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Embarrassment

Embarrassment is an unpleasant self-conscious emotion characterized by feelings of inadequacy, awkwardness, and social discomfort.
It is often triggered by the perception of having acted in a way that is viewed negatively by others or by oneself.
Embarrassment can arise in a variety of social situations, such as when making a mistake, experiencing a failure, or being the center of unwanted attention.
This emotion can have physiological effects, such as blushing, sweating, or trembling.
Overcoming embarrassment can be challenging, but strategies such as practicing self-acceptance, focusing on the present moment, and maintaining a sense of perspective can help individuals manage this common human experience.

Most cited protocols related to «Embarrassment»

1
Eating Disorder Diagnostic Interview Protocol
The Eating Disorder Diagnostic Interview, a semi-structured interview adapted from the Eating Disorder Examination (Fairburn et al., 1995 (link)), assessed DSM-IV eating disorder symptoms. Items assessing the symptoms in the past month were summed to form an overall eating disorder symptom composite for each assessment. A logarithmic base10 transformation was used to normalize this composite. We also tested whether the intervention reduced risk for onset of threshold or subthreshold anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder among those free of these conditions at pretest following the definitions used previously (Stice et al., 2009 ; Stice, Marti et al., 2008 (link)). For a subthrehold anorexia nervosa diagnosis we required participants to have a BMI of between 90% and 85% of that expected for age and gender (vs. less than 85% of that expected for a threshold diagnosis), report a definite fear of weight gain, and report that weight and shape was definitely an aspect of self-evaluation. For subthreshold bulimia nervosa we required participants to report at least 6 uncontrollable binge eating episodes and 6 compensatory behavior episode over a 3-month period (an average of twice monthly for each, vs. twice weekly for a threshold diagnosis), and to report that weight and shape was definitely an aspect of self-evaluation. For subthreshold binge eating disorder we required that participants report at least 12 uncontrollable binge eating episodes/days over a 6-month period (vs. 48 for a threshold diagnosis), report fewer than 6 compensatory behavior episodes, report marked distress about binge eating, and report that binge eating was characterized by 3 or more of the following; rapid eating, eating until uncomfortably full, eating large amounts when not hungry, eating alone due to embarrassment, feeling disgusted, depressed, or guilty after overeating.
The symptom composite showed internal consistency (α = .92), 1-week test-retest reliability (r = .90), sensitivity to detecting intervention effects, and predictive validity for future onset of depression in past studies of adolescent girls and young women (Presnell & Stice, 2003 (link); Stice, Burton, & Shaw, 2004 (link); Stice et al., 2006 (link)). Threshold and subthreshold eating disorder diagnoses have shown 1-week test retest reliability (κ = .96) in a randomly selected subset of 137 participants from studies conducted in our lab and inter-rater agreement (κ = .86) in a randomly selected subset of 149 participants from studies of adolescent girls (Stice, Marti et al., 2008 (link)). In the current trial the symptom composite showed internal consistency (α = .84 at T1), inter-rater agreement (ICC r = .93) for 70 randomly selected participants, and test-retest reliability (ICC r = .95) for 72 randomly selected participants.
Stice E., Rohde P., Gau J, & Shaw H. (2009). An Effectiveness Trial of a Dissonance-Based Eating Disorder Prevention Program for High-Risk Adolescents Girls. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 77(5), 825-834.
Publication 2009
Adolescents, Female Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Diagnosis Eating Disorders Embarrassment Gender Guilt Hunger Hypersensitivity Obesophobia Self-Evaluation Symptom Assessment Woman
2
Psychometric Evaluation of the Zarit Burden Interview
The ZBI consists of 22 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale that ranges from 0 (never) to 4 (nearly always) with the sum of scores ranging between 0–88.9 (link) Higher scores indicate greater burden. A score of 17 or more was considered high burden.9 (link) The ZBI was developed as a unidimensional measure of burden.15 (link)–17 However, two to four dimensions have been reported in the literature (Table 1). Dimensions reported include consequences of caregiving, patient’s dependence, exhaustion and uncertainty, guilt or self-criticism, embarrassment/ anger or frustration, psychological burden and emotional reactions, personal strain, and role strain. The ZBI’s psychometric proprieties have been extensively examined in caregivers of patients with dementia13 ,18 (link)–22 and demonstrate strong evidence for reliability and validity in that population.9 (link) The ZBI has also been examined in caregivers of patients with cancer 23 (link) and brain injury.15 (link) The reported Cronbach’s alpha for the ZBI in caregivers of patients with cancer and dementia ranged between .85 and .93.13 ,19 (link)–23 (link) Evidence for criterion validity of the ZBI has been demonstrated in caregivers of patients with dementia in whom the ZBI was highly correlated with the Burden Assessment Scale.22 Evidence of ZBI construct validity was demonstrated through strong correlations with the General Health Questionnaire-28, an established measure of distress.22
Al-Rawashdeh S.Y., Lennie T.A, & Chung M.L. (2016). Psychometrics of the Zarit Burden Interview in Caregivers of Patients with Heart Failure. The Journal of cardiovascular nursing, 31(6), E21-E28.
Publication 2016
AH 22 Anger Brain Injuries Embarrassment Emotions Frustration Guilt Malignant Neoplasms Patients Presenile Dementia Psychometrics Strains
3
Comprehensive Trauma Exposure Assessment
Twenty-five close-ended questions measured exposure to DSM-IV or DSM-5 Criterion A events. Questions were prefaced by introductory remarks that provided an overview and definition of the types of events that were asked about and encouraged disclosure. For example, the introduction to questions measuring personal experiences of interpersonal violence included the following statement:

