Severe physical disabilities will cause false positives in many of the behavioural tasks described above34 (link)–37 ,157 (link)–159 (link). For example, olfactory deficits will inhibit performance on social approach, social recognition, olfactory discrimination and scent marking tests. Motor dysfunctions will prevent a mouse from active exploration of test environments that require locomotion, including social chambers, T-mazes and holeboards. To rule out artefacts, each new line of mutant mice has to be evaluated on a series of measures of general health, body weight, neurological reflexes, home cage behaviours, open-field activity, rotarod performance, visual forepaw placing, acoustic startle and pain sensitivity36 (link),37 . Given the fundamental role of olfaction in mouse social behaviours, social and non-social olfactory abilities are routinely evaluated with multiple tests, including latency to locate buried food, olfactory habituation/dishabituation to non-social and social odours, and preference for social novelty44 (link),132 (link).
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Phenomena
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Natural Phenomenon or Process
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Odors
Odors
Odors are volatile chemical compounds that are detected by the olfactory system and can evoke emotional and physiological responses.
They are produced by a variety of natural and synthetic sources, including plants, animals, and industrial processes.
Odors play a crucial role in human and animal behavior, including food selection, social interactions, and environmental awareness.
The study of odors is an important field of research in areas such as neuroscience, psychology, and environmental science.
Researchers utilize various methods and tools to analyze and characterize odors, including sensory evaluation, chemical analysis, and computational modeling.
Understanding the nature and impact of odors is essential for applications ranging from fragrance and flavor development to environmental monitoring and public health.
They are produced by a variety of natural and synthetic sources, including plants, animals, and industrial processes.
Odors play a crucial role in human and animal behavior, including food selection, social interactions, and environmental awareness.
The study of odors is an important field of research in areas such as neuroscience, psychology, and environmental science.
Researchers utilize various methods and tools to analyze and characterize odors, including sensory evaluation, chemical analysis, and computational modeling.
Understanding the nature and impact of odors is essential for applications ranging from fragrance and flavor development to environmental monitoring and public health.
Most cited protocols related to «Odors»
Acoustics
Body Weight
Cardiac Arrest
Disabled Persons
Discrimination, Psychology
Food
Locomotion
MAZE protocol
Mus
Odors
Pain
Pheromone
Physical Examination
Reflex
Sense of Smell
The revised FIQ (the FIQR) has 21 individual questions (Table 1 ). All questions are based on an 11-point numeric rating scale of 0 to 10, with 10 being 'worst'. As in the FIQ, all questions are framed in the context of the past 7 days. Following the convention used in the FIQ, the FIQR is divided into three linked sets of domains: (a) 'function' (contains 9 questions versus 11 in the FIQ), (b) 'overall impact' (contains 2 questions, as in the FIQ) but the questions now relate to the overall impact of FM on functioning and the overall impact symptom severity, and (c) 'symptoms' (contains 10 questions versus 7 in the FIQ); one original FIQ symptom was dropped: 'When you worked, how much did pain or other symptoms of your fibromyalgia interfere with your ability to do your work, including housework?' The symptom domain contains four new questions relating to memory, tenderness, balance, and environmental sensitivity (to loud noises, bright lights, odors, and cold temperatures). The 'time' dimension is the same as the FIQ; that is, all questions relate to the impact of FM over the course of the past 7 days. The scoring of the FIQR is much simpler than the FIQ: namely, the summed score for function (range 0 to 90) is divided by 3, the summed score for overall impact (range 0 to 20) is not changed, and the summed score for symptoms (range 0 to 100) is divided by 2. The total FIQR is the sum of the three modified domain scores. The weighting of these three domains is different from the FIQ in that 30% of the total score is ascribed to 'function' as opposed to 10% in the FIQ, 50% is ascribed to 'symptoms' as opposed to 70% in the FIQ, and 'overall impact' remains the same as the FIQ at 20%. The total maximal score of the FIQR remains the same as the FIQ, namely 100.
