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> Phenomena > Natural Phenomenon or Process > Surface Tension

Surface Tension

Surface tension is a physical property that describes the attractive forces between molecules at the surface of a liquid, creating an invisible 'skin' that resists the passage of objects through it.
This phenomenon plays a crucial role in a wide range of scientific and industrial applications, from fluid dynamics and emulsion stability to wetting and printing processes.
Researchers can leverage AI-powered tools like PubCompare.ai to optimize their surface tension research, locating the best protocols from the literature, pre-prints, and patents, and enhancing reproducibility through data-driven comparisons.
Experince the power of AI-assisted surface tension meausrements for your research needs.

Most cited protocols related to «Surface Tension»

1
Long-Range Corrections in CHARMM
Cited 65 times
Correction schemes for the LJ energy and virial beyond the atom
truncation distance have been implemented in CHARMM. One method (invoked
with the LRC option of the NBONd command)
determines the number density of each atom type in the system, and applies
an isotropic correction to the LJ energy and virial acting on each atom in
the system.8 A second method is
script-based, makes no isotropic assumptions, and calculates the correction
to the virial explicitly, resulting in a more accurate pressure and surface
tension. The latter method does not correct for the energy changes
associated with truncation319 and it
is significantly more costly than an LRC calculation; however, because the
virial correction does not need to be updated at every step in MD
simulations (instead, e.g., every 100 or 1000 steps), the overall cost of
the aniotropic correction can be reduced. Lastly, the long-range LJ
interactions can be calculated using the Isotropic Periodic Sum (IPS) method
described below. The IPS method calculates long-range interactions using the
so-called isotropic and periodic images of a local region around each
particle. It corrects not only energies, but also the forces and the virial.
Because IPS assumes that the distant environment around an atom is similar
to (and as heterogeneous as) the local environment, it preserves the density
of the system, and the incorporation of contributions from the long-range
interactions into the short-range potential gives more accurate results than
those obtained with an isotropic long-range correction.
Brooks B.R., Brooks CL I.I.I., MacKerell AD J.r., Nilsson L., Petrella R.J., Roux B., Won Y., Archontis G., Bartels C., Boresch S., Caflisch A., Caves L., Cui Q., Dinner A.R., Feig M., Fischer S., Gao J., Hodoscek M., Im W., Kuczera K., Lazaridis T., Ma J., Ovchinnikov V., Paci E., Pastor R.W., Post C.B., Pu J.Z., Schaefer M., Tidor B., Venable R.M., Woodcock H.L., Wu X., Yang W., York D.M, & Karplus M. (2009). CHARMM: The Biomolecular Simulation Program. Journal of computational chemistry, 30(10), 1545-1614.
Publication 2009
Genetic Heterogeneity Pressure SERPINA3 protein, human Surface Tension
2
Non-embedded Tissue Sample Preparation
Cited 27 times
All tissue samples that were not embedded in resin blocks were scanned in liquid media, most in absolute ethanol. To accomplish this, specimens were placed in small polypropylene tubes: either 0.2 ml PCR tubes, or heat-sealed pipette tips (Figure 1). Polypropylene has comparatively low x-ray absorption [31 ], and tips and tubes have thin (200–300 μm) walls. The conical shape of the container allows the sample to rest stably with a minimum amount of medium surrounding it. Absolute alcohol gave better tissue contrast than water, and alcohols have the added advantage of holding fewer bubbles due to lower surface tension. Bubbles in the tube with the specimen can expand and move during the scan, causing irreparable blurring in the reconstruction.
, & Metscher B.D. (2009). MicroCT for comparative morphology: simple staining methods allow high-contrast 3D imaging of diverse non-mineralized animal tissues. BMC Physiology, 9, 11.
Publication 2009
Absolute Alcohol Alcohols Ethanol Polypropylenes Radionuclide Imaging Reconstructive Surgical Procedures Resins, Plant Roentgen Rays Surface Tension Tissues
3
Biomechanical Evaluation of Tibial Bone
Cited 15 times
Left tibias were brought to room temperature before testing and kept hydrated in calcium-buffered saline until the test was complete. Bones were tested in the ML direction (medial surface in tension) in four-point bending (Admet eXpert 450 Universal Testing Machine; Norwood, MA, USA). The fibula was carefully removed from each bone using a scalpel, and the bones were positioned with the TFJ aligned with the outside edge of one loading roller, preloaded to 0.5 N, preconditioned for 15 s (2 Hz, mean load of 2 ± 2 N), and monotonically tested to failure in displacement control at a rate of 0.025 mm/s. Load and deflection were recorded, from which structural strength (yield and ultimate forces), stiffness (slope of the linear portion of the force versus displacement curve), and deformation (yield deformation, postyield deformation, and total deformation) were determined.(11 (link),31 (link))
Bones were visually monitored during testing, and the point of fracture initiation was measured relative to the proximal end. A subset of geometric properties at the fracture site was obtained from μCT data (IAP and the distance from the centroid to the tensile surface of the bone, c). Together with the load and deflection data, IAP and c were used to map force and displacement (structural-level properties dependent on bone structural organization) into stress and strain (predicted tissue-level properties) from standard beam-bending equations for four-point bending:

In these equations, F is the force, d is the displacement, a is the distance from the support to the inner loading point (3 mm), and L is the span between the outer supports (9 mm). The yield point was calculated using the 0.2% offset method based on the stress-strain curve. The modulus of elasticity was calculated as the slope of the linear portion of the stress-strain curve.
Wallace J.M., Golcuk K., Morris M.D, & Kohn D.H. (2008). Inbred Strain-Specific Response to Biglycan Deficiency in the Cortical Bone of C57BL6/129 and C3H/He Mice. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 24(6), 1002-1012.
Publication 2008
ADMET Bones Calcium, Dietary Fibula Fracture, Bone Morphogenesis Saline Solution Strains Surface Tension Tibia Tissues
4
Filament Fusion Analysis in 3D Printing
Cited 13 times
The filament fusion test consists of printing three layers of a meandering pattern composed of parallel strands at increasing spacing. To facilitate visualization, the first and second layer were printed with yellow-stained hydrogels, while the third with the red-stained ones. Measurements were performed on this third layer to avoid unwanted gel spreading caused by the glass surface and its associated surface tension. The pattern starts at a filament distance of 0.25 mm, increases 0.05 mm for each subsequent line, and finishes at the distance of 0.55 mm (g-code in supplementary info). To ensure an average filament diameter of around 0.30 mm throughout all samples, the deposition speed was fixed at 13mm s−1 and air pressure was adjusted for each concentration (20%−80 kPa; 26/4%−90 kPa; 27/3%−120 kPa; 28/2%−150 kPa; 29/1%−170 kPa; 30%−200 kPa). This change in the deposition speed compare to the suspended filament test was applied to account for the difference in the printing substrate between the two tests. Other printing settings were identical to those in the suspended filament test. Top-down pictures were obtained using a stereo microscope (Olympus SZ61, magnification 4.2 ×, resolution 2040 × 1536 pixels) directly after printing, as no apparent deformation was observed at this time point. The length of the fused filament at the top and bottom edges of the meandering pattern was measured using FIJI software, and plotted for each filament distance. The plotted values represent the mean of measurements over 3 repetitions of the test for each formulation.
Ribeiro A., Blokzijl M.M., Levato R., Visser C.W., Castilho M., Hennink W.E., Vermonden T, & Malda J. (2017). Assessing bioink shape fidelity to aid material development in 3D bioprinting. Biofabrication, 10(1), 014102.
Publication 2017
Air Pressure Cytoskeletal Filaments Hydrogels Microscopy Surface Tension
5
LIPID11 Force Field Parameter Development
Cited 11 times
Our initial aims have been to develop the underlying modular framework rather than attempting to embark on a comprehensive reparameterization of lipids. For this reason and given the fact that others have had success using the General Amber Force Field (GAFF)24 (link) for lipid simulation,25 (link)–30 (link) we chose to base the initial LIPID11 framework parameter set (excluding the charges) on GAFF. While lipid simulations utilizing GAFF have typically required an applied surface tension to give satisfactory agreements with experiment, GAFF was considered to be a promising starting point for the development of a dedicated phospholipid force field in Amber. Indeed, Gould et al has recently shown31 that a simple reparameterization of the Lennard-Jones terms coupled with an automated refinement of key dihedral parameters in the lipid tails can negate the need for an applied surface tension. While GAFF parameters were used for the majority of groups (Table 1), it was determined that the Glycam force field52 (link) was more appropriate for the inositol ring of the phosphatidylinositol head group, considering that it is a carbohydrate (Table 2). Electrostatic and van der Waals interactions are scaled by 2.0 and 1.2 (respectively) in GAFF and the standard Amber protein force fields. In Glycam, 1–4 interactions are not scaled. Accordingly, 1–4 interactions for inositol are scaled by 1.0 while the parameters adapted from GAFF have standard 1–4 scaling for the lipid parameter set. While we have initially employed GAFF van der Waals and bonding parameters we have designed the atom typing assignments of the framework such that future revisions can individually optimize specific parameters without affecting the original GAFF force field. The atom type nomenclature we have developed along with the descriptions of each type are presented in Tables 1 and 2. To differentiate LIPID11 framework atom types, and thus parameters, from the other Amber force fields, the atom type names consist of a lower case and an upper case character. GAFF, on the other hand, uses all lower case while Glycam and the other Amber force fields use all upper case. The first, lower case letter corresponds to the element the atom type represents, whilst the second character was chosen arbitrarily.
For future flexibility in parameter refinement it was deemed necessary to further differentiate between some of the LIPID11 atom types and those of GAFF. When default GAFF atom types are used in a phospholipid, the same atom type (o) is assigned to ester carbonyl oxygens, phosphodiester sp2 oxygens and to any carboxyl oxygens present (Table 1). Similarly, the sp3 oxygens of both the phosphate group and the ester linkages are characterized by the oS atom type. In each of the two examples given, the oxygens in the divergent chemical groups might not be equivalent with regards to force field parameters. Thus, these oxygen types have been assigned unique atom types to ultimately allow for different dihedral parameters of the phosphodiester group and the ester linkages connecting the long acyl chains to the glycerol backbone. Such splitting of atom types enables future independent modification of the valence (bond, angle and dihedral) as well as Lennard-Jones parameters for the different chemical environments.
Skjevik Å.A., Madej B.D., Walker R.C, & eigen K.T. (2012). LIPID11: A Modular Framework for Lipid Simulations using Amber. The journal of physical chemistry. B, 116(36), 11124-11136.
Publication 2012
Amber Carbohydrates Character Electrostatics Esters Glycerin Head Inositol Lipid A Lipids Oxygen Phosphates Phosphatidylinositols Phospholipids Proteins Surface Tension Tail Vertebral Column

