions similar to those described previously (i.e., containing coal powder, high fructose corn syrup, and graphite) but with a top surface area of approximately 1 square foot were prepared. Coal flux mixtures were prepared using a commercial mixer. A square sample container 1 foot on each side was constructed and a large-chamber microwave with rotating coil was obtained for these experiments. Several samples of this size were manufactured successfully using the heating protocols described previously. The container used for large-scale foam production as well as an example large piece of foam are seen in
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present disclosure without departing from the scope or spirit of the disclosure. Other embodiments of the disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the disclosure disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the disclosure being indicated by the following claims.
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Coal
Figs
Foot
Graphite
High Fructose Corn Syrup
Microwaves
Powder
Vision
Top products related to «Microwaves»
Sourced in Austria, Germany, United States, Switzerland, Australia
The Multiwave 3000 is a high-performance microwave digestion system designed for the rapid and efficient sample preparation of a wide range of materials. It provides controlled and reproducible digestion of samples, ensuring accurate and reliable analytical results.
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The EMX spectrometer is a compact and versatile electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) instrument designed for routine measurements. It provides a stable and reliable platform for sample analysis, focusing on the core function of EPR spectroscopy.
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Image-Pro Plus 6.0 is a comprehensive image analysis software package designed for scientific and industrial applications. It provides a wide range of tools for image capture, enhancement, measurement, analysis, and reporting.
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The Vectastain Elite ABC kit is a specialized laboratory equipment used for the detection and visualization of target proteins or antigens in biological samples. It utilizes an avidin-biotin complex (ABC) system to amplify the signal, enabling researchers to achieve high sensitivity and consistent results in their immunohistochemical or immunocytochemical analyses.
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, China, Japan, Canada, Sao Tome and Principe, Denmark, France, Macao, Australia, Spain, Switzerland
3,3'-diaminobenzidine is a chemical compound commonly used as a chromogenic substrate in various laboratory techniques, such as immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). It is a sensitive and specific reagent that can be used to detect the presence of target proteins or enzymes in biological samples.
Sourced in United States, Denmark, United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, Canada, China, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Poland
The DAB (3,3'-Diaminobenzidine) product from Agilent Technologies is a chromogenic substrate used in immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry applications. It provides a brown precipitate at the site of the antigen-antibody reaction, allowing for the visualization and localization of target proteins or antigens in biological samples.
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DAPI is a fluorescent dye used in microscopy and flow cytometry to stain cell nuclei. It binds strongly to the minor groove of double-stranded DNA, emitting blue fluorescence when excited by ultraviolet light.
Sourced in Austria, Germany
The Monowave 300 is a laboratory microwave reaction system designed for efficient and reproducible microwave-assisted organic synthesis. It features a high-performance magnetron that delivers up to 300 watts of microwave power, enabling rapid heating and precise temperature control. The system is equipped with a fiber optic temperature sensor for accurate monitoring of the reaction temperature. The Monowave 300 is compatible with a range of reaction vessels and supports various reaction parameters, making it a versatile tool for microwave-assisted chemistry applications.
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Suprapur is a high-purity laboratory reagent produced by Merck Group. It is designed to meet the demanding requirements of analytical and scientific applications where the utmost purity is essential.
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Target Retrieval Solution is a reagent used in immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunocytochemistry (ICC) procedures. It is designed to facilitate the retrieval of target antigens that have been masked or altered during the fixation and processing of tissue samples. The solution helps to unmask the antigens, making them accessible for subsequent binding to specific antibodies used in the IHC or ICC analysis.