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BAD protein, human
Cold Temperature
Conferences
Fibromyalgia
Hypersensitivity
Light
Memory
Odors
Pain
SET Domain
Data were obtained from 9139 subjects [4928 females aged 5–96 years (M = 31.8, SD = 18.9) and 4211 males aged 5–91 years (M = 30.7, SD = 17.7)]. Among them, 3432 (37.5%) had been included in a previous study to establish normative data [15 (link)]. According to the inclusion criteria for the respective studies, all subjects were healthy and none reported histories for any olfactory disturbances.
Odors were delivered using felt-tip pens (“Sniffin’ Sticks”) of approximately 14 cm length and an inner diameter of 1.3 cm. These pens carry a tampon soaked with 4 ml of liquid odorant. For odor presentation, the cap was removed from the pen for approximately 3 s, the pen’s tip brought in front of the subject’s nose and carefully moved from left to right nostril and backwards [3 (link)].
The threshold was obtained in a three alternative forced choice paradigm (3 AFC) where subjects were repeatedly presented with triplets of pens and had to discriminate one pen containing an odorous solution from two blanks filled with the solvent. Phenylethanol (dissolved in propylene glycol) or n-butanol (dissolved in water) were used, with both odorants having been found equivalent in olfactory sensitivity testing: scores obtained with both are correlated [17 (link)]. The highest concentration was a 4% odor solution. Sixteen concentrations were created by stepwise diluting previous ones by 1:2. Starting with the lowest odor concentration, a staircase paradigm was used where two subsequent correct identifications of the odorous pen or one incorrect answer marked a so-called turning point, and resulted in a decrease or increase, respectively, of concentration in the next triplet. Triplets were presented at 20 s intervals. The threshold score was the mean of the last four turning points in the staircase, with the final score ranging between 1 and 16 points.
The discrimination task used the same 3 AFC logic. Two pens of any triplet contained the same odorant, while the third pen smelled differently. Subjects were asked to indicate the single pen with a different smell. Within-triplet intervals were approximately 3 s. As the odors used in this subtest were more intense, between-triplets intervals were 20–30 s. The score was the sum of correctly identified odors. Hence, the scores in this task ranged from 0 to 16 points. Importantly, subjects were blindfolded for the threshold and discrimination tasks to avoid visual identification of target pens.
Odor identification comprised common and familiar odorants (recognized by at least 75% of the population). Subjects were presented with single pens and asked to identify and label the smell, using four alternative descriptors for each pen. Between-pen intervals were approximately 20–30 s. The total score was the sum of correctly identified pens, thus subjects could score between 0 and 16 points.
The final “TDI score” was the sum of scores for Threshold, Discrimination and Identification subtests, with a range between 1 and 48 points.
Odors were delivered using felt-tip pens (“Sniffin’ Sticks”) of approximately 14 cm length and an inner diameter of 1.3 cm. These pens carry a tampon soaked with 4 ml of liquid odorant. For odor presentation, the cap was removed from the pen for approximately 3 s, the pen’s tip brought in front of the subject’s nose and carefully moved from left to right nostril and backwards [3 (link)].
The threshold was obtained in a three alternative forced choice paradigm (3 AFC) where subjects were repeatedly presented with triplets of pens and had to discriminate one pen containing an odorous solution from two blanks filled with the solvent. Phenylethanol (dissolved in propylene glycol) or n-butanol (dissolved in water) were used, with both odorants having been found equivalent in olfactory sensitivity testing: scores obtained with both are correlated [17 (link)]. The highest concentration was a 4% odor solution. Sixteen concentrations were created by stepwise diluting previous ones by 1:2. Starting with the lowest odor concentration, a staircase paradigm was used where two subsequent correct identifications of the odorous pen or one incorrect answer marked a so-called turning point, and resulted in a decrease or increase, respectively, of concentration in the next triplet. Triplets were presented at 20 s intervals. The threshold score was the mean of the last four turning points in the staircase, with the final score ranging between 1 and 16 points.
The discrimination task used the same 3 AFC logic. Two pens of any triplet contained the same odorant, while the third pen smelled differently. Subjects were asked to indicate the single pen with a different smell. Within-triplet intervals were approximately 3 s. As the odors used in this subtest were more intense, between-triplets intervals were 20–30 s. The score was the sum of correctly identified odors. Hence, the scores in this task ranged from 0 to 16 points. Importantly, subjects were blindfolded for the threshold and discrimination tasks to avoid visual identification of target pens.
