Log In Sign up
The largest database of trusted experimental protocols
> Phenomena > Phenomenon or Process > Pressure

Pressure

Pressure is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area.
It is reported in various units such as pascals, pounds-force per square inch, or atmospheres.
Pressure is an important factor in many areas of science and engineering, including fluid dynamics, material science, and biomedical applications.
Understanding and measuring pressure is crucial for research, design, and optimization across diverse fields.
This MeSh term provides a concise, informative overview of the concept of pressure and its relevance to scientific inquiry and discovery.

Most cited protocols related to «Pressure»

1
Molecular Dynamics Protocol for Biomolecular Simulations
Initial helical conformations were defined as all amino acids having (φ, ψ)=(−60°, −40°). Initial extended conformations were defined as all (φ, ψ)=(180°, 180°). Native conformations, as appropriate, were defined for each system as below. Explicit solvation was achieved with truncated octahedra of TIP3P water16 with a minimum 8.0 Å buffer between solute atoms and box boundary. All structures were built via the LEaP module of Ambertools. Except where otherwise indicated, equilibration was performed with a weak-coupling (Berendsen) thermostat33 and barostat targeted to 1 bar with isotropic position scaling as follows. With 100 kcal mol−1 Å−2 positional restraints on protein heavy atoms, structures were minimized for up to 10000 cycles and then heated at constant volume from 100 K to 300 K over 100 ps, followed by another 100 ps at 300 K. The pressure was equilibrated for 100 ps and then 250 ps with time constants of 100 fs and then 500 fs on coupling of pressure and temperature to 1 bar and 300 K, and 100 kcal mol−1 Å−2 and then 10 kcal mol−1 Å−2 Cartesian positional restraints on protein heavy atoms. The system was again minimized, with 10 kcal mol−1 Å−2 force constant Cartesian restraints on only the protein main chain N, Cα, and C for up to 10000 cycles. Three 100 ps simulations with temperature and pressure time constants of 500 fs were performed, with backbone restraints of 10 kcal mol−1 Å−2, 1 kcal mol−1 Å−2, and then 0.1 kcal mol−1 Å−2. Finally, the system was simulated unrestrained with pressure and temperature time constants of 1 ps for 500 ps with a 2 fs time step, removing center-of-mass translation and rotation every picosecond.
SHAKE34 was performed on all bonds including hydrogen with the AMBER default tolerance of 10−5 Å for NVT and 10−6 Å for NVE. Non-bonded interactions were calculated directly up to 8 Å. Beyond 8 Å, electrostatic interactions were treated with cubic spline switching and the particle-mesh Ewald approximation35 in explicit solvent, with direct sum tolerances of 10−5 for NVT or 10−6 for NVE. A continuum model correction for energy and pressure was applied to long-range van der Waals interactions. The production timesteps were 2 fs for NVT and 1 fs for NVE.
Maier J.A., Martinez C., Kasavajhala K., Wickstrom L., Hauser K.E, & Simmerling C. (2015). ff14SB: Improving the accuracy of protein side chain and backbone parameters from ff99SB. Journal of chemical theory and computation, 11(8), 3696-3713.
Publication 2015
Amber Amino Acids Buffers Cuboid Bone Debility Electrostatics Helix (Snails) Hydrogen-5 Immune Tolerance nucleoprotein, Measles virus Pressure Proteins Solvents Vertebral Column
2
Protein Simulation in Crystal Environments
Simulations of the proteins in their crystal environments (Table 1), which were used previously during optimization of the C22/CMAP force field 40 (link), were performed using CHARMM on full unit cells with added waters and counterions to fill the vacuum space. Once the full unit cell was constructed based on the coordinates in the protein databank, a box of water with dimensions that encompassed the full unit cell was overlaid onto the crystal coordinates while preserving crystal waters, ions, and ligands. Water molecules with oxygen within 2.8 – 4.0 Å of any of the crystallographic non-hydrogen atoms were removed, as described below, as well as those occupying space beyond the full unit cell. To neutralize the total charge of each system, sodium or chloride ions were added to the system at random locations at least 3.0 Å from any crystallographic non-hydrogen atom or previously added ions and 0.5 Å from any water oxygen. Final selection of the water molecule deletion distance was performed by initially applying a 2.8 Å criteria to all systems followed by system equilibration and an NPT production run of 5 ns following which the lattice parameters were analyzed. The deletion distances were then increased and the equilibration and 5 ns production NPT simulation were repeated until the final lattice parameters were in satisfactory agreement with experimental data. The final water deletion distances and unit cell parameters from the full 40 ns production simulations are presented in Table S2 of the SI. For the minimization and MD