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> Phenomena > Natural Phenomenon or Process > Radiation

Radiation

Radiation refers to the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or a medium.
This encompasses various types of radiation, such as ionizing radiation (e.g., X-rays, gamma rays) and non-ionizing radiation (e.g., ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, radio waves).
Radiation plays a crucial role in numerous scientific and medical applications, including diagnostic imaging, cancer treatment, and fundamental research.
However, understanding and optimizing radiation-based protocols can be challenging.
PubCompare.ai revolutionizes this process by using AI-driven comparisons to help researchers locate the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, enhancing reproducibilty and accuracy.
Streamline your radiation research and make informed decisions with PubCompare.ai.

Most cited protocols related to «Radiation»

1
Evaluating Phylogenetic Tree Inference Methods
The performance of the above-mentioned measures was compared on 1000 simulated replicates, each with 100 taxa and 600 nucleotides and based on a random tree (data from Desper and Gascuel 2004 (link)). Trees were simulated using the beta-splitting model (Aldous 1996 ), which generalizes the uniform distribution on phylogenies and the standard Yule–Harding branching process (Yule 1925 ; Harding 1971 ), both of which are typically used to generate a distribution of biologically relevant trees. Deviations from molecular clock were introduced to each tree (Desper and Gascuel 2004 (link)). Sequence data were generated using the K2P + covarion model, similar to Galtier (2001) (link), where evolutionary rates vary among sites and over time. Analyses were performed under the incorrect models HKY+ Gamma;4 (moderate model violation) and JC+Γ4 (serious violation). For comparison with the Bayesian approach and with the results from our previous study, we used 1500 smaller simulated data sets, each generated under HKY+Γ4 with 12 taxa and 1000 nucleotides, and based on a distribution of phylogenies generated using the standard speciation process with deviations from the molecular clock (data from Anisimova and Gascuel 2006 (link)). The data were analyzed under both the correct model HKY + Γ4 and the incorrect model JC + Γ4. The Bayesian MCMC analyses were conducted with MrBayes v3.1.2 (Huelsenbeck and Ronquist 2001 (link)) as described in Anisimova and Gascuel (2006) (link). To address concerns that 4×104 generations used in our previous study may not have been sufficient (despite good convergence diagnostics), we also run longer chains ( 4×105 generations) under each model.
It has previously been noticed that bootstrap proportions as well as PP can be too high not only for incorrect but also for nonexisting (i.e., zero-length) branches (e.g., Lewis et al. 2005 (link); Yang 2007 (link); Guindon et al. 2010 ). Thus, we tested how often branch partitions were inferred with high supports on star-like data, as can be the case for viral data or samples of deep divergence confounded by selection (adaptive radiation). We simulated 100- and 12-taxa star trees with branches drawn from the exponential distribution with a mean of 0.1 expected substitutions per branch per site. All star trees were simulated under HKY + Γ4.
Anisimova M., Gil M., Dufayard J.F., Dessimoz C, & Gascuel O. (2011). Survey of Branch Support Methods Demonstrates Accuracy, Power, and Robustness of Fast Likelihood-based Approximation Schemes. Systematic Biology, 60(5), 685-699.
Publication 2011
Acclimatization Biological Evolution Diagnosis Gamma Rays Nucleotides Radiation Trees
2
Body Fat Measurement Methods Comparison
At present, simple, accurate methods for measuring percent of body fat and, in particular, body fat in different fat depots are not available. The indirect methods currently in use for estimating total percent of body fat include underwater weighing, an air displacement and density determination using a Bod Pod, a bioelectrical impedance analyzer, and a determination of the isotopically labeled water mass. In the past, determination of the total body radioactive potassium and thus metabolizing tissue mass have been used to estimate lean body mass, and by difference, the fat mass.86 (link)
Anthropometric determination of fat mass directly has been done using skin-fold thickness measured at various sites.87 (link) A dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan, which provides a 3-dimensional picture of body organ densities, can be used for estimating total body fat. Its location also can be determined. Single computed tomography (CT) slices of the abdomen and thigh can be used to obtain 2 dimensions of those fat depots from which a 3-dimensional fat area can be reconstructed. This also can be done using magnetic resonance imaging, but magnetic resonance imaging is very expensive. One cannot do serial sections of the body using CT to determine fat mass because of the excess radiation associated with this procedure.
Because of their convenience, bioelectric impedance methods or DEXA scans are the most commonly used to estimate the amount and, with DEXA scans, the location of body fat depots. Estimates of abdominal and thigh fat depots also can be estimated using CT slices.52 (link),72 (link),88 (link)
All of the previously mentioned methods use certain assumptions in the calculation of body fat mass, and all are subject to potential error. Nevertheless, there are more specific methods of determining body fat mass than is the BMI. Important information regarding the location of the stored fat also can be determined with some methods.
It now is generally accepted that a relationship between BMI and mortality risk should be applied only to large populations. It should not be applied to an individual in an unqualified fashion. As indicated previously, there is the issue of being “overweight” versus “over fat.” In addition, a segment of the population is now considered to be “fat” by any criteria but “fit” and not at risk for early mortality.74 (link),75 (link),89 (link)–91 (link)
, & Nuttall F.Q. (2015). Body Mass Index: Obesity, BMI, and Health: A Critical Review. Nutrition Today, 50(3), 117-128.
Publication 2015
Abdomen Bioelectrical Impedance Body Fat Human Body Potassium Radiation Radioactivity Skinfold Thickness Thigh Tissues X-Ray Computed Tomography
3
Structural Determination of SARS-CoV-2 CTD-hACE2 Complex