Many people tell us they have been victims of interpersonal violence. When we say interpersonal violence, we mean that someone was physically attacked or sexually violated by another person. These situations can be difficult to talk about, and they can happen at any time during your life, even when you are a child. The person committing the violence isn’t always a stranger but can be a parent or other relative, friend, romantic partner, someone else you know well, or even a spouse. These experiences can be extremely stressful and are not always reported to authorities or discussed with others. These things can happen to men as well as women.

Three questions were asked about other events (i.e., other than those they had been asked about in the close-ended questions) that produced physical injuries, fear of being seriously injured or killed, or a potential “other” event defined as “any extraordinarily stressful situation or event other than the ones that I have asked about.” Those who had experienced any of the three other stressful events were asked to provide a written description of that experience. Those responding affirmatively to one or more of the 28 screening questions were asked a series of follow-up questions to determine (a) how many times they had experienced stressful events; (b) which event they experienced first; and (c) if they had experienced multiple events, which one was the worst. For the purpose of these follow-up questions and for subsequent questions regarding PTSD symptom attribution to events, participants were presented with an abbreviated list of 14 event-type categories (representing a summary of major event types assessed using the initial 28-item screen). This included nine event types that would meet Criterion A1 as described in the DSM-IV and Criterion A as defined in the DSM-5 (i.e., accident/fire, disaster, exposure to hazardous chemicals, combat or presence in a warzone, physical or sexual assault, witnessing physical or sexual assault, harm to a family member or close friend due to violence or accident, death of a family member or close friend due to accident or violence, witnessing a dead body or body parts), a 10th event type that would only meet DSM-5 Criterion A (i.e., repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of a traumatic event(s) not including exposure through electronic media, television, movies, or pictures unless this exposure is work-related); an 11th event type that would only meet DSM-IV Criterion A (death of a family member or close friend that was not violent or accidental), and the three other types of stressful events (other events resulting in injury, perceived as potentially life threatening, or perceived as extraordinarily stressful). We combined physical or sexual assault for the purpose of symptom attribution as “direct interpersonal violence,” which has been consistently identified as a class of events most likely to result in PTSD (e.g., Ozer, Best, Lipsey, & Weiss, 2003 (link); Resnick, Kilpatrick, Dansky, Saunders, & Best, 1993 (link)).
Descriptive information was collected about the first event as well as the worst event (if applicable) including age at time of event and whether the participant thought they might be seriously injured or killed, experienced a panic attack during or shortly after the event, and/or experienced emotions of fear, anger, sadness, horror, violation of trust or embarrassment/shame during the event. Endorsement of fear of death or serious injury, experience of panic or other emotions was used to determine whether DSM-IV A2 criterion was met. In summary, the strategy used for assessment of exposure to stressful events was considerably more comprehensive than that typically used in many epidemiological studies, which often use checklists of events with limited introductions or follow-up probes. Therefore, it is likely that the approach used in the National Stressful Events Survey resulted in greater disclosure of traumatic events than would have occurred had a simple checklist of events been used.
Kilpatrick D.G., Resnick H.S., Milanak M.E., Miller M.W., Keyes K.M, & Friedman M.J. (2013). National Estimates of Exposure to Traumatic Events and PTSD Prevalence Using DSM-IV and DSM-5 Criteria. Journal of traumatic stress, 26(5), 537-547.
Publication 2013
Accidents Anger Child Disasters Embarrassment Emotions Family Member Fear Friend Hazardous Chemicals Human Body Injuries Interpersonal Violence Necrophobia Panic Attacks Parent Parts, Body Physical Examination Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Sadness Sexual Assault Shame Speech Spouse Woman Wounds
4
Barriers to Healthcare Checklist Development
Figure 1 outlines the steps used to develop the Long and Short Forms of the Barriers to Healthcare Checklist.
Prior to conducing the survey, we adapted the 46-item “Access Barriers Checklist: Advocates” instrument, a cross-disability measure developed by the Oregon Institute on Development and Disability based on their systematic literature review (Rehabilitation Research Center on Health and Wellness for Persons with Long-term Disabilities, 2008 ). The items—yes/no checklists—were organized under the categories of transportation; availability and access of service or system; insurance; access and accommodation within facilities; social, family, and caregiver support; and individual (e.g. finding the medical system too confusing or fear). We felt many of the items had good face validity, but we were concerned that the language might not be accessible to some autistic individuals and that the items did not address some important autism-related barriers. As a group, the AASPIRE team adapted the items to make them more accessible to autistic participants by clarifying language or sentence structure and adding pop-up definitions for difficult words. We also removed redundant items, added items we felt were important autism-specific barriers—such as sensory discomforts, difficulty identifying symptoms, or concerns about melt-downs—and replaced the single item on communication with a new, more detailed, section of communication-related barriers. We also added “other” options in each section for barriers not listed. The final instrument included in the healthcare survey had 60 potential barriers, as well as six options for “other” (one per category: transportation and access to services; insurance; access and accommodation within facilities; social, family, and caregiver support; individual level; communication).
After data collection, we reduced the pool of 66 barrier items on our healthcare survey to the 41 barriers that were endorsed by 10% or more of participants in any of the three groups (i.e. those items that presented barriers to a non-trivial proportion of participants). To aid with clarity of data analysis and presentation, we qualitatively sorted the 41 barriers into semantically related categories: (1) emotional, (2) executive function, (3) healthcare navigation, (4) provider attitudes, (5) patient-provider communication, (6) sensory, (7) socio-economic, (8) support, and (9) waiting. We consider these 41 items to be the “Barriers to Healthcare Checklist–Long Form” and present results for these items here.
We also wished to create a Short Form version that would be more practical to use in clinical or research settings. We combined functionally redundant items; for example, “Transportation costs too much,” and “I live in rural areas or the doctor’s office is too far away” became, “I do not have a way to get to my doctor’s office.” We also combined items at a low level of granularity into a higher level of granularity or dropped lower granularity items in favor of higher granularity ones; for example, separate items about sensory issues in facilities, sensory issues affecting communication, and sensory issues impacting tests and exams became, “Sensory discomforts (for example, the lights, smells, or sounds) get in the way of my healthcare.” We collapsed some related items into single items; for example, separate items about “fear and anxiety,” “embarrassment,” and “frustration or anger” became a single item “Fear, anxiety, embarrassment, or frustration keeps me from getting primary care.” The final items—the Barriers to Healthcare Checklist–Short Form—are shown with the original items they were derived from in Table 1. We also added an “other: write in” option.
To verify our qualitative item reduction and Short Form creation process, we calculated pairwise correlations between those items we had grouped together to confirm that they were highly correlated with each other (or uncorrelated, for items for which a correlation would be counter-intuitive such as having no insurance and insurance not covering certain services).
Raymaker D.M., McDonald K.E., Ashkenazy E., Gerrity M., Baggs A.M., Kripke C., Hourston S, & Nicolaidis C. (2016). Barriers to healthcare: Instrument development and comparison between autistic adults and adults with and without other disabilities. Autism : the international journal of research and practice, 21(8), 972-984.
Publication 2016
Anger Anxiety Autistic Disorder Cytoplasmic Granules Disabled Persons Embarrassment Emotions Executive Function Fear Feelings Frustration Light Ocular Accommodation Patients Primary Health Care Sense of Smell Sound
5
Growth Mindset Intervention for Youth Mental Health