Most recents protocols related to «Surface Tension»

1
Evaluation of Surface Protectants on mAb Aggregation
Not available on PMC !

Example 5

The purified fractions were tested for their ability to prevent surface induced aggregation through the use of an agitation study. mAb A was diluted to 0.5 mg/mL in 0.9% saline with varying amounts of each of the PS20 fractions (F1a, F2a, and F3a from 0.0001% to 0.01%, w:v) in 10 mL PETG vials. These vials were agitated on an orbital shaker at 180 RPM for 2 hours at ambient temperature. Following agitation, the samples were observed using a Bosch APK system with 10× magnification and rotation.

During the agitation study, it was observed that F2a required the lowest concentration to be protective from visible particle formation upon agitation, with F1a requiring the most. F3a and the all laurate PS20 produced similar results (FIG. 5). Although F2a had a higher CMC and comparable equilibrium surface tension impact to F3a and all laurate PS20, it was the most protective of the mAb against agitation stress and particle formation.

US11865177B2. Composition and methods for stabilizing liquid protein formulations (2024-01-09). Genentech, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Anthony Tomlinson [US], Barthelemy Luc Demeule [US], Isidro Angelo Eleazar Zarraga [US].
Patent 2024
Normal Saline phenylethylthio-beta-galactopyranoside Surface Tension
2
CPA Flow Modeling with Navier-Stokes Equations
The Navier-Stokes equation is used to model CPA flow, while assuming that the inertial forces are negligible in comparison with the viscous forces (i.e., creeping flow) [36 (link)]:
ρ∂v∂t=∇⋅−pI+μ∇v+∇v′−23μ∇⋅vI+ρg
where p is the pressure, I is the identity matrix, μ is the dynamic viscosity, g is the gravitational acceleration, the prime denotes matrix transposition. The conservation of mass is given by [36 (link)]:
∂ρ∂t+∇⋅ρv=0
The coupling between the heat transfer and fluid mechanics models comes about in two ways: (i) by implementing temperature-dependent viscosity and density in Eqs (8)–(9), and (ii) by using the solution to the velocity field in heat transfer calculations based on Eq (6).
Special attention is paid to the free surface boundary condition, Fig 3(B). The normal stress at the free surface (i.e., at the CPA-air interface) is assumed zero, while surface tension is neglected [36 (link)]:
|−pI+μ∇v+∇vT−23μ∇⋅vI⋅n^=0
Lastly, a no slip boundary condition is assumed on all solid surfaces:
vw=0
Vispute D.M., Solanki P.K, & Rabin Y. (2023). Large surface deformation due to thermo-mechanical effects during cryopreservation by vitrification – mathematical model and experimental validation. PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0282613.
Publication 2023
Acceleration Attention Gravitation Mechanics Pressure Surface Tension Viscosity
3
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of TLR10