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

Open the protocol to access the free full text link

Publication 2020
Glycerin Nitrogen Radiation SARS-CoV-2 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
4
Standardizing Muscle Attenuation Measurement in CT
Computed tomography provides a new lens for understanding skeletal muscle in situ, including quantification of tissue area, volume and attenuation. Current research is focused on the appearance of abnormally low radiation attenuation in muscles of some individuals (see below). However, to unify the findings on this parameter across studies, the criteria for muscle attenuation measurement require further agreement and standardization. Absolute values of radiation attenuation obtained on rigorously calibrated equipment are at best accurate to the nearest 4–5 HU. It is important that this calibration be done regularly and on standard materials with attenuation within the range of soft tissues, water (0 HU), fat (−100 HU) and muscle (50 HU).
There is also a need to agree on cut-offs defining normal and low attenuation muscle. The most common and accepted HU range for adipose tissue is −190 to −30 HU, and these values are quite consistent across studies. When muscle cross-sectional area and attenuation are reported, the common practice is to use pre-defined HU ranges. There was a notable disparity in the literature with respect to the HU range used for muscle, and there was considerable variation in both their upper and lower limit, which starts at either 0 HU or −29 HU and extends to 100, 150 or 200 HU (Table 1). Some reports do not include the range from −29 HU to 0 HU (Table 1), and using that approach, any regions within this attenuation range are regarded as being neither muscle nor adipose tissue. Omission of this HU range would, at least in some individuals, fail to account for a significant proportion of the total muscle cross-sectional area. For example in Fig. 1, Subject 2 has 13.5% of muscle area within the range of −29 HU to 0 HU. Another source of variation between studies is that mean attenuation may be reported for the entire muscle or a selected representative region[s] (Table 1). The generally accepted lower boundary of normal attenuation muscle is 30 HU (Goodpaster et al. 2000b (link), Lee et al. 2005 ), and this was defined as two standard deviations below the mean attenuation value across all pixels of muscles of young healthy persons (Goodpaster et al. 2000b (link)). Most of the variation exists in the HU ranges included for low attenuation muscle. Some authors defined low attenuation muscle from 0 to +29 HU (Goodpaster et al. 2000b (link), Deriaz et al. 2001 (link), Lee et al. 2005 ), while others included −29 to +30 HU. While the exact constitution and functional capacity of tissue within this range remain to be determined, it would seem advisable to incorporate the entire range from −29 to +29 HU in the definition of low attenuation muscle. Tissue cross-sectional area within the range of −29 to 0 HU cannot be disregarded. The benefit of a defined range of attenuation values for both muscle and adipose tissue alongside a standardized approach would enable comparison between various studies.
Aubrey J., Esfandiari N., Baracos V.E., Buteau F.A., Frenette J., Putman C.T, & Mazurak V.C. (2014). Measurement of skeletal muscle radiation attenuation and basis of its biological variation. Acta Physiologica (Oxford, England), 210(3), 489-497.
Publication 2014
Lens, Crystalline Muscle Tissue Radiation Skeletal Muscles Tissue, Adipose Tissues X-Ray Computed Tomography
5
Cryo-EM Structure Determination Workflow