simulations, electrostatic interactions were treated with PME using a real space cutoff of 10 Å. The LJ interactions were included with force switching from 8 Å to 10 Å, while the list of nonbonded atoms was kept for interatomic distances of up to 14 Å and updated heuristically. Each crystal system was first minimized with 100 steps of steepest-decent (SD) with non-water, non-ion crystallographic atoms held fixed followed by 200 steps of SD with harmonic positional restraints of 5 kcal/mol/Å2 on solute non-hydrogen atoms. The minimized system was then subject to an equilibration phase consisting of 100 ps of NVT simulation41 in the presence of harmonic positional restraints followed by 5 ns (100 ps for 135L and 3ICB) of fully relaxed NVT simulation with a time step of 2 fs. During the simulations all covalent bonds involving hydrogens were constrained using SHAKE42 . Production phase simulations were conducted for 40 ns in the isothermal and isobaric NPT ensemble43 . The only symmetry enforced was translational (i.e. periodic boundaries). Reference temperatures were set to match the crystallographic conditions (Table S2) and maintained by the Nosé-Hoover thermostat with a thermal piston mass of 1,000 kcal ps2/mol while a pressure mass of 600 amu was used with the Langevin piston. The first 5 ns of the production simulations were considered as equilibration and therefore discarded from analysis, which was performed on coordinate sets saved every 5 ps. The boundaries for α helices and β strands were obtained from a consensus of author annotations and structural assignments calculated by DSSP44 (link) and STRIDE45 (link) from the crystal structures.
Best R.B., Zhu X., Shim J., Lopes P.E., Mittal J., Feig M, & MacKerell AD J.r. (2012). Optimization of the additive CHARMM all-atom protein force field targeting improved sampling of the backbone φ, ψ and side-chain χ1 and χ2 dihedral angles. Journal of chemical theory and computation, 8(9), 3257-3273.
Publication 2012
ARID1A protein, human Cells Chlorides Crystallography Deletion Mutation Deuterium Electrostatics Helix (Snails) Hydrogen Hydrogen-4 Ligands Oxygen Pressure Protein Biosynthesis Proteins Sodium STEEP1 protein, human Tritium Vacuum
3
Detecting Lineage-Specific Selection Using MEME
The fitting of MEME to an alignment of coding sequences proceeds in three stages:
First, the codon model with an alignment-wide is fitted to the data using parameter estimates under a GTR nucleotide model as initial values. Although in some cases nucleotide branch lengths may be a good approximation to codon branch lengths [23] (link), [24] (link), recent results indicate that in other instances, nucleotide models can significantly underestimate branch lengths and possibly bias downstream inference [25] . The resulting maximum likelihood estimates, and , for each branch , are used in the site-by-site analyses in the next two steps. Thus we are assuming that the relative branch length and mutational bias parameters are shared across sites and are well approximated by those estimated under a simpler codon model. However, the absolute branch lengths also depend on the site- and model-specific rate parameters below.
Second, at each site, we first fit the alternative random effects model of lineage-specific selective pressure with two categories of : and (unrestricted). The probability ( in equation 1) that branch is evolving with , is , and the complementary probability that it is evolving with is . By equation 1, the phylogenetic likelihood at a site, marginalized over all possible joint assignments of , is equivalent to computing the standard likelihood function with the following mixture transition matrix for each branch :
Consequently, the alternative substitution model includes four parameters for each site, inferred jointly from all branches of the tree: and . These form the fixed effects component of the model. Estimating separately for each site accounts for the site-to-site variability in synonymous substitution rates [26] (link).
Lastly, at every site, we fit the model from the previous step, but with : our null model. Using simulated data, we determined that an appropriate asymptotic test statistic for testing most worst-case null of of is a mixture of and (see Text S1). Mixture statistics of this form often arise in hypothesis testing where model parameters take values on the boundaries of the parameter space, and closed-form expressions for mixing coefficients are difficult to obtain [27] .
Throughout the manuscript, we compare MEME to the fixed effects likelihood approach, introduced in [24] (link) (see Text S1 for motivation). The procedure used by FEL differs from MEME in that a single pair of rates are fitted at each site (no variation over branches) in Step 2, and the test in Step 3 is to determine if . Positive selection is inferred by FEL when and the p-value derived from the LRT is significant, based on the asymptotic distribution.
