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Radiation, Ionizing

Radiation, Ionizing: High-energy radiation capable of producing ions directly in its passage through matter.
This includes alpha and beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons.
Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms and molecules, thereby ionizing them.
Ionizing radiation is used in radiotherapy, diagnostic imaging, and other medical and scientific applications.

Most cited protocols related to «Radiation, Ionizing»

1
Cardiac MRI Imaging Protocol for Ventricular Analysis
Cardiovascular imaging provides an abundant source of detailed, quantitative data on heart structure and function. Common investigations include ultrasound, computed tomography, radionuclide imaging and MRI. Many research studies have employed MRI because it is noninvasive, well tolerated and safe (no ionizing radiation), has the ability to modulate contrast, and can provide high-quality functional information in any plane and direction (Fig. 1).

Cine MRI short- (top) and long-axis (bottom) images, at end-diastole (end of ventricular filling, left), and end-systole (end of ejection, right). Contours show inner (green) and outer (blue) boundaries of the left ventricle, and the position of the mitral valve (red).

The tomographic nature of MRI data lends itself to 3D atlas building techniques and to date, all CAP imaging data has come from MRI. These studies typically consist of 6–12 cine acquisitions in the short axis orientation, with 20–50 frames through the cardiac cycle and 1–2 mm pixel resolution. Imaging protocols include gradient recalled echo (GRE) (Boxerman et al., 1998 (link)) and steady state free precession (SSFP) (Thiele et al., 2001 (link)) techniques. Studies have also contributed core laboratory analyses of the image data, in the form of annotations and contouring (Fig. 1) of the left ventricular boundaries at end-diastole (end of filling) and end-systole (end of ejection), and de-identified text data containing the clinical status and demographics of the participants.
Fonseca C.G., Backhaus M., Bluemke D.A., Britten R.D., Chung J.D., Cowan B.R., Dinov I.D., Finn J.P., Hunter P.J., Kadish A.H., Lee D.C., Lima J.A., Medrano−Gracia P., Shivkumar K., Suinesiaputra A., Tao W, & Young A.A. (2011). The Cardiac Atlas Project—an imaging database for computational modeling and statistical atlases of the heart. Bioinformatics, 27(16), 2288-2295.
Publication 2011
Cardiovascular System Diastole ECHO protocol Epistropheus Heart Heart Ventricle Left Ventricles Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine Mitral Valve Radiation, Ionizing Reading Frames Systole Tomography Ultrasonography X-Ray Computed Tomography
2
Sarcoma Induction Model for Radiation
The excess risk of sarcomas observed from the study of the A-bomb survivors [1 (link)] is an order of magnitude smaller than for carcinomas. Data from radiotherapy patients indicate however that sarcoma induction at high dose is at a comparable magnitude than carcinoma induction. Therefore it is not appropriate to assume a pure linear dose-response relationship for sarcoma induction. A recently developed sarcoma induction model was used which accounts for cell killing and fractionation effects and is based on the assumption that stem cells remain quiescent until external stimuli like ionizing radiation trigger re-entry into the cell cycle. The corresponding mechanistic model which accounts also for cell killing and fractionation effects is of the form [21 (link)]:
where is assumed that the tissue is irradiated with a fractionated treatment schedule of equal dose fractions d up to a dose D and the parameters have the same meaning than in Eq. 7. Since a dose-response model as described by Eq. 12 is based on various assumptions and thus related to uncertainties it was decided, similar to the carcinoma case, to study three cases. The first one is defined by looking at minimal repopulation/repair effects by using Eq. 12 with a fixed R = 0.1. The second one is defined by looking at intermediate repopulation/repair effects by using Eq. 12 with a fixed R = 0.5. The third case is a dose-response relationship in case of full repopulation/repair, and is derived by taking Eq. 12 in the limit of R = 1:
Organ equivalent dose for the dose-response curves for sarcoma induction defined by Eqs. 12 and 13 become, in the limit of small dose:
Sarcoma risk from a homogenous distribution of small dose is proportional to the cube of dose and thus results in a much lower cancer risk than expected from a linear model. This is consistent with the observations of the A-bomb survivors.
Schneider U., Sumila M, & Robotka J. (2011). Site-specific dose-response relationships for cancer induction from the combined Japanese A-bomb and Hodgkin cohorts for doses relevant to radiotherapy. Theoretical Biology & Medical Modelling, 8, 27.
Publication 2011
Carcinogenesis Carcinoma Cell Cycle Cells Homozygote Malignant Neoplasms Patients Precipitating Factors Radiation, Ionizing Radiotherapy Dose Fractionations Sarcoma Stem Cells Survivors Tissues Treatment Protocols
3
Quantification of γH2AX in Cell Lines