Similar image processing procedures were employed for the apo-state and the DAPT-bound data sets. We used MOTIONCORR (Li et al., 2013 (link)) for whole-frame motion correction, CTFFIND4 (Rohou and Grigorieff) for estimation of the contrast transfer function parameters, and RELION-1.4 (Scheres, 2012 (link)) for all subsequent steps. References for template-based particle picking (Scheres, 2015 (link)) were obtained from 2D class averages that were calculated from a manually picked subset of the micrographs. A 20 Å low-pass filter was applied to these templates to limit model bias. All low-pass filters employed were cosine-shaped and fell to zero within 2 reciprocal pixels beyond the specified frequency. To discard false positives from the picking, we used initial runs of 2D and 3D classification to remove bad particles from the data. The selected particles were then submitted to 3D auto-refinement, particle-based motion correction and radiation-damage weighting (Scheres, 2014 (link)). The resulting 'polished particles' were used for masked classification with subtraction of the residual signal as described in the main text, and the original particle images from the resulting classes were submitted to a second round of 3D auto-refinement. All 3D classifications and 3D refinements were started from a 40 Å low-pass filtered version of the high-resolution consensus structure. Fourier Shell Coefficient (FSC) curves were corrected for the effects of a soft mask on the FSC curve using high-resolution noise substitution (Chen et al., 2013 (link)). Reported resolutions are based on gold-standard refinement procedures and the corresponding FSC=0.143 criterion (Scheres and Chen, 2012 (link)). Prior to visualization, all density maps were corrected for the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the detector, and then sharpened by applying a negative B-factor that was estimated using automated procedures (Rosenthal and Henderson, 2003 (link)).
For the apo-state data set, the template-based algorithm picked 1.8 million particles from 2,925 micrographs, and 412,272 particles were selected after initial 2D and 3D classification. Subsequent 3D auto-refinement and particle polishing yielded a 3.5 Å map with fuzzy densities in the transmembrane region. Masked classification into eight classes with subtraction of the residual signal yielded three classes with good density as described in the main text. Poor reconstructed density was observed in the other five classes. Separate 3D auto-refinements of the corresponding particles in the original data set for the three best classes gave rise to reconstructions to 4.0– 4.3 Å resolution (also see Figures 2–3, Table 1).
For the DAPT-bound state, 1.4 million particles were picked from 2,206 micrographs, and initial classification selected 271,361 particles. After particle polishing, this subset gave rise to a 4.3 Å resolution map with relatively poor density in the transmembrane domain. Application of the masked classification procedure with residual signal subtraction into eight classes identified a single class with good density. After 3D auto-refinement, the corresponding 51,366 particles gave a map with a resolution of 4.2 Å, which showed improved density in the transmembrane domain.
Bai X.C., Rajendra E., Yang G., Shi Y, & Scheres S.H. (2015). Sampling the conformational space of the catalytic subunit of human γ-secretase. eLife, 4, e11182.
Publication 2015
1,2-dilinolenoyl-3-(4-aminobutyryl)propane-1,2,3-triol Complement Factor B Gold MAP2 protein, human Microtubule-Associated Proteins Radiation Reading Frames Reconstructive Surgical Procedures

Most recents protocols related to «Radiation»

1
MXene Antennas: Flexible, Transparent, and High-Performing
Not available on PMC !

Example 3

The following features are relevant to the disclosed invention(s):

This work demonstrated the fabrication of dipole antennas made from different MXene compositions of Ti3C2, Ti2C, Mo2TiC2 as exemplars of the general MXene family.

The films exemplified here were binder free and fabricated simply from the MXene colloidal solutions in water (MXene ink). Since MXenes can be made in colloidal aqueous and non-aqueous (e.g., organic solvent) solutions, they can be used as ink to print, spray paint, etc. any shape, design and thickness to fabricate very thin, flexible and transparent antennas in one simple step.

