> Phenomena > Natural Phenomenon or Process > Permeability

Permeability

Permeability refers to the property of a material that allows substances, such as liquids or gases, to pass through it.
In the context of biomedical research, permeability is an important factor in understanding the movement of molecules across biological barriers, such as cell membranes or the blood-brain barrier.
Permeability studies are crucial in areas like drug delivery, tissue engineering, and environmental toxicology.
This MeSH term provides a comprehensive overview of the concept of permeability and its relevance in various fields of study.
Resercheres can leverge AI-powered tools like PubComapre.ai to streamline their permeability research, optimisse protocols, and enhance their studies.

Most cited protocols related to «Permeability»

ADMETlab 2.0: ADMET Prediction Platform

ADMETlab 2.0 provides a convenient and easy-to-use interface for users. Two services, Evaluation and Screening, are designed to support single-molecule and batch evaluation, whose input parameters and output information will be elaborated respectively.
In the Evaluation pattern, two molecular submission approaches are provided by pasting the SMILES string or drawing the chemical structure with the help of JMSE molecule editor (17 (link)). Once a user submits the job, the webserver will automatically standardize the input SMILES strings and compute all the endpoints. The prediction results are mainly displayed in the tabular format in the browser, with the 2D molecular structure and a radar plot summarizing the physicochemical quality of the compound. For those endpoints predicted by the regression models, such as Caco-2 permeability, plasma protein binding, etc., concrete predictive values are provided. For the endpoints predicted by the classification models, such as Pgp-inhibitor, hERG Blocker, etc., the prediction probability values are transformed into six symbols: 0-0.1(−−−), 0.1-0.3(−−), 0.3-0.5(−), 0.5-0.7(+), 0.7-0.9(++), and 0.9-1.0(+++). Usually, the token ‘+++’ or ‘++’ represents the molecule is more likely to be toxic or defective, while ‘−−−’ or ‘−−’ represents nontoxic or appropriate. Here, we do not recommend trusting predictions symbolled by ‘+’ or ‘−' (probably values in 0.3-0.7), and corresponding molecules require further assessment. The substructural rules available in the webserver, such as PAINS, SureChEMBL Rule, etc., were implemented using the SMARTS recognition capability of RDKit function. And the calculation of physicochemical and medicinal chemistry endpoints was based on the python library Scopy (18 ), following the parameters reported in corresponding original papers strictly. If the number of alerts is not zero, users can click the DETAIL button to check the undesirable substructures in the molecule. Finally, the full result file can be downloaded from the website in CSV or PDF format.
In the Screening pattern, two molecular submission approaches are provided by entering a list of SMILES strings or uploading a SDF or TXT formatted file. It should be noted that the file should only contain molecules without column headers and molecular indexes, otherwise the server may declare invalid input type. After all the predictions are completed, the results for each input molecule will be presented on a separate row, containing the assigned index, SMILES string, 2D molecular structure, and a View button. The prediction details can be accessed by clicking the View button of the corresponding molecule that links to the single-molecule evaluation page. These results can also be downloaded as a CSV-formatted file to the user's computer, where concrete probably values of classification endpoints are provided to enable the users to define their own thresholds to filter out deficient compounds with different levels of reliability. A typical ADMETlab 2.0 task for 1000 molecules requires ∼84 s, but it may also depend on the complexity of molecules.

Xiong G., Wu Z., Yi J., Fu L., Yang Z., Hsieh C., Yin M., Zeng X., Wu C., Lu A., Chen X., Hou T, & Cao D. (2021). ADMETlab 2.0: an integrated online platform for accurate and comprehensive predictions of ADMET properties. Nucleic Acids Research, 49(W1), W5-W14.