The protocols should be able to measure the induction of H2AX phosphorylation in HL-60 cells treated with topotecan (Tpt) measured by FACScan as well as induction of H2AX phosphorylation in A549 cells treated with Tpt measured by LSC. As mentioned earlier, H2AX phosphorylation (γH2AX expression) measured by cytometry is often a reporter of DNA damage, particularly when the damage involves formation of DSBs. This is the case, for example, when the damage of DNA was induced by DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor Tpt (as shown in Figs. 11.1 and 11.2), DSBs are caused by ionizing radiation (1 (link), 2 (link)) or generated during apoptotic DNA fragmentation (13 (link)). It should be stressed, however, that H2AX may be phosphorylated on Ser-139 also in the absence of induction of DSBs. This can be seen during replication stress induced by inhibition of DNA synthesis (21 (link)) or during chromatin condensation such as during mitosis in some cell types as well as upon induction of premature chromosome condensation (PCC) (22 (link)). A caution, therefore, has to be exercised in interpreting expression of γH2AX as a marker of DSBs. (seeNotes 4 and 5)
Tanaka T., Halicka D., Traganos F, & Darzynkiewicz Z. (2009). Cytometric Analysis of DNA Damage: Phosphorylation of Histone H2AX as a Marker of DNA Double-Strand Breaks (DSBs). Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 523, 10.1007/978-1-59745-190-1_11.
Publication 2009
1,2-di-(4-sulfamidophenyl)-4-butylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione A549 Cells Apoptosis Cells Chromatin Chromosomes DNA Damage DNA Fragmentation DNA Replication Figs HL-60 Cells Mitosis Phosphorylation Premature Birth Psychological Inhibition Radiation, Ionizing Topoisomerase I Inhibitors Topotecan Vision
4
Geant4-DNA Water Radiolysis Simulation
The Geant4-DNA project extended the Geant4 toolkit to perform water radiolysis simulations by providing models for the physical processes of the interaction of ionizing radiation at very low energies, reported in (Bernal et al. 2015 (link); Incerti et al. 2010 (link)), and the chemical processes for the subsequent pre-chemical and nonhomogeneous chemical interactions (Mathieu Karamitros et al. 2011 ; M. Karamitros et al. 2014 (link)). The radiolysis of liquid water simulations is performed in three stages. In the first stage, called the “physical stage” (< 10−15 s), the so-called
G4EmDNAPhysics_option1 constructor is used to simulate the ionization, excitation and vibrational excitation of water molecules resulting from the interaction of the primary ionizing particles and their secondaries. In the second stage, called the “pre-chemical stage” (10−15–10−12 s), initial chemical species resulting from dissociative decay or auto-ionization of excited water molecules (H2O*) and ionized water molecules (H2O+) in addition to the thermalization of sub-excitation electrons (e−sub) are simulated. In the third stage, called the “chemical stage” (10−12–10−6 s), the initial chemical species diffuse and react with each other under specific rates, producing new chemical species and reducing the number of initial chemical species. Although some reactions can also occur in the pre-chemical stage (Frongillo et al. 1998 (link)), for simplicity it is assumed that these occur at the beginning of the chemical stage (Hervé du Penhoat et al. 2000 (link)) and up to 10−6 s, at which time all chemical products are considered homogeneously distributed. In Geant4-DNA, the chemical species diffuse step-by-step by Brownian motion (based on the solution to the Smoluchowsky equation in three dimensions (Risken 1989 (link))) through the medium, which is considered as a continuum. In addition, Geant4-DNA assumes that the reactions are diffusion-controlled (M. Karamitros et al. 2014 (link); Mathieu Karamitros et al. 2011 ); that is, the reaction time between two bodies is negligible in comparison with the time for the two bodies to diffuse in the same neighborhood (Rubinstein and Torquato 1988 (link)). Thus a reaction occurred every time two chemical species reached a distance smaller than their reaction radius (Plante 2011b (link)). Limitations of the approach to the chemical stage adopted by Geant4-DNA are described in (Bernal et al. 2015 (link)).
All three stages are performed history-by-history and step-by-step, independent of subsequent histories. The medium is assumed to be water of neutral pH and an ambient temperature of 25°C.
Ramos-Méndez J., Perl J., Schuemann J., McNamara A., Paganetti H, & Faddegon B. (2018). Monte Carlo simulation of chemistry following radiolysis with TOPAS-nBio. Physics in medicine and biology, 63(10), 105014.
Publication 2018
Chemical Processes Diffusion Electrons Human Body Physical Examination Physical Processes Radiation, Ionizing Radius Vibration
5
Epithelial and Fibroblast Cell Treatments
We obtained epithelial cell lines from the American Type Culture Collection and cultured them according to the recommended protocols. Fibroblasts were grown until they were 80% confluent and were then treated with 0.6 mM hydrogen peroxide (PSC27-H2O2), 10 µg ml−1 bleomycin (PSC27-BLEO), 1 µM mitoxantrone (PSC27-MIT) or ionizing radiation by a 137Cesium source at 743 rad min−1 (PSC27-RAD). Additional details of the cell culture methods are provided in the Supplementary Methods.
Sun Y., Campisi J., Higano C., Beer T.M., Porter P., Coleman I., True L, & Nelson P.S. (2012). Treatment-induced damage to the tumor microenvironment promotes prostate cancer therapy resistance through WNT16B. Nature medicine, 18(9), 1359-1368.
Publication 2012
Bleomycin Cell Culture Techniques Epithelial Cells Fibroblasts Mitoxantrone Peroxide, Hydrogen Radiation, Ionizing