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Publication 2023
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine Acids DNA Replication Fever Ions Ligands Lipid Bilayers Molecular Dynamics Physiology, Cell Plant Embryos Pressure Proteins RNA, Double-Stranded Sodium Chloride Surface Tension Tissue, Membrane Vertebral Column
4
Thermal, Rheological, and Structural Analysis of Microbeads
The thermal property was investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (PerkinElmer DSC, Q2000, USA). The sample mass was about 6 mg with a continuous flow of nitrogen at 50 mL min−1. Non-isothermal crystallization curve: sample was rapidly heated to 200 °C, equilibrated for 3 minutes to eliminate thermal history, cooled to 30 °C at the rate of 10 °C min−1 (cooling curve), and then heated to 200 °C (second heating). Isothermal crystallization curve: sample was quickly heated to 200 °C, then cooled for 30 minutes to 130 °C, and heated to 200 °C at a rate of 10°C min−1. Graded crystallisation curve: the sample was heated to the first target temperature at a rate of 10 °C min−1, held at a constant temperature for 3 minutes, then cooled to 30 °C and warmed to the next target temperature. The ramp-up and ramp-down steps were repeated, where the target temperatures were 200 °C, 173 °C, 169 °C, 165 °C, 161 °C and 200 °C, respectively. The Ubbelohde viscometer (model 3–0.47, Shanghai Shenshi Company, China) was used to test the viscosity of the sample. By gel permeation chromatography (GPC), a set of Waters 1525 GPC chromatographs and waters 2414 detector (USA) were used to detect the change of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the sample. Tensile testing of the MBs was carried out (provided by Shenzhen Wance Experimental Equipment Co., Ltd, TSE202A, China). The SEM image of the as-prepared MBs was photographed by JSM-7500F at an acceleration voltage of 5 kV. The fiber diameter was measured with Smile View software. A non-contact electric field compensation electrometer (FRASER 715, Fischer Electrostatic Elimination Equipment Co., Ltd, UK) was used to measure the surface electrostatic value of MBs after electret postprocessing. The porosity and pore size distribution of MBs were measured by the Auto Pore V9620 high-performance automatic mercury porosimeter (Merrittik Corp, USA). The pore size (r) was calculated using formula (1):34 where P is the pressure used by the mercury porosimeter, γ is the surface tension of Hg (480 dynes cm−1), and θ is the contact angle of mercury in the air (140°).
Zhu Y., Gu X., Dong Z., Wang B., Jin X., Chen Y., Cui M., Wang R, & Zhang X. (2023). Regulation of polylactic acid using irradiation and preparation of PLA–SiO2–ZnO melt-blown nonwovens for antibacterial and air filtration. RSC Advances, 13(12), 7857-7866.
Publication 2023
Acceleration ARID1A protein, human Calorimetry, Differential Scanning Crystallization Electricity Electrostatics Fibrosis Gel Chromatography Mercury Nitrogen Pressure Surface Tension Viscosity
5
Liquid Metal 3D Printing Using EGaIn
Eutectic Gallium–indium (EGaIn) (%75 Ga, %25 In) was chosen as the liquid metal material. Gallium and indium were weighed in a 3:1 ratio at a concentration of 99.99% each. Gallium was purchased from East Hope Group Co., Ltd. Indium was purchased from Zhuzhou Smelting Group Co., Ltd. The physical properties of the EGaIn are shown in Table 1. The properties of the EGaIn droplets extruded under micro-vibration directly determine the printing quality. Thus, the experimental research on the surface tension, moldability, droplet residence time, and extrusion speed of the droplets was carried out. The EGaIn printing experiments under micro-vibration were also conducted to analyse the influence of nozzle height and printing speed on the printing results. Finally, a flexible sensor was made by using micro-vibration extrusion liquid metal 3D printing method.