Any kind of antenna fabrication method can be employed, for example printing, spraying, coating, painting, rolling MXene clay into films, cutting complicated shapes for different antenna designs.

MXene return loss and peak gain outperformed any synthetic materials. Although MXenes are theoretically not as conductive as copper, the present work showed that MXene outperforms copper, the mostly used and very well-known antenna material. The as synthesized binder free titanium carbide (Ti3C2) MXene film dipole antenna showed a return loss of about 50 dB. The MXene antenna's radiation pattern measurements showed a peak gain similar to the copper dipole antenna. Such a high antenna performance has never been reported for any nanomaterials.

With the variety of MXene composition, it was and will be possible to tune the antenna for different applications.

By controlling the flake size, the bandwidth of the antenna can further be controlled.

Fabricating MXene-polymer composites can protect MXene from oxidation and can further improve its flexibility. In order to make MXenes films mechanically more robust, 2D MXene flakes can be embedded in polymer matrices. Moreover, using a polymer as a matrix can further improve the oxidation resistance of MXenes.

US11862847B2. Antennas comprising MX-ENE films and composites (2024-01-02). Drexel University [US]. Inventors: Yury Gogotsi [US], Babak Anasori [US].
Patent 2024
Clay Copper Electric Conductivity One-Step dentin bonding system Polymers Radiation Solvents titanium carbide
2
Formulation and Characterization of UV-Protective Serum
Not available on PMC !

Example 14

Variables tested include: concentration of HA, concentration of zinc oxide, concentration of titanium dioxide, addition of vitamin C, and serum preparation method.

FIGS. 94A-94C are tables summarizing embodiments of cosmetic serums of the present disclosure with varying additives and concentrations of components suitable for protection against ultraviolet radiation (UV). Table 33 provides an embodiment of a hydrating serum of the present disclosure with vitamin C.

TABLE 33
Embodiment of Hydrating serum of
the present disclosure with vitamin C
% Silk Solution  1.0% w/v
(60 minute boil, 25 kDA)
Hyaluronic Acid 0.75% w/v
(sodium hyaluronate)
Lemongrass Oil20 uL/15 mL
silk solution
Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate  6 g
Lactic Acid1.2 mL

A serum of the present disclosure can be made with from about 0.25% to about 10% sodium hyaluronate (increasing % results in more viscous serum). 0.5% to about 10% silk solutions can be used to prepare a serum of the present disclosure. A serum of the present disclosure can be clear and have a yellow tinted color. A serum of the present disclosure can have a pH=6. A serum of the present disclosure can have a lubricious texture that is rubbed in easily without residue.

Concentration of HA:

Hyaluronic acid (Sodium Hyaluronate) was tested as an ingredient in the UV silk serum due to its hygroscopic properties and widely accepted use in cosmetic products to promote hydration of skin. 1%, 2.5% and 5% HA solutions were tested. With increasing HA %, the serum became more viscous and gel like. 1% HA was not feasible for the UV serum due to the fact that the UV additives (zinc oxide, titanium dioxide) are not water soluble and need to be dispersed. 1% HA was not viscous enough for dispersion and the UV additives precipitated out. 2.5% gave the best consistency based on preferred feel, texture and viscosity and was able to disperse the UV additives. 5% was a very thick, viscous serum.

Concentration of Mineral Filters: Zinc Oxide and Titanium Dioxide:

Zinc oxide and titanium dioxide were explored as UV additives that are considered safe. These additives mechanically protect from UV radiation by forming a physical reflective barrier on the skin. Both are not soluble in water and must be dispersed for the current aqueous solution. Zinc oxide concentration varied from 2.5%, 3.75%, 5%, 5.625%, 10%, 12% and 15%. Titanium dioxide concentrations varied from 1.25%, 1.875%, 3%, 5% and 10%. Increasing the concentration of UV additives resulted in minor increases of white residue and how well dispersed the additives were, however if mixed well enough the effects were negligible. Zinc oxide and titanium dioxide were mixed together into serums in order to achieve broad spectrum protection. Zinc oxide is a broad spectrum UV additive capable of protecting against long and short UV A and UV B rays. However titanium dioxide is better at UV B protection and often added with zinc oxides for best broad spectrum protection. Combinations included 3.75%/1.25% ZnO/TiO2, 5.625%/1.875% ZnO/TiO2, 12%/3% ZnO/TiO2, 15%/5% ZnO/TiO2. The 3.75%/1.25% ZnO/TiO2 resulted in spf 5 and the 5.625%/1.875% ZnO/TiO2 produced spf 8.