Most recents protocols related to «Radiation, Ionizing»

1
Enhancing Anti-Cancer Activity in Brain Cancers
Not available on PMC !

Example 7

An amount of any one of the compounds of the present invention in combination with an anti-cancer agent is administered to a subject afflicted with brain cancer. The amount of the compound is effective to enhance the anti-cancer activity of the anti-cancer agent.

An amount of any one of the compounds of the present invention in combination with ionizing radiation, x-radiation, docetaxel or temozolomide is administered to a subject afflicted with brain cancer. The amount of the compound is effective to enhance the anti-cancer activity of the ionizing radiation, x-radiation, docetaxel or temozolomide.

An amount of any one of the compounds of the present invention in combination with an anti-cancer agent is administered to a subject afflicted with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma or glioblastoma multiforme. The amount of the compound is effective to enhance the anti-cancer activity of the anti-cancer agent.

An amount of any one of the compounds of the present invention in combination with ionizing radiation, x-radiation, docetaxel or temozolomide is administered to a subject afflicted with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma or glioblastoma multiforme. The amount of the compound is effective to enhance the anti-cancer activity of the ionizing radiation, x-radiation, docetaxel or temozolomide.

US11866444B2. Oxabicycloheptane prodrugs (2024-01-09). Lixte Biotechnology, Inc. [US]. Inventors: John S. Kovach [US], Robert A. Volkmann [US], Anthony Marfat [US].
Patent 2024
Brain Neoplasm, Malignant Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma Docetaxel Glioblastoma Multiforme Malignant Neoplasms Radiation, Ionizing Roentgen Rays Temozolomide
2
Identifying Directional Selection Signals
We used LOSITAN to identify outlier loci associated with directional selection [46 (link)]. Outlier analyses such as these frequently produce some degree of false positives [47 (link)]. To overcome this, we selected the 84 K set with a higher MAF threshold for this analysis to highlight the strongest signals of selection and biasing towards genomic regions with large effects. We included only the 104 dogs that grouped with their capture location in the DAPC for better identification of the differentiating loci in each population. We ran 1,000,000 simulations and applied a 95% confidence interval and a false discovery rate of 0.1. We considered loci significant when designated as ‘candidate positive selection’ and when the calculated FST was higher than the expected FST in all simulations (P(Simulated FST < sample FST) = 1).
The genome location of each significant SNP identified using LOSITAN was expanded to a 10 kb genomic interval of CanFam3 (5 kb either side of the SNP coordinates). We then surveyed each of the 10 kb regions for the presence of genes and identified corresponding gene ontology (GO) terms through the Mouse Genome Informatics Batch Query Search [48 (link)]. GO terms were evaluated for putative associations towards the exposures faced within the environment (e.g., GO:0,010,212 “response to ionizing radiation”).
Dillon M.N., Thomas R., Mousseau T.A., Betz J.A., Kleiman N.J., Reiskind M.O, & Breen M. (2023). Population dynamics and genome-wide selection scan for dogs in Chernobyl. Canine Medicine and Genetics, 10, 1.
Publication 2023
1,2-diarachidonoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Canis familiaris Genes Genome Mice, House Radiation, Ionizing
3
Quantifying P-selectin and Nanoparticle Uptake