Publication 2021

cDNA Library Molecular Structure Pain Permeability Plasma Plasma Proteins Python

Maintaining Healthy Adult Brain Slices

The adult brain slice method we have described has been successfully implemented in a variety of experimental contexts for analysis of diverse brain regions and cell types. However, we would encourage adopters to view this method as a work in progress, and we believe there is still substantial room for systematic improvement. As a case in point, we have observed that mature adult brain slices experience high levels of oxidative stress due in large part to rapid depletion of cellular antioxidants including ascorbate and reduced glutathione (GSH). This can lead to lipid peroxidation, neuronal membrane rigidity, and tissue deterioration. There appears to be a nonuniform susceptibility to this form of oxidative damage, for example, CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons are particularly vulnerable, making patch clamp recording of these cells difficult in brain slices from adult and aging animals in spite of the protective recovery method.
The specific restoration of intracellular pools of neuronal GSH (e.g. supplementation with the cell-permeable GSH-ethyl ester) is highly effective at curbing deterioration and prolonging slice viability under these circumstances. Thus, we have been able to further improve the NMDG recovery method by devising strategies for stimulating de novo synthesis of glutathione during acute brain slice preparation and incubation. This is most readily accomplished by adding the inexpensive GSH precursor N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC, 5–12 mM) to the NMDG aCSF and HEPES holding aCSF formulas, but not the recording aCSF (seeNote 14). NAC is cell-permeable and has been shown to specifically increase neuronal glutathione levels in brain tissue (26 (link)). Within 1–2 hours of slice preparation we are able to observe notable improvements in the general appearance of neurons and in the ease of patch clamp recording, and the slices are able to be maintained in a healthy state for extended time periods.
Although these more advanced methods are not absolutely required for successful adult brain slice patch clamp recordings (as demonstrated by the specific application we have described in this chapter), we include this information in hopes of providing more options to extend the versatility of our method for particularly challenging applications. Glutathione restoration is highly effective at maintaining healthy brain slices but may not be appropriate in every experimental context, e.g. investigations focusing on oxidative stress in the aging brain. On the other hand, without implementing the NMDG protective recovery method together with glutathione restoration strategy, targeted patch clamp analysis in brain slices from very old animals is prohibitively challenging.

Ting J.T., Daigle T.L., Chen Q, & Feng G. (2014). Acute brain slice methods for adult and aging animals: application of targeted patch clampanalysis and optogenetics. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 1183, 221-242.

Publication 2014

Acetylcysteine Adult Anabolism Animals Antioxidants Brain Cells Diet, Formula Esters Gastrin-Secreting Cells Glutathione HEPES Lipid Peroxidation Muscle Rigidity Neurons Oxidative Damage Oxidative Stress Permeability Protoplasm Pyramidal Cells Reduced Glutathione Susceptibility, Disease Tissue, Membrane Tissues

High-Throughput Recombinant Protein Expression

PCR verified expression constructs were transformed into either B834 (DE3) or Rosetta(DE3)LysS E. coli (Novagen) in 96-tube format as described for OmniMaxII transformations with 1% w/v Glucose replacing the X-Gal and IPTG reagents in the LB agar. All plates and subsequent media used for the culture of the Rosetta(DE3) LysS cells are identical to those described for B834(DE3) cells but also supplemented with 35 µg/ml chloramphenicol to maintain the pRareLysS plasmid. Plates were incubated for 18 h at 37°C before individual colonies were used to inoculate, 500 µl GS96 (Bio101, QBioGene, Cambridge, UK) supplemented with 0.05% v/v glycerol, 1% w/v glucose and 50 µg/ml carbenicillin in 96-well deep-well plates. The plates were sealed with gas-permeable adhesive seals and shaken at 225 r.p.m. at 37°C for 18 h. For IPTG induction of expression, 50 µl of each overnight culture was then used to inoculate (in four 24-well deep-well plates) 2.5 ml of GS96 supplemented with 50 µg/ml carbenicillin. The diluted cultures were grown at 37°C with shaking at 225 r.p.m., for 3 h before reducing the temperature to 20°C, addition of ITPG to a final concentration of 0.5 mM and shaking for a further 18 h at 20°C. For auto-induction of expression, 50 µl of each overnight culture was used to inoculate (in four 24-well deep-well plates) 2.5 ml of Overnight Express™ Instant TB media (Novagen) supplemented with 50 µg/ml carbenicillin. The diluted cultures were grown at 37°C with shaking at 225 r.p.m., for 3 h before reducing the temperature to 25°C and shaking for a further 24 h at 25°C.
A 1.5 ml aliquot of culture from each well was then transferred to a 2 ml 96-well deep-well plate using a Theonyx robot (Aviso Gmbh, Gera, Germany) and harvested by centrifugation at 6000 g for 10 min at 4°C before decanting of the waste media. Pelleted cells were frozen at −80°C for at least 30 min prior to screening for soluble His₆-tag protein expression using either the Theonyx or BR8000 robotic platforms with standard Qiagen Ni-NTA magnetic bead protocols (as per manufacturer's instructions). Proteins purified by elution from the Ni-NTA beads were analysed on SDS-PAGE gels (Criterion™ 10–20% gradient gels—Biorad, Hemel Hempstead, UK or InVitrogen NuPAGE™ Novex 10% Bis-Tris Midi gels with MES buffer system) and visualized with SafeStain™ (InVitrogen). Scale-up and purification of proteins from E. coli were carried out as described earlier (11 (link)).