Murrell B., Wertheim J.O., Moola S., Weighill T., Scheffler K, & Kosakovsky Pond S.L. (2012). Detecting Individual Sites Subject to Episodic Diversifying Selection. PLoS Genetics, 8(7), e1002764.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2012
BAD protein, human Codon Joints Motivation Mutation Nucleotides Pressure Sequence Alignment Trees
4
Neon Dimer Ionization and Momentum Analysis
The neon dimers were prepared in a molecular beam under supersonic expansion of gaseous neon at a temperature of 60 K through a 5 µm nozzle (see Supplementary Figure 1). The nozzle temperature was stabilized within ±0.1 K by a continuous flow cryogenic cryostat (Model RC110 UHV, Cryo Industries of America, Inc.). The optimum dimer yield was found at a nozzle back pressure of 3 bar. Neon dimers were selected from the molecular beam by means of matter wave diffraction using a transmission grating with a period of 100 nm. The selection allowed increasing the relative yield of Ne2 from typically 2%12 (link) to 20% with respect to the monomer.
The neon dimers were singly ionized by a strong ultra-short laser field (40 fs -FWHM in intensity -, 780 nm, 8 kHz, Dragon KMLabs). The field intensities were 7.3×1014 W cm−2 (Keldysh parameter γ = 0.72) in case of circular polarization and 1.2×1015 W cm−2 (γ = 0.4) in the experiment with linearly polarized light. The 3D-momenta of the ion and the electron after ionization were measured by cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy (COLTRIMS). In the COLTRIMS spectrometer a homogeneous electric field of 16 V cm−1 for circularly polarized light, or 23 V cm−1 in case of linearly polarized laser field, guided the ions onto a time- and position-sensitive micro-channel plate detector with hexagonal delay-line position readout42 (link) and an active area of 80 mm. In order to achieve 4π solid angle detection of electrons with momenta up to 2.5 a.u., a magnetic field of 12.5 G was applied within the COLTRIMS spectrometer in the experiment with the circularly polarized laser field. In the case of linearly polarized light a magnetic field of 9 G was utilized. The ion and electron detectors were placed at 450 mm and 250 mm, respectively, away from the ionization region.
Kunitski M., Eicke N., Huber P., Köhler J., Zeller S., Voigtsberger J., Schlott N., Henrichs K., Sann H., Trinter F., Schmidt L.P., Kalinin A., Schöffler M.S., Jahnke T., Lein M, & Dörner R. (2019). Double-slit photoelectron interference in strong-field ionization of the neon dimer. Nature Communications, 10, 1.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2019
Cold Temperature Electricity Electrons Gases Light Magnetic Fields Neon Pressure Spectrum Analysis Transmission, Communicable Disease
5
Suction Blister Induction and Wound Healing
A negative pressure instrument (Electronic Diversities, Finksburg, MD, USA) constructed to produce standard suction blisters upon application of negative pressure, was used on healthy skin (ex vivo: abdominal skin; in vivo: lower forearm). Subcutaneous fat was partially removed from ex vivo skin using a scissor. Subsequently, skin (10 × 10 cm2) was placed (not fixed, not kept in medium) on a styrofoam lid that was covered with aluminium foil to provide (at least partial) backpressure. Suction chambers with 5 openings (Ø = 5 mm) on the orifice plate were attached to skin, topped with a styrofoam lid and pressed with 1 kg weight in order to avoid movement of the plate. A pressure of 200–250 millimeter (mm) mercury (Hg) (ex vivo) or 150–200 mm Hg (in vivo) caused the skin to be drawn through the openings creating typical suction blisters of different size within 6–8 h (ex vivo) and 1–2 h (in vivo). Suction blister fluid (~110 µl/5 blisters) was collected using a syringe with a needle. Cells within the fluid were counted and placed on adhesion slides for staining and analysis. Blister roof epidermis was cut with a scissor, fixed with ice-cold acetone (10 minutes) and used for staining. For comparison and control, epidermal sheets were prepared from unwounded skin biopsy punches (Ø = 6 mm; 3.8% ammonium thiocyanate (Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG, Germany) in PBS (Gibco, Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA), 1 h, 37 °C). Removal of the blister roof created a wound area. Biopsies (Ø = 6 mm) from wounded and unwounded areas were cultivated for 12 days in either duplicates or triplicates in 12 well culture plates and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (Gibco) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (Gibco) and were cultured at the air-liquid interphase. Medium was changed every second day.
Rakita A., Nikolić N., Mildner M., Matiasek J, & Elbe-Bürger A. (2020). Re-epithelialization and immune cell behaviour in an ex vivo human skin model. Scientific Reports, 10, 1.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2020
Abdomen Acetone Aluminum ammonium thiocyanate Biopsy Cells Cold Temperature Eagle Epidermis Fetal Bovine Serum Forearm Interphase Mercury-200 Movement Needles Penicillins Pressure Skin Streptomycin styrofoam Subcutaneous Fat Suction Drainage Syringes