Murine brain endothelial (bEnd.3) cells were plated in a 12-well plate at a density of 150,000 per well in 1 ml of medium (DMEM, 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% penicillin/streptomycin). Once confluent, cells in treatment groups receiving ionizing radiation were exposed to 0.25 Gy XRT. After 1 h cells were collected, transferred to microcentrifuge tubes and fixed on ice using 2% paraformaldehyde. Fixed cells were washed twice with PBS and then resuspended in 100 μl of fluorescent activated cell sorter (FACS) buffer (PBS with 2% FBS). Cells were stained with 2 μl of anti-P-selectin antibody (Biolegend, no. 148310) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min. Cells were then washed twice with PBS, resuspended in 300 μl of FACS buffer and transferred to FACS tubes for analysis. Data were collected on a BD LSR II flow cytometer and analysed using either FCS Express Software (v.7.06) or FlowJo (v.10.6.1). To quantify the effects of endocytosis inhibitors on nanoparticle uptake, bEnd.3 cells were plated in a 12-well plate at a density of 150,000 per well in 1 ml of medium. On reaching confluency, cells were treated with medium containing chlorpromazine (5.00, 6.25, 7.50, 8.75 μg ml–1), methyl-β-cyclodextrin (5.00, 6.25, 7.50, 8.75 mM) or regular medium. After 8 h, cells were washed with PBS and treated with nanoparticles (1:100 dilution of FiVis in complete DMEM medium). Cells were incubated with nanoparticles for 30 min at 37 °C. Afterwards, cells were washed twice with PBS and resuspended in freshly prepared FACS buffer containing propidium iodide as a viability stain. Data were collected on a BD LSR II flow cytometer using the APC-Cy7 channel (excitation with a 633 nm red laser and detection with a 780/60 nm bandpass filter) to detect fluorescent signal from the infrared dyes within the nanoparticles. Data were analysed using FCS Express Software.
Tylawsky D.E., Kiguchi H., Vaynshteyn J., Gerwin J., Shah J., Islam T., Boyer J.A., Boué D.R., Snuderl M., Greenblatt M.B., Shamay Y., Raju G.P, & Heller D.A. (2023). P-selectin-targeted nanocarriers induce active crossing of the blood–brain barrier via caveolin-1-dependent transcytosis. Nature Materials, 22(3), 391-399.
Publication 2023
Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic Brain Buffers Cells Cell Survival Chlorpromazine Cyclodextrins Decompression Sickness Endocytosis Endothelium Fluorescent Dyes inhibitors Mus P-Selectin paraform Penicillins Propidium Iodide Radiation, Ionizing Stains Streptomycin Technique, Dilution
4
Micronucleus Assay in Turpentine-Exposed Students
The present study was a cohort study approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek (approval number 2158-61-07-16-17 from 8 April 2016). The study was conducted with a group of 42 participants (28 women and 14 men) aged 18–28 years, mostly students.
The group of subjects studied consisted of individuals who were exposed to turpentine vapors on a daily basis, i.e., students of the Department of Fine Arts at the Academy of Arts in Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek. The criteria for inclusion in the group of subjects were that they were under 40 years of age, that they had been exposed to turpentine, and that they had not been exposed to ionizing radiation in the last six months before the study or to antibiotic therapy in the last month. After providing written informed consent, subjects also completed a questionnaire about their smoking habits, alcohol consumption, health status, family history of cancer, past or current medication use, and diagnostic procedures. No private details about subjects participating in the studies were or will be released to the public. Twenty-two subjects who met the specified criteria participated in the study, and a corresponding control group was formed.
The control group consisted of individuals of similar age, sex, and lifestyle as the test group, with the condition that they were not exposed to turpentine. The subjects in the control group also gave informed consent and, as with the test subjects, completed a questionnaire about their lifestyle habits. On this basis, the suitability of the control group was checked. The criteria for inclusion in the control group were that the subjects were under 40 years of age, had not been exposed to turpentine, had not been exposed to ionizing radiation or any other chemical substance for at least six months before participating in the study, and had not taken antibiotics in the past month. Twenty subjects in the control group participated in the study, and their eligibility was subsequently evaluated using statistical methods.