Berrow N.S., Alderton D., Sainsbury S., Nettleship J., Assenberg R., Rahman N., Stuart D.I, & Owens R.J. (2007). A versatile ligation-independent cloning method suitable for high-throughput expression screening applications. Nucleic Acids Research, 35(6), e45.

Publication 2007

5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-galactoside Agar Altretamine Bistris Buffers Carbenicillin Cells Centrifugation Chloramphenicol Escherichia coli Freezing Gels Glucose Glycerin his6 tag Isopropyl Thiogalactoside Lysine Permeability Phocidae Plasmids Proteins SDS-PAGE

Comparative Analysis of Respiration Measurement Methods in C. elegans

There are several methods available to measure respiration of living samples, which can be globally divided into two groups: O2-dependent quenching of porphyrin-based phosphors (Seahorse Bioscience XF respirometer and Luxcel MitoXpress) and amperometric O₂ sensors (Clark electrodes, including the widely adopted Oroboros system)1 ,42 (link). Historically, the amperometric approach has been the main method used to assess mitochondrial respiration in C. elegans. For the amperometric approach, nematodes are delivered into a single respiratory chamber, which is separated from two half-cells by O₂-permeable material. In this way, only O₂ can diffuse from the assay medium through the membrane. When a small voltage is applied to the half-cells, O₂ is reduced by electrons at the cathode yielding hydrogen peroxide. Subsequently, H₂O₂ oxidizes the Ag (silver) of the Ag/AgCl anode, which results in an electrical current that is proportional to the O₂ pressure – and thus concentration – in the experimental respiratory chamber.
Apart from the detection modality, differences of the XF respirometric method appear at the level of number of worms per assay, replicates, multiple, or real-time measurements and the ability to inject compounds during an experiment (Table 1). The Clark electrode approach requires thousands (~2000-5000) of worms in a single chamber to obtain an estimation of the oxygen consumption rate43 (link). Performing multiple measurements, biological replicates and comparing conditions provide the biggest challenges within the Clark electrode method as the traditional set-up only allows the measurements of one sample at a time. In contrast, a XF96 respirometer requires ~10-20 worms per well to acquire a reproducible oxygen consumption rate, measurements can be easily and quickly (in the order of minutes) repeated in an automated way and since XF respirometers can analyse whole plates at the same time, about 96 conditions/replicates can be tested at once. An additional difference is the presence of drug-injection ports that can be programmed to inject compounds in all 96 wells at time points that are specified a priori during an XF respirometer experiment. Clark electrode systems also allow injection of compounds, and even offer flexibility with respect to the timing, dosing and number of additions as compounds are injected manually during the course of the assay. However, precise timing of manual additions between replicate experiments may be challenging.
More similar to the Seahorse XF respirometer method is the Luxcel MitoXpress O₂ consumption assay, which relies on O₂-dependent quenching of porphyrin-based phosphor. The MitoXpress kits provide a way of performing real-time analysis of cellular respiration, via an oxygen-quenching fluorophore system. Worms are placed into the wells of a 96- or 384-well plate, the kit reagents are added, and measurements are made in a fluorometric plate reader. Multiple conditions and replicates can be tested side-by-side in the wells of a single plate, but repeated measurements over time are more challenging as there is typically no automatized mixing system integrated in the plates or plate-readers to restore basal O₂ levels. In addition, single estimation of the OCR takes >90 minutes, while careful estimations of the OCR in the XF respirometer approach takes only 2-5 minutes of measuring time. Finally, the use of compounds to assess multiple aspects of mitochondrial function related to oxygen consumption is limited since compounds need to be injected manually immediately prior to the start of the experiment.

Koopman M., Michels H., Dancy B.M., Kamble R., Mouchiroud L., Auwerx J., Nollen E.A, & Houtkooper R.H. (2016). A screening-based platform for the assessment of cellular respiration in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature protocols, 11(10), 1798-1816.