Most recents protocols related to «Pressure»

1
Molded Silicone Pressure Sensitive Adhesive
Not available on PMC !

Example 3

Moulded Silicone Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Body:

Dow Corning 7-9800 A&B (mixing ration between A and Bis 1:1 by weight) were used for production of a PDMS based adhesive body. A mould having a triangular shape (each side of the triangular mould having a distance of 300 mm, the center part having a thickness of 0.5 mm and the edge having a thickness of 0.1 mm) was used. The components were thoroughly mixed and applied on a 50 μm cover layer of silicone rubber lining in the female part of a triangular mould and a male mould part was placed on top, said part lined with a low density polyethylene release liner. The adhesive was cured in an oven at 100 degree C. for 15 minutes. After curing the adhesive was punched out of the mould and a dent in the centre of the adhesive body device for embedment of an electronic sensing system was punched out.

US11864916B2. Three-dimensional adhesive device having a microelectronic system embedded therein (2024-01-09). Braemar Manufacturing, LLC [US]. Inventors: Susanne Holm Faarbaek [DK], Karsten Hoppe [DK], Peter Boman Samuelsen [DK], Jens Branebjerg [DK].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
A 300 Dental Cavity Liner Females Fungus, Filamentous Human Body Males Polyethylene, Low-Density Pressure Silicone Elastomers Silicones
2
Photoactivated Em5-i Complex Synthesis
Not available on PMC !

Example 10

Complex Mixture Em5-i:

[Figure (not displayed)]

A solution of 0.60 g of Em5-s complex mixture in 200 ml of 3-methoxypropionitril is irradiated with a blacklight blue lamp at room temperature for 7 h (Osram, L18W/73, λmax=370-380 nm). The solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The residue is carefully washed with methanol. This gives 0.10 g of Em5-i as a pale yellow powder (17%, again mixture of two cyclometalation isomers).

MS (Maldi):

m/e=1110 (M+H)+

Photoluminescence (in a film, 2% in PMMA):

λmax=456,487 nm, CIE: (0.20; 0.34)

The photoluminescence quantum yield of the isomerized Em5-i complex mixture has 1.50 times the quantum yield of the Em5-s complex mixture.

US11871654B2. Heteroleptic carbene complexes and the use thereof in organic electronics (2024-01-09). BASF SE [DE], OLEDWORKS GMBH [DE], OSRAM OLEO GMBH [DE]. Inventors: Evelyn Fuchs [DE], Oliver Molt [DE], Korinna Dormann [DE], Thomas Gessner [DE], Nicolle Langer [DE], Ingo Muenster [DE], JianQiang Qu [CN], Christian Lennartz [DE], Christian Schildknecht [DE], Soichi Watanabe [DE], Gerhard Wagenblast [DE], Guenter Schmid [DE], Herbert Friedrich Boerner [DE], Volker van Elsbergen [DE].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
carbene Complex Mixtures Isomerism Methanol NADH Dehydrogenase Complex 1 Polymethyl Methacrylate Powder Pressure Solvents Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization Suby's G solution
3
Enhanced Absorbency of Embossed SAM Sheets
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

A 1 g compressed SAM sheet was formed without embossing. To ensure that Comparative Example 1 had the same compactness as Example 1, meaning that both samples experienced the same compressing pressure, the SAM sheets were each placed between two flat metal plates and compressed twice with a 1000 lb load for 10 minutes using the Carver hydraulic compressor (CE, Model 4350). In this way, the void volumes between and within SAM particles are quite close, if not the same, for Comparative Example 1 and Example 1. The sample was dried in a convection oven at 80° C. for 12 hours before testing.