Vitamin C:

Sodium ascorbyl phosphate was used as a vitamin C source. Formulations were created with the vitamin C concentration equal to that in the silk gel (0.67%). Formulations were also created with 20% sodium ascorbyl phosphate which is soluble in water.

Serum Preparation:

The vitamin C (sodium ascorbyl phosphate) must first be dissolved in water. Sodium hyaluronate is then added to the water, mixed vigorously and left to fully dissolve. The result is a viscous liquid (depending on HA %). The viscosity of the HA solution allows even dispersion of the zinc oxide and titanium dioxide and therefore HA must be mixed before addition of UV additives. The zinc oxide and titanium dioxide are then added to the solution and mixed vigorously with the use of an electric blender. Silk solution is then added and mixed to complete the serum formulation.

Chemical Filters:

A UV serum of the present disclosure can include one, or a combination of two or more, of these active chemical filter ingredients: oxybenzone, avobenzone, octisalate, octocrylene, homosalate and octinoxate. A UV serum of the present disclosure can also include a combination of zinc oxide with chemical filters.

In an embodiment, a UV serum of the present disclosure can be applied approximately 15 minutes before sun exposure to all skin exposed to sun, and can be reapplied at least every 2 hours. In an embodiment, a UV serum of the present disclosure includes water, zinc oxide, sodium hyaluronate, titanium dioxide, silk, and vitamin C or a vitamin C derivative such as sodium ascorbyl phosphate. In an embodiment, a UV serum of the present disclosure protects skin and seals in moisture with the power of silk protein. In an embodiment, a UV serum of the present disclosure improves skin tone, promotes collagen production and diminishes the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines with the antioxidant abilities of vitamin C. In an embodiment, a UV serum of the present disclosure delivers moisture for immediate and long-term hydration throughout the day with concentrated hyaluronic acid. In an embodiment, a UV serum of the present disclosure helps prevent sunburn with the combined action of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide. In an embodiment, a UV serum of the present disclosure is designed to protect, hydrate, and diminish fine lines while shielding skin from harsh UVA and UVB rays. In an embodiment, the silk protein in a UV serum of the present disclosure stabilizes and protects skin while sealing in moisture, without the use of harsh chemical preservatives or synthetic additives. In an embodiment, the vitamin C/derivative in a UV serum of the present disclosure acts as a powerful antioxidant that supports skin rejuvenation. In an embodiment, the sodium hyaluronate in a UV serum of the present disclosure nourishes the skin and delivers moisture for long-lasting hydration. In an embodiment, the zinc oxide and titanium dioxide in a UV serum of the present disclosure shields skin from harmful UVA and UVB rays. The silk protein stabilization matrix in a UV serum of the present disclosure protects the active ingredients from the air, to deliver their full benefits without the use of harsh chemicals or preservatives. The silk matrix also traps moisture within the skin furthering the hydrating effect of the sodium hyaluronate.

US11857663B2. Stable silk protein fragment compositions (2024-01-02). Evolved By Nature, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Gregory H. Altman [US], Rebecca L. Lacouture [US], Rachel Lee Dow [US], Rachel M. Lind [US], Dylan S. Haas [US].
Patent 2024
Acids Antioxidants Ascorbic Acid avobenzone Collagen Electricity Feelings Figs Furuncles homosalate Hyaluronic acid Minerals octinoxate octisalate octocrylene oxybenzone Pharmaceutical Preservatives Proteins Radiation Rejuvenation SERPINA3 protein, human Serum Serum Proteins Silk Skin Skin Pigmentation sodium ascorbyl phosphate Sodium Hyaluronate Strains Sunburn titanium dioxide Viscosity Vitamin A Vitamins west indian lemongrass oil Zinc Oxide
3
Polarization Converting Layer Formation
Not available on PMC !

Example 9

A polarization converting layer B was formed using, as a support, the linearly polarized light reflection layer on which the alignment film was formed.