Publication 2016

Biological Assay Biopharmaceuticals Cell Respiration Cells DNA Replication Electricity Electrons Fluorometry Helminths Mitochondria Nematoda Oxygen Consumption Permeability Peroxide, Hydrogen Pharmaceutical Preparations Phosphorus Porphyrins Pressure Respiration Respiratory Rate Seahorses Silver Tissue, Membrane

Differentiation of hPSC-Derived Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells

IMR90-4 and DF19-9-11T iPSCs and H9 hESCs were maintained between passages 26–42 on Matrigel (BD Biosciences) in mTeSR1 medium (STEMCELL Technologies) or on irradiated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) in standard unconditioned medium (UM) as previously described18 (link). For differentiation, cells were passaged onto Matrigel in mTeSR1 medium for 2–3 days of expansion and then switched to unconditioned medium (UM) lacking bFGF for 6 days. Human endothelial serum-free medium (hESFM; Life Technologies) supplemented with 20 ng/mL bFGF (R&D Systems) and 1% platelet-poor plasma derived bovine serum (Biomedical Technologies, Inc.) was then added for an additional 2–4 days. All-trans RA (Sigma) was reconstituted in DMSO and included at concentrations of 1–10 μM depending on the experiment. Cells were then dissociated with Versene (Life Technologies) and plated onto 12-well tissue culture polystyrene plates or 1.12 cm² Transwell-Clear® permeable inserts (0.4 μm pore size) coated with a mixture of collagen IV (400 μg/mL; Sigma) and fibronectin (100 μg/mL; Sigma) in H₂O. Culture plates were incubated with the coating for at least 30 min at 37°C, while the inserts were incubated for a minimum of 4 h at 37°C. Resultant, purified hPSC-derived BMECs were then grown in EC medium for 24 h (with or without RA); in some experiments, primary pericytes or fibroblasts were co-cultured with BMECs during these 24 h (see description below). After this 24 h period, BMECs were continued as monoculture or co-cultured as described below. In our previous publication, we had utilized dispase for subculturing the BMECs18 (link), but non-enzymatic treatment of the BMECs with Versene results in less debris attached to the BMEC monolayer. We had also used hPSCs exclusively maintained on MEFs prior to differentiation18 (link), but in this study no noticeable differences in BBB properties were observed between hPSCs maintained on MEFs and hPSCs maintained under feeder-independent conditions and we now exclusively use hPSCs maintained in mTeSR1 on Matrigel.

Lippmann E.S., Al-Ahmad A., Azarin S.M., Palecek S.P, & Shusta E.V. (2014). A retinoic acid-enhanced, multicellular human blood-brain barrier model derived from stem cell sources. Scientific Reports, 4, 4160.

Publication 2014

Biomedical Technology Blood Platelets Bos taurus Cells Collagen Type IV dispase Embryo Endothelium Enzymes Fibroblasts FN1 protein, human Homo sapiens Human Embryonic Stem Cells Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells matrigel Mus Pericytes Permeability Plasma Polystyrenes Serum Stem Cells Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Tissues Versene

Most recents protocols related to «Permeability»

Measuring WVTR of Paper and Board Substrates

Not available on PMC !

Example 1

Paper and board substrates with basis weights of 80 and 237 g/m2, respectively, were delivered by Reynolds Tobacco Company. WVTR was measured at 50%/23° C. and 90%/23° C. from both materials before any coating treatment in order to obtain a reference points which can be used as a benchmark in the assessment of the coating treatment effect in WVTR performance. WVTR results for plain paper and board substrate are shown in FIG. 2. As seen in the results, the permeability values were very high without any coating treatment.

US11873607B2. Moisture barriers for paper materials (2024-01-16). R.J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO PRODUCTS [US]. Inventors: Andries Don Sebastian [US], Pankaj Patel [US], Bruce Bengtsson [US], Stephanie A. Whittington [US], Erkki Mikael Salo [FI], Tero Tapani Malm [FI].

Patent 2024

Permeability Tobacco Products Vision

Aquaporin Inhibition Screening Assay

Not available on PMC !

Example 2

The specificity of the compounds is tested against the most closely related of the 13 known aquaporins: AQP1, AQP2, AQP5 and both splice variants of AQP4 (A and B). A stable CHO cell line is created for each of the above aquaporins and the inhibition of water permeability using the Aquaporin-Mediated Cell Volume Change Assay with 10 μM Compound 3 is tested. Compound 3 inhibits AQP2 and 4, while it poorly inhibits AQP1 and 5 (FIG. 2).