A 1 g compressed SAM sheet was formed without embossing. The prepared SAM sheet was placed on a flat metal plate, covered with a 1″×1″ metal patterned plate with protruding balls of 250 μm diameter, the balls side facing downward towards the SAM sheet (FIG. 1). The Carver hydraulic compressor (CE, Model 4350) was used to create the embossing pattern by applying a 1000 lb load to a plasticized SAM sheet for 5 minutes. After that, the SAM sheet was flipped over and compressed one more time with the metal balls under same pressure and same dwell time. The resultant SAM sheet has a clear pattern on the surface (FIG. 2). The scale bar shows the diameter of dent of 243 μm. The size of the dent is consistent with the size of metal balls of the embossing plate.

The final 1 g compressed SAM sheet had two-sided embossing. The sample was dried in a convection oven at 80° C. for 12 hours before testing.

The protrusions of this example were ball-shaped, but the protrusion of the pins could be any shape. Shapes without sharper corners, such as spheres, could be less damaging to the SAM particles. The depth of the indentations from the shapes could be in the range of from about 10 μm to 200

Absorbency Evaluation.

Equal masses of embossed and non-embossed SAM sheet samples were each individually dropped in a 100 mL beaker containing 30 mL NaCl solution, which contained blue dye to improve visualization during testing. The time and process of the SAM sheet completely absorbing the saline solution was monitored and compared.

The testing process for both samples to compare their absorbency properties is shown in FIGS. 3a-3e. FIG. 3a shows the testing beakers with 30 mL NaCl solution and blue dye. FIG. 3b shows at the start of the testing (0 min) by adding SAM sheets into the respective NaCl solutions. FIG. 3c shows the completion of absorption of liquid for Example 1 at 27 minutes. After completion, the swollen SAM particles were cast off onto white paper to verify the complete absorption of the fluid (FIG. 3d). At 40 min, Comparative Example 1 completed absorbing all fluid and was cast off onto white paper to verify completion (FIG. 3e). By the time Comparative Example 1 was cast off onto white paper, Example 1 had already turned white because it had finished the absorbing process 13 minutes earlier and the absorbed fluid already diffused into the center of each SAM particle. Absorbency times are summarized in Table 1.

TABLE 1
Absorbency times for SAM sheets.
SampleIntake time (min)
Comparative Example 140
Example 127

Compressing SAM particles into sheets generally leads to lower intake rates and higher intake times compared with SAM particles that are not compressed into sheets due to the loss of free volume within SAM molecular structure and surface area. However, the results demonstrated herein prove that SAM with surface embossing could lead to increase of surface area, thereby increasing the absorbency intake rate compared to the compressed SAM without embossing.

Flexible Absorbent Binder Film.

FAB is a proprietary crosslinked acrylic acid copolymer that develops absorbency properties after it is applied to a substrate and dried, FAB itself can also be casted into film and dried, yet the resultant 100% FAB film is quite rigid and stiff. The chemistry of FAB is similar to standard SAPs except that the latent crosslinking component allows it to be applied onto the substrate of choice as an aqueous solution and then converted into a superabsorbent coating upon drying. When the water is removed, the crosslinker molecules in the polymeric chain come into contact with each other and covalently bond to form a crosslinked absorbent.

In the examples of this disclosure, FAB was coated on a nonwoven substrate to provide a single layer with both intake and retention functions, as well as flexibility. FAB solution with 32% (wt/wt) solids was coated on a nonwoven substrate through a slot die with two rolls. After coating, the coated film was cured by drying in a convection oven at 55° C. for 20-30 minutes, or until the film was dry, to remove the water.

Compression embossing was applied on FAB films. Two-sided embossing was applied on a FAB film. The absorbent properties were characterized and compared through saline absorption testing. The FAB film with an embossed pattern showed 91.67% faster intake rate compared with the FAB film without an embossed pattern.

US11864985B2. Absorbent composites containing embossed superabsorbent materials (2024-01-09). Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Feng Chen [US], Wing-Chak Ng [US], Mark M. Mleziva [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
acrylate Convection Electroplating Metals Molecular Structure Muscle Rigidity Polymers Pressure Retention (Psychology) Saline Solution SKAP2 protein, human Sodium Chloride Urination
4
Synthesis of High-Conductivity Entropy-Stabilized Nanometal Oxide
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

Provided is a preparation method for an A-site high-entropy nanometer metal oxide (Gd0.4Er0.3La0.4Nd0.5Y0.4)(Zr0.7, Sn0.8, V0.5)O7 with high conductivity, the method including the following steps.