Odor identification comprised common and familiar odorants (recognized by at least 75% of the population). Subjects were presented with single pens and asked to identify and label the smell, using four alternative descriptors for each pen. Between-pen intervals were approximately 20–30 s. The total score was the sum of correctly identified pens, thus subjects could score between 0 and 16 points.
The final “TDI score” was the sum of scores for Threshold, Discrimination and Identification subtests, with a range between 1 and 48 points.
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Butyl Alcohol
Discrimination, Psychology
Feelings
Females
Hypersensitivity
Males
Nose
Odorants
Odors
Phenylethyl Alcohol
Propylene Glycol
Sense of Smell
Solvents
Triplets
Alleles
CCR5 protein, human
Culicidae
Deletion Mutation
Exons
Heterozygote
Homozygote
Odors
orco ZFNs were generated using the CompoZr® Custom ZFN Service (Sigma-Aldrich Life Science, St. Louis, MO, USA). Of the 16 ZFN pairs screened, the orco exon 1 ZFN pair used in this study had the greatest activity, comparable to a highly active positive control ZFN pair that targets CCR5. Mutant alleles were detected by Illumina sequencing of an amplicon that contained the ZFN cut site. Mutant alleles were isolated using size-based genotyping of amplicons surrounding the deletion site, allowing us to discriminate heterozygous from homozygous individuals. Mosquitoes were tested for their response to odour cues in a modified version of a Gouck two-port olfactometer19 (link).
Full Methods are in the Supplemental materials .
Alleles
CCR5 protein, human
Culicidae
Deletion Mutation
Exons
Heterozygote
Homozygote
Odors
Most recents protocols related to «Odors»
EXAMPLE 1
A mixer, equipped with an electric mixer that has three prop-style mixing blades in series on a central shaft is used to produce a composition in accordance with the present disclosure. The tank itself is a stainless-steel cone-bottom tank with a 33 degree slope with a set of four baffles to allow for turbulent laminar flow.
36% w/w of dimethyl sulfoxide and 15% w/w of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer are added to the tank, heated to 160° F., and mixed for one hour or until dissolved. 17% dicyandiamide is then added, and mixing continued for another hour or until dissolved. 15% monoethanolamine (MEA) is added with stirring and the resulting solution is allowed to cool to 100° F. Once cooled, 17% N-(N-butyl) Thiophosphoric Triamide (NBPT) is added with mixing for 45 minutes or until dissolved. The resulting solution is passed through a 5 micron filter, and samples are taken from both the top and the bottom of the reactor for testing. The resulting solution is reddish-orange and has a sulfur-like odor.
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dicyandiamido
Electricity
Ethanolamine
Odors
Retinal Cone
Stainless Steel
Styromal
Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
Sulfur
EXAMPLE 3
A mixer, equipped with an electric mixer that has three prop-style mixing blades in series on a central shaft is used to produce a composition in accordance with the present disclosure. The tank itself is a stainless-steel cone-bottom tank with a 33 degree slope with a set of four baffles to allow for turbulent laminar flow.
30.99% w/w of dimethyl sulfoxide and 20% w/w of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer are added to the tank, heated to 160° F., and mixed for one hour or until dissolved. 0.01% FD&C Blue #1, 17% dicyandiamide, and 15% monoethanolamine (MEA) are then added, and mixing continued for another hour or until dissolved. The resulting solution is allowed to cool to 100° F., and then 17% N-(N-butyl) Thiophosphoric Triamide (NBPT) is added with mixing for 45 minutes or until dissolved. The resulting solution is passed through a 5 micron filter, and samples are taken from both the top and the bottom of the reactor for testing. The resulting solution is blue and has a sulfur-like odor.