US11873266B2. Methods of treating or controlling cytotoxic cerebral edema consequent to an ischemic stroke (2024-01-16). Aeromics, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Marc F. Pelletier [US], George William Farr [US], Paul Robert McGuirk [US], Christopher H Hall [US], Walter F. Boron [US].

Patent 2024

AQP1 protein, human Aquaporin 2 Aquaporin 3 Biological Assay Cardiac Arrest Cell Lines Permeability Psychological Inhibition Water Channel

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Gas Diffusion Layer

Not available on PMC !

Example 22

A method for preparing a gas diffusion layer for proton exchange membrane fuel cell, includes steps as follows:

- (1) preparing the carbon fiber suspension;
- mixing the carbon fiber dispersion with the fibrous binder dispersion, then adding the ceramic fiber of 1 mm length (zirconia fiber), and then shearing and dispersing at a high-speed rate of 1500 r/min to obtain the carbon fiber suspension;
- wherein the carbon fiber dispersion consists of the carbon fiber, the dispersant and water;
- wherein the fibrous binder dispersion consists of the fibrous binder, the dispersant and water;
- wherein the viscosity of dispersion composed of the dispersant and water is 2000 Pa·s in the carbon fiber suspension;
- wherein the dispersant is Tween 60; wherein the amount of the dispersant in the carbon fiber suspension is 1.5 wt % of the amount of water;
- wherein the fibrous binder is the composite filament numbered F-4 in Table 1;
- wherein the length of the carbon fiber is 10-20 mm, the aspect ratio of the carbon fiber is 100-3000, and the mass of carbon fibers with the aspect ratio in the interval [100, 500) accounts for 10 wt % of the total mass of carbon fibers, the mass of carbon fibers with the aspect ratio in the interval [500, 1000) accounts for 60 wt % of the total mass of carbon fibers, the mass of carbon fibers with the aspect ratio in the interval [1000, 2000) accounts for 25 wt % of the total mass of carbon fibers, and the mass of carbon fibers with the aspect ratio in the interval [2000, 3000] accounts for 5 wt % of the total mass of carbon fibers; wherein the amount of the carbon fiber in the carbon fiber suspension is 5 wt % of the amount of water;
- wherein the amount of the ceramic fiber is 5 wt % of the amount of the carbon fiber;
- (2) papermaking and drying the carbon fiber suspension to obtain the carbon fiber base paper;
- wherein the drying temperature is 140° C. and the drying time is 5 min;
- in the prepared carbon fiber base paper, wherein the content of the fibrous binder is 30 wt %;
- (3) cross-linking and curing of the carbon fiber base paper (hot-pressing cross-linking);
- wherein the temperature of hot-pressing cross-linking is 300° C., the time of hot-pressing cross-linking is 5 min, and the pressure applied to the carbon fiber base paper is 5 MPa;
- (4) carbonizing and graphitizing the cross-linked carbon fiber base paper under the protection of argon to obtain a gas diffusion layer for proton exchange membrane fuel cell;
- wherein the carbonization temperature is 1250° C. and the carbonization time is 15 min; wherein the graphitization temperature is 2000° C. and the graphitization time is 5 min.

The prepared gas diffusion layer for proton exchange membrane fuel cell has hydrophilic channels composed of the ceramic fiber, and the pore gradient (that is, the pore size increases or decreases along the thickness direction), and the layer with the smallest pore size is the intrinsic microporous layer; wherein the gas diffusion layer for proton exchange membrane fuel cell has a thickness of 100 μm, a porosity of 70%, a contact angle with water of 145°, a tensile strength of 30 Ma, a normal resistivity of 70 mΩ·cm, an in-plane resistivity of 7 mΩ·cm, and a permeability of 2060 (mL·mm)/(cm2·h·mmAq).

US11876232B2. Gas diffusion layer for proton exchange membrane fuel cell and preparation method thereof (2024-01-16). DONGHUA UNIVERSITY [CN]. Inventors: Biao Wang [CN], Tongqing Qu [CN], Xiyi Huang [CN].

Patent 2024

A 145 Argon Carbon Fiber Cytoskeletal Filaments Diffusion Fibrosis Permeability Pressure Protons Tween 60 Viscosity zirconium oxide

PLA Extrusion Coating Barrier Properties

Not available on PMC !