The physical properties of EGaIn.

EGaIn
Density (g cm−3)6.25
Melting point (°C)15.5
Viscosity (mPa s)1.99
Surface tension (mN/m)624
Electrical conductivity (107 m−1)3.4
Lin S., Zhang L, & Cong L. (2023). A micro-vibration-driven direct ink write printing method of gallium–indium alloys. Scientific Reports, 13, 3914.
Publication 2023
Electric Conductivity Gallium Indium Metals Physical Processes Surface Tension Vibration

Top products related to «Surface Tension»

1
Oca20 by Dataphysics
Sourced in Germany, United States
The OCA20 is a contact angle goniometer that measures the wetting properties of solid surfaces. It provides quantitative data on the surface energy and wettability of materials. The device uses a high-resolution camera and image analysis software to capture and analyze the contact angle between a liquid droplet and the sample surface.
2
K100 tensiometer by Krüss
Sourced in Germany
The K100 tensiometer is a laboratory instrument designed to measure the surface tension of liquids. It determines the force required to detach a platinum ring from the surface of a liquid, providing a precise measurement of the surface tension.
3
Dsa100 by Krüss
Sourced in Germany, United States
The DSA100 is a Drop Shape Analyzer that measures the contact angle and surface tension of liquids on solid surfaces. It provides precise and reliable measurements using advanced optical technology.
4
K6 tensiometer by Krüss
Sourced in Germany
The K6 Tensiometer is a laboratory instrument designed to measure the surface tension of liquids. It uses the Wilhelmy plate method to determine the surface tension by measuring the force required to pull a plate out of the liquid sample.
5
Oca25 by Dataphysics
Sourced in Germany
The OCA25 is a compact and versatile optical contact angle measurement system. It provides precise and reliable measurements of contact angles on various solid surfaces. The instrument utilizes high-resolution optics and advanced software to capture and analyze the contact angle data.
6
S 4800 by Hitachi
Sourced in Japan, United States, China, Germany, United Kingdom, Spain, Canada, Czechia
The S-4800 is a high-resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM) manufactured by Hitachi. It provides a range of imaging and analytical capabilities for various applications. The S-4800 utilizes a field emission electron gun to generate high-quality, high-resolution images of samples.
7
Ethylene glycol by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, India, Spain, China, Sao Tome and Principe, Canada, Italy, Switzerland, France, Singapore, Poland, Sweden, Belgium, Ireland, Japan
Ethylene glycol is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is commonly used in various industrial applications. It serves as an important component in the manufacture of antifreeze, coolant, and de-icing solutions. Ethylene glycol is also utilized as a solvent and as a raw material in the production of polyester fibers and resins.
8
Dcat21 by Dataphysics
Sourced in Germany
The DCAT21 is a dynamic contact angle tester that measures the wetting and surface free energy properties of solid surfaces. It utilizes a precise dosing system and high-speed camera to capture the dynamic contact angle of a liquid droplet on a solid sample.
9
Diiodomethane by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Poland, Belgium, United Kingdom, Portugal
Diiodomethane is a colorless, dense liquid compound used in various laboratory applications. It has the chemical formula CH2I2 and a high refractive index, making it useful as a reference material for optical measurements.

More about "Surface Tension"

Surface tension is a crucial physical property that describes the attractive forces between molecules at the liquid-air interface, creating an invisible 'skin' that resists the passage of objects through it.
This phenomenon plays a pivotal role in a wide range of scientific and industrial applications, from fluid dynamics and emulsion stability to wetting, printing, and coating processes.
Researchers can leverage advanced AI-powered tools like PubCompare.ai to optimize their surface tension research.
These innovative solutions enable the seamless identification of the best protocols from the scientific literature, preprints, and patent databases, enhancing reproducibility through data-driven comparisons.
Experince the power of AI-assisted surface tension measurements for your research needs.
Discover how these cutting-edge technologies can help you locate the most relevant protocols, improve accuracy, and ensure the reliability of your findings.
Explore the capabilities of instruments like the OCA20, K100 tensiometer, DSA100, K6 Tensiometer, OCA25, and S-4800 in measuring surface tension, and leverage the insights gained from studying the properties of liquids such as ethylene glycol and diiodomethane.
Unleash the full potential of your surface tension research with the aid of advanced AI-powered tools and cutting-edge instrumentation.
Optimize your workflows, enhance reproducibility, and drive your research forward with confidence.