Chemicals and media used in this study: F-10 Ham medium was from EuroClone, Pero, Italy; L-glutamine was from Lonza, Basel, Switzerland; cytochalasin-B, methanol, and glacial acetic acid were from Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA; phytohemagglutinin and Gurr Buffer Tablets were from Gibco, Paisley, Scotland, United Kingdom; Giemsa dye was from Kemijsko tehnički laboratorij Šlaković, Zagreb, Croatia; heparinized vacutainer tubes were from Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA. All of the other reagents used were laboratory-grade chemicals from Kemika, Zagreb, Croatia.
Peripheral blood was collected by venipuncture from 8 November 2016 to 6 December 2016 in sterile heparinized tubes at the Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Osijek. All blood samples collected were handled in the same way and processed as soon as possible, not more than four hours after blood collection.
The cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay was performed as described by the HUMN project [11 (link)], with minor modifications to the protocol. A total of 500 μL of whole blood was added to F-10 Ham medium supplemented with phytohemagglutinin and L-glutamine and incubated for 44 h at 37 °C and 5% CO2. After 44 h of incubation, Cytochalasin-B was added to each sample at a final concentration of 6 μg/mL to prevent cytokinesis. After 28 h of Cytochalasin-B, for a total of 72 h of incubation, cells were harvested. Lymphocytes were fixed in a methanol–acetic acid solution, air dried overnight, and stained with 5% Giemsa solution.
Microscopic analysis was performed using a light microscope (Zeiss Axioscope 2 MOT) with a final magnification of 1000×. Each subject was analysed for the total number of MNi, NPBs, and NBUDs per 1000 binucleated cells (BNCs) according to the criteria published by Fenech [12 (link)]. Only BNCs with well-preserved cytoplasm were evaluated for analysis. The frequencies of mononuclear, binucleated, and multinucleated cells were also evaluated in 500 cells per subject. CBPI was calculated on the same slides using the formula: (M1 + 2M2 + 3M3 + 4M4)/500, where M1-M4 represent the number of cells with one to four nuclei [13 (link)].
Kević Dešić S., Viljetić B, & Wagner J. (2023). Assessment of the Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Effects of Turpentine in Painters. Life, 13(2), 530.
Publication 2023
4-nitrophenethyl bromide Acetic Acid Antibiotics Antibiotics, Antitubercular BLOOD Buffers Cardiac Arrest Cell Nucleus Cells Cytochalasin B cytochalasin H Cytokinesis Cytoplasm Eligibility Determination Ethics Committees Faculty, Medical Glutamine Laboratory Chemicals Light Microscopy Lymphocyte Malignant Neoplasms Methanol Micronucleus Tests Microscopy Pharmaceutical Preparations Phlebotomy Phytohemagglutinins Radiation, Ionizing Sterility, Reproductive Student Tests, Diagnostic Therapeutics Turpentine Woman
5
Comprehensive Monte Carlo Simulation of Ionizing and Optical Radiation
For the present study, we used Gate 9.1 with the Geant4 11.0.p01 and CLHEP 2.4.5 libraries. The pseudorandom generator was the Mersenne Twister. For the ionizing radiation physics, we chose the Livermore physics list and activated Rayleigh scattering, photoelectric, Compton scattering, pair conversion, electron ionization and Bremsstrahlung effects. Moreover, to assess optical physics, we added Cerenkov luminescence, as well as scintillation, Rayleigh and Mie scattering, optical absorption and fluorescence processes. Energy cut-off was set to 1 eV to follow up to P1 fluorescence wavelength.
Schneller P., Collet C., Been Q., Rocchi P., Lux F., Tillement O., Barberi-Heyob M., Schohn H, & Daouk J. (2023). Added Value of Scintillating Element in Cerenkov-Induced Photodynamic Therapy. Pharmaceuticals, 16(2), 143.
Publication 2023
Electrons Fluorescence Luminescence Radiation, Ionizing Vision