Example 2

Two different PLA grades were used in the extrusion coating recipes: semi-crystalline PLA (NatureWorks, 4032D) and amorphous PLA (NatureWorks 4060D). Three different extrusion coating recipes were used. The first coating recipe includes only one semi-crystalline PLA (SCP) coating layer, extrusion coated onto base substrates. The second recipe includes a two-layer structure, comprising a SCP layer and an amorphous PLA (AP) layer as the bottom layer and the top layer, respectively. The third recipe includes a three-layer structure, comprising AP, SC and AP, in bottom to top order. The amorphous PLA layer is considered to give better adhesion to the base material and better heat sealing properties, while the semi-crystalline PLA is considered to be a better grade in terms of barrier properties. Each coating structure was used for coating both substrates. The coating amount of each recipe is shown in FIG. 3.

It is evident, from the FIGS. 3 and 4, that the thicker coating resulted in lower WVTR permeability values.

A significant improvement in barrier properties was achieved for all PLA coated materials. Barrier values for two-layer and three-layer structures for both substrates are around 40 g/m2/day with some variation after 90° folding. This was a significant improvement compared to the initial WVTR of uncoated materials, which were around 1200 and 820 g/m2/day for paper and board, respectively. More significantly, the barrier properties did not seem to deteriorate after the folding process, compared to non-folded samples.

All coated materials formed strong heat sealed bonds at a temperature of 130°, though differences in heat sealing properties are likely at lower temperatures and shorter heat sealing times. Coating amorphous PLA as the uppermost layer likely resulted in better heat sealing properties at lower temperatures and shorter heat sealing times. The measured barrier values for non-folded and folded samples at 50% and 90% RH are shown in FIG. 5.

In the multilayer coatings of which the bottom surface is amorphous (A+SC+A), the adhesion of the coating was slightly better and not so easily delaminated away from the base material. PLA adhesion in the base material could be improved by optimizing the parameters of extrusion coating process (e.g. extrusion temperature).

Patent 2024

Permeability

Ussing Chamber Assay for Intestinal Permeability

Intestinal permeability was determined using Ussing chamber analysis. The colonic mucosa was intactly scraped from the distal colon specimens, installed in a slider with a 0.3 cm² rectangular hole in the center, fixed in the U-shaped chamber, and immersed in oxygen-containing Krebs’ solution on both the serosal and mucosal sides. Then, the chamber was mounted on Ussing Chamber System (World Precision Instruments, USA). The transepithelial resistance (TER) of the colonic mucosa was recorded by an automatic voltage clamp model after a 20 min equilibration. In addition, mucosal-to-serosal permeability was assessed by fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated dextran (FD4, FITC-dextran, molecular weight: 4 kD, Sigma-Aldrich, Madrid, Spain). After the TER recording, 1 mg/ml FD4 was added to the mucosal side of the chamber, and the same volume of Krebs’ solution was added to the serosal side without light. One hundred microliters of solution was sampled from the serosal side every 30 min over a 2 h period, and the fluorescence intensity was detected by a fluorescence spectrophotometer (485 nm/528 nm, Ex/Em, BioTek, Winooski, VT, USA). The FD4 concentration in the serosal side was evaluated by a standard curve of continuous dilutions of FD4 in Krebs’ solution.

Yang J., Wang L., Mei M., Guo J., Yang X, & Liu S. (2023). Electroacupuncture repairs intestinal barrier by upregulating CB1 through gut microbiota in DSS-induced acute colitis. Chinese Medicine, 18, 24.

Publication 2023

Colon fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran Fluorescence Intestines Krebs-Ringer solution Light Mucous Membrane Oxygen Permeability Serous Membrane Technique, Dilution

Top products related to «Permeability»

Fitc dextran by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Sao Tome and Principe, Japan, China, Macao, Spain, Switzerland, France, Italy, Australia, Israel, Sweden, Belgium, Canada

FITC-dextran is a fluorescent labeled dextran compound. It is a water-soluble carbohydrate polymer that is covalently linked to the fluorescent dye fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). FITC-dextran is commonly used as a tracer or marker in various biological applications.

Transwell permeable support by Corning

Sourced in United States, China

Transwell Permeable Supports are a versatile laboratory tool designed for cell culture applications. They feature a permeable membrane that allows for the study of cell migration, cell-cell interactions, and permeability. The supports can be used to create an in vitro model of a biological barrier, such as the blood-brain barrier or the intestinal epithelium.