    • (1) Gd(NO3)3, Er(NO3)3, La(NO3)3, Nd(NO3)3, Y(NO3)3, ZrOSO4, SnC14 and NH4VO3 were taken at a molar ratio of 0.4:0.3:0.4:0.5:0.4:0.7:0.8:0.5, added to a mixed solution of deionized water/absolute ethyl alcohol/tetrahydrofuran at a mass ratio of 0.3:3:0.5, and stirred for five minutes to obtain a mixed liquid I. The ratio of the total mass of Gd(NO3)3, Er(NO3)3, La(NO3)3, Nd(NO3)3, Y(NO3)3, ZrOSO4, SnC14 and NH4VO3 to that of the mixed solution of deionized water/absolute ethyl alcohol/tetrahydrofuran (0.3:3:0.5) is 12.6%.
    • (2) Para-phenylene diamine, hydrogenated tallowamine, sorbitol and carbamyl ethyl acetate at a mass ratio of 1:0.2:7:0.01 were taken, added to propyl alcohol, and stirred for one hour to obtain a mixed liquid II. The ratio of the total mass of the para-phenylene diamine, the hydrogenated tallowamine, the sorbitol and the carbamyl ethyl acetate to that of the propyl alcohol is 7.5%;
    • (3) The mixed liquid I obtained in step (1) was heated to 50° C., and the mixed liquid II obtained in step (2) was dripped at the speed of one drop per second, into the mixed liquid I obtained in step (1) with stirring and ultrasound, and heated to the temperature of 85° C. after the dripping is completed and the temperature was maintained for three hours while stopping stirring, and the temperature was decreased to the room temperature, so as to obtain a mixed liquid III. The mass ratio of the mixed liquid I to the mixed liquid II is 10:4.
    • (4) The mixed liquid III was added to an electrolytic cell with using a platinum electrode as an electrode and applying a voltage of 3 V to two ends of the electrode, and reacting for 13 minutes, to obtain a mixed liquid IV.
    • (5) The mixed liquid IV obtained in step (4) was heated with stirring, another mixed liquid II was taken and dripped into the mixed liquid IV obtained in step (4) at the speed of one drop per second. The mass ratio of the mixed liquid II to the mixed liquid IV is 1.05:1.25; and after the dripping is completed, the temperature was decreased to the room temperature under stirring, so as to obtain a mixed liquid V.
    • (6) A high-speed shearing treatment was performed on the mixed liquid V obtained in step (5) by using a high-speed shear mulser at the speed of 20000 revolutions per minute for one hour, so as to obtain a mixed liquid VI.
    • (7) Lyophilization treatment was performed on the mixed liquid VI to obtain a mixture I;
    • (8) The mixture I obtained in step (7) and absolute ethyl alcohol were mixed at a mass ratio of 1:2 and uniformly stirred, and were sealed at a temperature of 210° C. for performing solvent thermal treatment for 18 hours. The reaction was cooled to the room temperature, the obtained powder was collected by centrifugation, washed with deionized water and absolute ethyl alcohol eight times respectively, and dried to obtain a powder I.
    • (9) The powder I obtained in step (8) and ammonium persulfate was uniformly mixed at a mass ratio of 10:1, and sealed and heated to 165° C. The temperature was maintained for 13 hours. The reaction was cooled to the room temperature, the obtained mixed powder was washed with deionized water ten times, and dried to obtain a powder II.
    • (10) The powder II obtained in step (4) was placed into a crucible, heated to a temperature of 1500° C. at a speed of 3° C. per minute. The temperature was maintained for 7 hours. The reaction was cooled to the room temperature, to obtain an A-site high-entropy nanometer metal oxide (Gd0.4Er0.3La0.4Nd0.5Y0.4)(Zr0.7, Sn0.8, V0.5)O7 with high conductivity.

As observed via an electron microscope, the obtained A-site high-entropy nanometer metal oxide with high conductivity is a powder, and has microstructure of a square namometer sheet with a side length of about 4 nm and a thickness of about 1 nm.

The product powder was taken and compressed by using a powder sheeter at a pressure of 550 MPa into a sheet. Conductivity of the sheet is measured by using the four-probe method, and the conductivity of the product is 2.1×108 S/m.

A commercially available ITO (indium tin oxide) powder is taken and compressed by using a powder sheeter at a pressure of 550 MPa into a sheet, and the conductivity of the sheet is measured by using the four-probe method.

As measured, the conductivity of the commercially available ITO (indium tin oxide) is 1.6×106 S/m.