One surface of the support was subjected to rubbing treatment (rayon cloth, pressure: 0.1 kgf (0.98 N), rotation speed: 1000 rpm (revolutions per minute), transport speed: 10 m/min, number of times: moved back and force once) in a long-side direction of the support.

The polarization converting layer B-forming coating liquid was applied onto the rubbed surface of the support using a wire bar and then dried. Subsequently, the resulting product was placed on a hotplate at 50° C. and irradiated with ultraviolet rays for 6 seconds using an electrodeless lamp “D-bulb” (60 mW/cm2) manufactured by Fusion UV Systems Co., Ltd. in an environment with an oxygen concentration of 1000 ppm or less to fix the liquid crystal phase. Thus, a polarization converting layer B whose film thickness was adjusted to a desired film thickness was formed. Thus, a reflection film having the linearly polarized light reflection layer and the polarization converting layer B was produced.

US11860361B2. Reflection film, windshield glass, and head-up display system (2024-01-02). FUJIFILM Corporation [JP]. Inventors: Akihiro Anzai [JP].
Patent 2024
Light Liquid Crystals Neoplasm Metastasis Oxygen Plant Bulb Pressure Radiation rayon Reflex
4
Synergistic Effects of TG02 and Radiation on Glioblastoma
Not available on PMC !

Example 10

Radiation is an effective treatment for glioblastoma. But tumor resistance and recurrence develops in all patients.

A panel of GBM PDCLs, see Example 9, were chosen for evaluation of the combination of TG02 and radiation therapy for the treatment of glioblastoma (FIG. 31). Cells were treated first with TG02 at increasing concentrations. Within 30 minutes, cells were treated with increasing doses of radiation and cell proliferation was measured 72 hours post-treatment. TG02 alone had anti-proliferative activity in these cell lines. The addition of TG02 augmented the effects radiation in a synergistic manner. The combination of TG02 and radiation exceeds the Bliss predicted model (greater than a 10% change from the Bliss predicted model), demonstrating synergy between TG02 and radiation in multiple PDCLs.

US11865116B2. Treatment of cancer with TG02 (2024-01-09). Cothera Bioscience, Inc. [KY]. Inventors: Thomas M. Estok [US], Eckard Weber [US], Tracy Lee Lawhon [US].
Patent 2024
5-(2'-naphthyl)-7-4-chlorophenyl-(2,3,6,8-tetrahydro)pyrrolo-(3,4-e)(1,4)-diazepine-6-thioxo-8-(1H,7H)one Cell Proliferation Cells Glioblastoma Malignant Neoplasms Neoplasms Patients Radiation Radiation Effects Radiotherapy Recurrence TG02
5
RF Irradiation Spore Decontamination
Not available on PMC !

Example 5

1:100 dilution of BT spores in DEE chemical formulations were prepared in a 96-well microtiter plate. Three DEE chemical compositions were evaluated: (1) about 0.06 M copper (II) chloride in water, (2) about 1 wt.-% surfactant and 10 wt.-% PCSR in water, and (3) about 1 wt.-% surfactant and about 1 wt.-% PCSR in water. The top of the wells was sealed with a polyolefin sheet. The plates were oriented vertically and were then exposed to 95 GHz RF radiation (centered at 94 GHz) for about 30 s to about 60 s. After RF exposure, the spores were centrifuged, washed to removed DEE chemicals, plated on Petrifilm and cultured. With formulation (2), >6-log kill was realized at both 30 s and 60 s.

US11872322B2. Microwave assisted methods and systems for surface decontamination (2024-01-16). Zeteo Tech, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Thomas McCreery [US], Wayne A. Bryden [US].
Patent 2024
chemical composition Chlorides Clorox Copper Microwaves polyolefin Radiation Radiation Exposure Spores Surface-Active Agents Technique, Dilution

Top products related to «Radiation»

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D8 advance by Bruker
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More about "Radiation"

Radiation encompasses the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles, including ionizing radiation (e.g., X-rays, gamma rays) and non-ionizing radiation (e.g., ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, radio waves).
This fundamental physical phenomenon plays a crucial role in numerous scientific and medical applications, such as diagnostic imaging, cancer treatment, and fundamental research.
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