Transwell insert by Corning

Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, China, Switzerland, Japan, France, Spain

Transwell inserts are a type of laboratory equipment used for cell culture applications. They consist of a porous membrane that separates two chambers, allowing for the study of interactions between cells or the passage of substances across the membrane. The core function of Transwell inserts is to facilitate the creation of a barrier between the two chambers, enabling researchers to analyze various cellular processes and transport mechanisms.

Facscalibur by BD

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Canada, Japan, Italy, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Singapore, Uruguay, Australia, Spain, Poland, India, Austria, Denmark, Netherlands, Jersey, Finland, Sweden

The FACSCalibur is a flow cytometry system designed for multi-parameter analysis of cells and other particles. It features a blue (488 nm) and a red (635 nm) laser for excitation of fluorescent dyes. The instrument is capable of detecting forward scatter, side scatter, and up to four fluorescent parameters simultaneously.

Matrigel by BD

Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, China, Canada, Japan, Italy, France, Belgium, Australia, Uruguay, Switzerland, Israel, India, Spain, Denmark, Morocco, Austria, Brazil, Ireland, Netherlands, Montenegro, Poland

Matrigel is a solubilized basement membrane preparation extracted from the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) mouse sarcoma, a tumor rich in extracellular matrix proteins. It is widely used as a substrate for the in vitro cultivation of cells, particularly those that require a more physiologically relevant microenvironment for growth and differentiation.

Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, China, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Japan, Canada, Italy, France, Switzerland, New Zealand, Brazil, Belgium, India, Spain, Israel, Austria, Poland, Ireland, Sweden, Macao, Netherlands, Denmark, Cameroon, Singapore, Portugal, Argentina, Holy See (Vatican City State), Morocco, Uruguay, Mexico, Thailand, Sao Tome and Principe, Hungary, Panama, Hong Kong, Norway, United Arab Emirates, Czechia, Russian Federation, Chile, Moldova, Republic of, Gabon, Palestine, State of, Saudi Arabia, Senegal

Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.

Evans blue by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, Sao Tome and Principe, China, United Kingdom, Macao, Spain, Japan, Ireland, Italy

Evans blue is a dye used as a laboratory reagent. It is a blue-colored dye that binds to albumin in the blood, allowing for the measurement and visualization of blood volume and albumin distribution. The dye has a strong blue color and is soluble in water.

Evans blue dye by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, Sao Tome and Principe, United Kingdom, Japan, Macao, Brazil

Evans blue dye is a lab equipment product used as a dye for various research applications. It is a blue azo dye with the chemical formula C₃₄H₂₄N₆Na₄O₁₄S₄. The core function of Evans blue dye is to act as a marker or tracer in biological studies and experiments.

Cm h2dcfda by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom, Spain, Canada, China, Japan, France, Ireland

CM-H2DCFDA is a fluorogenic dye that measures hydroxyl, peroxyl, and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity in cells. It is a cell-permeable indicator for ROS that is non-fluorescent until the acetate groups are removed by intracellular esterases and oxidation occurs within the cell.

More about "Permeability"

Permeability is a crucial concept in biomedical research, referring to the ability of substances, such as liquids or gases, to pass through a material.
This property is particularly important in understanding the movement of molecules across biological barriers, like cell membranes and the blood-brain barrier.
Permeability studies are vital in fields like drug delivery, tissue engineering, and environmental toxicology.
Researchers can leverage AI-powered tools like PubCompare.ai to streamline their permeability research.
These tools can help locate relevant protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, and use AI-driven comparisons to identify the best protocols and products for their needs.
This can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of permeability studies.
One common technique used to measure permeability is the FITC-dextran assay, which involves using a fluorescent dye to track the movement of molecules across a barrier, such as a Transwell permeable support or Transwell insert.
Other related techniques include the use of the FACSCalibur flow cytometer to quantify dye uptake, and the incorporation of Matrigel, a basement membrane extract, to mimic physiological conditions.
Researchers may also utilize Evans blue dye, which binds to albumin, to assess vascular permeability.
Additionally, the CM-H2DCFDA assay can be employed to measure oxidative stress, which can impact permeability.
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is often used in cell culture experiments to provide necessary growth factors and maintain cell viability.
By leveraging these tools and techniques, researchers can streamline their permeability research, optimize protocols, and enhance their studies, ultimately advancing our understanding of this crucial concept in biomedical research.