US11866343B2. A-site high-entropy nanometer metal oxide with high conductivity, and preparation method thereof (2024-01-09). Zhejiang University [CN]. Inventors: Lingjie Zhang [CN], Weiwei Cai [CN], Ningzhong Bao [CN].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
1-Propanol 4-phenylenediamine Absolute Alcohol ammonium peroxydisulfate Cells Centrifugation Electric Conductivity Electrolytes Electron Microscopy Entropy Ethanol ethyl acetate Freeze Drying indium tin oxide Metals Molar Oxides Platinum Powder Pressure propyl acetate Solvents Sorbitol tetrahydrofuran Ultrasonography
5
Indium Oxide Thin Film Deposition by ALD
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

InCl (1 eq.) was added to a Schlenk flask charged with LiCp(CH2)3NMe2 (11 mmol) in Et2O (50 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After filtration of the reaction mixture, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain a red oil. After distillation a yellow liquid final product was collected (mp˜5° C.). Various measurements were done to the final product. 1H NMR (C6D6, 400 MHz): δ 5.94 (t, 2H, Cp-H), 5.82 (t, 2H, Cp-H), 2.52 (t, 2H, N—CH2—), 2.21 (t, 2H, Cp-CH2—), 2.09 (s, 6H, N(CH3)2, 1.68 (q, 2H, C—CH2—C). Thermogravimetric (TG) measurement was carried out under the following measurement conditions: sample weight: 22.35 mg, atmosphere: N2 at 1 atm, and rate of temperature increase: 10.0° C./min. 97.2% of the compound mass had evaporated up to 250° C. (Residue <2.8%). T (50%)=208° C. Vacuum TG measurement was carried out under delivery conditions, under the following measurement conditions: sample weight: 5.46 mg, atmosphere: N2 at 20 mbar, and rate of temperature increase: 10.0° C./min. TG measurement was carried out under delivery conditions into the reactor (about 20 mbar). 50% of the sample mass is evaporated at 111° C.

Using In(Cp(CH2)3NMe2) synthesized in Example 1 as an indium precursor and H2O and O3 as reaction gases, indium oxide film may be formed on a substrate by ALD method under the following deposition conditions. First step, a cylinder filled with In(Cp(CH2)3NMe2) is heated to 90° C., bubbled with 100 sccm of N2 gas and the In(Cp(CH2)3NMe2) is introduced into a reaction chamber (pulse A). Next step, O3 generated by an ozone generator is supplied with 50 sccm of N2 gas and introduced into the reaction chamber (pulse B). Following each step, a 4 second purge step using 200 sccm of N2 as a purge gas was performed to the reaction chamber. 200 cycles were performed on a Si substrate having a substrate temperature of 150° C. in the reaction chamber at a pressure of about 1 torr. As a result, an indium oxide film will be obtained at approximately 150° C.

Example 2

Same procedure as Example 1 started from Li(CpPiPr2) was performed to synthesize In(CpPiPr2). An orange liquid was obtained. 1H NMR (C6D6, 400 MHz): δ 6.17 (t, 2H, Cp-H), 5.99 (t, 2H, Cp-H), 1.91 (sept, 2H, P—CH—), 1.20-1.00 (m, 12H, C—CH3).

Using In(CpPiPr2) synthesized in Example 2 as the indium precursor and H2O and O3 as the reaction gases, indium oxide film may be formed on a substrate by the ALD method under the following deposition conditions. First step, a cylinder filled with In(CpPiPr2) is heated to 90° C., bubbled with 100 sccm of N2 gas and the In(CpPiPr2) is introduced into a reaction chamber (pulse A). Next step, O3 generated by an ozone generator is supplied with 50 sccm of N2 gas and introduced into the reaction chamber (pulse B). Following each step, a 4 second purge step using 200 sccm of N2 as a purge gas was performed to the reaction chamber. 200 cycles were performed on the Si substrate having a substrate temperature of 150° C. in an ALD chamber at a pressure of about 1 torr. As a result, an indium oxide was obtained at 150° C.