Top products related to «Radiation, Ionizing»

1
Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
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DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium) is a cell culture medium formulated to support the growth and maintenance of a variety of cell types, including mammalian cells. It provides essential nutrients, amino acids, vitamins, and other components necessary for cell proliferation and survival in an in vitro environment.
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Penicillin/streptomycin is a commonly used antibiotic solution for cell culture applications. It contains a combination of penicillin and streptomycin, which are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Penicillin is a type of antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent effective against a variety of bacteria. Penicillin functions by disrupting the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell death.
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Streptomycin by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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Streptomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It functions as a protein synthesis inhibitor, targeting the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, which plays a crucial role in the translation of genetic information into proteins. Streptomycin is commonly used in microbiological research and applications that require selective inhibition of bacterial growth.
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Lipofectamine 2000 is a cationic lipid-based transfection reagent designed for efficient and reliable delivery of nucleic acids, such as plasmid DNA and small interfering RNA (siRNA), into a wide range of eukaryotic cell types. It facilitates the formation of complexes between the nucleic acid and the lipid components, which can then be introduced into cells to enable gene expression or gene silencing studies.
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Non-essential amino acids are a group of amino acids that can be synthesized by the human body and are not required to be obtained through diet. These amino acids play a fundamental role in various biological processes, including protein synthesis and cellular function.

More about "Radiation, Ionizing"

Ionizing radiation, also known as high-energy radiation, is a powerful form of energy that can directly ionize atoms and molecules as it passes through matter.
This type of radiation includes alpha and beta particles, gamma rays, X-rays, and neutrons.
The ability to ionize atoms and molecules is what makes ionizing radiation so potent, as it can disrupt the normal functioning of cells and tissues.
Ionizing radiation has a wide range of applications in various fields, including radiotherapy, diagnostic imaging, and other medical and scientific applications.
In radiotherapy, for example, ionizing radiation is used to treat cancer by targeting and damaging the DNA of cancer cells, leading to their death or inhibition of their growth.
Diagnostic imaging, such as X-rays and CT scans, also relies on ionizing radiation to create detailed images of the body's internal structures.
In addition to its medical uses, ionizing radiation is also employed in other scientific and industrial applications, such as the sterilization of medical equipment, the preservation of food, and the production of certain types of materials.
It's important to note that while ionizing radiation can be highly beneficial, it also carries risks and must be handled with caution.
Exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation can lead to adverse health effects, such as radiation sickness, tissue damage, and an increased risk of cancer.
Proper safety protocols and protective measures are essential when working with ionizing radiation.
Researchers working with ionizing radiation may also utilize related materials and techniques, such as FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum), DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium), Crystal violet, X-RAD 320, Penicillin/Streptomycin, Penicillin, Streptomycin, Lipofectamine 2000, and the RS2000 X-ray irradiator.
These tools and materials can be used to support various experiments and investigations involving ionizing radiation.
By understanding the properties and applications of ionizing radiation, researchers and professionals in the field can optimize their research, ensure the safety of their work, and unlock new insights that can lead to advancements in various industries and disciplines.