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brilliant blue FCF
dicyandiamido
Electricity
Ethanolamine
Odors
Retinal Cone
Stainless Steel
Styromal
Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
Sulfur
Example 4
The patient received an artificial heart (LVAD) in 2013. From fall 2015, he was initially in outpatient treatment for driveline infection. The first documented driveline treatment with ActiMaris took Place®. A few months later, inpatient admission was required for operative remediation of the infection. The finding was so pronounced that odor of the Pseudomonas infestation could be detected before the patient entered through the door. The degree of infection is shown in
It should be noted that treatment with ActiMaris Alone® was unsuccessful for more than six months, so that the infection progressed significantly with an increase in the infection parameters. After three weeks of combination therapy, the improvement in findings shown above could be achieved with normalization of the infection values.
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Blood Coagulation Disorders
Care, Ambulatory
Cold Plasma
Combined Modality Therapy
Heart, Artificial
Infection
Inpatient
Odors
Parasitic Diseases
Patients
Pseudomonas
Wounds
EXAMPLE 2
A mixer, equipped with an electric mixer that has three prop-style mixing blades in series on a central shaft is used to produce a composition in accordance with the present disclosure. The tank itself is a stainless-steel cone-bottom tank with a 33 degree slope with a set of four baffles to allow for turbulent laminar flow.
40.99% w/w of dimethyl sulfoxide and 10% w/w of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer are added to the tank, heated to 160° F., and mixed for one hour or until dissolved. 0.01% FD&C Blue #1, 17% dicyandiamide, and 15% monoethanolamine (MEA) are then added, and mixing continued for another hour or until dissolved. The resulting solution is allowed to cool to 100° F. and then, 17% N-(N-butyl) Thiophosphoric Triamide (NBPT) is added with mixing for 45 minutes or until dissolved. The resulting solution is passed through a 5 micron filter, and samples are taken from both the top and the bottom of the reactor for testing. The resulting solution is blue and has a sulfur-like odor.
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brilliant blue FCF
dicyandiamido
Electricity
Ethanolamine
Odors
Retinal Cone
Stainless Steel
Styromal
Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
Sulfur
Morris water maze (MWM)
Hippocampal spatial memory and learning memory were assessed by the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test, which was performed as previously reported [39 (link)]. Acquired data was analyzed using SMART V3.0 (Panlab Harvard Apparatus, Germany) video tracking system. 13 animals per group were utilized.
Novel object recognition test (NORT)
All spaces were properly cleaned with 96% ethanol between animals, in order to eliminate odor or other cues. Data was measured and represented in seconds.
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Animals
Discrimination, Psychology
Ethanol
Lighting
Memory
Morris Water Maze Test
Neoplasm Metastasis
Novel Object Recognition Test
Odors
Recognition, Psychology
Spatial Memory
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Isoamyl acetate is a colorless, volatile liquid with a distinctive banana-like aroma. It is commonly used as a flavoring agent and in the production of various solvents and chemicals.
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More about "Odors"
Olfaction, Fragrance, Aroma, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Odorants, Olfactory Perception, Scent, Smell, Olfactory Receptor, Olfactory Bulb, Olfactory System, Sensory Evaluation, Odor Threshold, Odor Intensity, Odor Descriptor, Odor Mixture, Odor Identification, Odor Detection, Odor Discrimination, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Electronic Nose, Olfactometry, Olfactory Fatigue, Olfactory Habituation, Odor Masking, Odor Blending, Odor Mixture Interactions, Odor Pollution, Odor Mitigation, Odor Control, Odor Nuisance, Environmental Odors, Industrial Odors, Odor Regulations, Odor Monitoring, Odor Abatement, Odor Characterization, Odor Profiling, Odor Fingerprinting, Odor Portrayal, Odor Diary, Odor Wheel, Odor Qualities, Odor Pleasantness, Odor Unpleasantness, Odor Hedonics, Odor Perception, Olfactory Memory, Odor-Evoked Emotions, Odor-Guided Behavior, Odor Preferences, Odor Aversions, Odor-Flavor Interactions, Flavor Perception, Taste-Smell Interactions, Food Aroma, Perfume, Cosmetics, Aromatherapy, Air Fresheners, Deodorizers, Odor Masking Agents, Odor Neutralizers, Odor Eliminators, Malodor, Odfresher, EthoVision XT, MATLAB, VideoFreeze, Prism 8, Isoamyl acetate, MiniPID, Mineral oil, Ethovision, LabVIEW.