US11859283B2. Heteroalkylcyclopentadienyl indium-containing precursors and processes of using the same for deposition of indium-containing layers (2024-01-02). L'Air Liquide, Société Anonyme pour l'Etude et l'Exploitation des Procédés Georges Claude [FR]. Inventors: Antoine Bruneau [FR], Takashi Ono [JP], Christian Dussarrat [JP].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
1H NMR Atmosphere Distillation Fever Filtration Indium indium oxide Obstetric Delivery Ozone Pressure Pulse Rate Solvents Vacuum

Top products related to «Pressure»

1
Matlab by MathWorks
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, Japan, Sweden, Austria, Morocco, Switzerland, Australia, Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, China, France, Denmark, Norway, Hungary, Malaysia, Israel, Finland, Spain
MATLAB is a high-performance programming language and numerical computing environment used for scientific and engineering calculations, data analysis, and visualization. It provides a comprehensive set of tools for solving complex mathematical and computational problems.
2
Whatman no 1 filter paper by Cytiva
Sourced in United Kingdom, Germany, United States, Switzerland, India, Japan, China, Australia, France, Italy, Brazil
Whatman No. 1 filter paper is a general-purpose cellulose-based filter paper used for a variety of laboratory filtration applications. It is designed to provide reliable and consistent filtration performance.
3
Powerlab by ADInstruments
Sourced in Australia, United States, United Kingdom, New Zealand, Germany, Japan, Spain, Italy, China
PowerLab is a data acquisition system designed for recording and analyzing physiological signals. It provides a platform for connecting various sensors and transducers to a computer, allowing researchers and clinicians to capture and analyze biological data.
4
Rotary evaporator by Büchi
Sourced in Switzerland, Germany, United States, India, United Kingdom, Japan, France, China
The Rotary Evaporator is a laboratory device used to gently remove solvents from samples through evaporation. It features a rotating round-bottom flask that is heated and connected to a vacuum system, allowing for efficient and controlled solvent removal.
5
No 1 filter paper by Cytiva
Sourced in United Kingdom, Germany, United States, Japan, Switzerland, China, Italy, India
Cytiva No. 1 filter paper is a high-quality laboratory filtration product designed for general-purpose filtration tasks. It is composed of cellulose fibers and is suitable for a variety of applications requiring efficient separation of solids from liquids.
6
Spr 839 by Millar
Sourced in United States
The SPR-839 is a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) instrument designed for label-free, real-time analysis of biomolecular interactions. It measures changes in the refractive index at the sensor surface, allowing for the detection and quantification of binding events between various analytes, such as proteins, small molecules, and macromolecules.
7
Multiphysics by Comsol
Sourced in United States, Sweden, Germany
COMSOL Multiphysics is a simulation software that allows users to model and analyze multi-physics problems. It provides a unified environment for finite element analysis, solver, and visualization tools to solve a variety of engineering and scientific problems.
8
Labview by National Instruments
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, Switzerland, Canada, Australia, Netherlands, Morocco
LabVIEW is a software development environment for creating and deploying measurement and control systems. It utilizes a graphical programming language to design, test, and deploy virtual instruments on a variety of hardware platforms.
9
Sphygmocor by CardieX
Sourced in Australia, United States
The SphygmoCor is a non-invasive diagnostic device that measures central blood pressure and arterial stiffness. It uses applanation tonometry to capture the pressure waveform at the radial artery and then applies a validated transfer function to estimate the aortic pressure waveform.
10
Asap 2020 by Micromeritics
Sourced in United States, China, United Kingdom, Japan, Germany
The ASAP 2020 is a surface area and porosity analyzer from Micromeritics. It is designed to measure the specific surface area and pore size distribution of solid materials using the principles of gas adsorption.

More about "Pressure"

Pressure is a fundamental concept in science and engineering, with applications across a wide range of disciplines.
This physical quantity, measured in units such as pascals (Pa), pounds per square inch (psi), or atmospheres (atm), represents the force applied perpendicular to a surface per unit area.
Understanding and accurately measuring pressure is crucial for research, design, and optimization in fields like fluid dynamics, material science, and biomedical applications.
From MATLAB simulations to experiments with Whatman No. 1 filter paper and PowerLab data acquisition systems, pressure data is essential for understanding phenomena and driving innovative solutions.
Rotary evaporators, for example, rely on precise pressure control to facilitate solvent removal, while No. 1 filter paper's porous structure is influenced by the pressure differential across the membrane.
In the biomedical realm, devices like the SphygmoCor system leverage pressure measurements to non-invasively assess arterial stiffness and cardiovascular health.
Pressure is also a key parameter in COMSOL Multiphysics simulations, LabVIEW-based experimental setups, and the ASAP 2020 surface area and porosity analyzer.
By incorporating pressure data, researchers and engineers can optimize product designs, improve manufacturing processes, and advance scientific understanding across a myriad of applications.
Whether you're working with SPR-839 pressure sensors or exploring pressure-related phenomena in your own research, a comprehensive grasp of this fundamental concept is indispensable for driving progress and innovation in your field.