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Publication 2016
Anxiety Brain Embarrassment Feelings Neuronal Plasticity Sadness Student Youth

Most recents protocols related to «Embarrassment»

1
Lung Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) Protocol
The LCQ consists of 19 items that cover a physical (8 items), mental (7 items), and social (4 items) domains. The physical condition of the patient is inquired through items 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 11, 14, and 15 and refers to symptoms that can be associated with cough, including abdominal/chest pain, the production of sputum, fatigue, sleep disorders, hoarseness and changed performance. In addition, certain situations that trigger the cough are recorded. Items 4, 5, 6, 12, 13, 16, and 17 deal with mental aspects: the ability to control the cough reflex and the emotions associated with the symptoms (fears, embarrassment, discouragement, frustration, and worry) play a role in the question selection. Social effects are covered by questions 7, 8, 18, and 19. In this case, the influence of cough symptoms on everyday situations, relationships with family members and on enjoyment of life is asked [27 (link)].
The 3 domains are evenly distributed across the entire questionnaire. Scores are calculated as a mean of each domain and the total score is calculated by adding every domain score [27 (link)].
Ziller V., Oppermann T.S., Cassel W., Hildebrandt O., Kroidl R.F, & Koehler U. (2023). Chronic cough in postmenopausal women and its associations to climacteric symptoms. BMC Women's Health, 23, 93.
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Publication 2023
Abdomen Abdominal Pain Chest Chest Pain Cough Embarrassment Emotions Fatigue Fear Frustration Hoarseness Patients Physical Examination Pleasure Precipitating Factors Reflex Sleep Disorders Sputum
2
Affect Integration Inventory 2.0 Subscales
The integration type subscales describe the prototypical manners in which individuals relate to various discrete affects, including how they experience and express them. The two integration types operationalized in the AII 2.0 are Driven and Lack of Access, and the scales link each integration type to a discrete affect (e.g., Driven by Anger).
The subscales were not tested in the initial validation of the instrument and are not traditionally available in other procedures for assessing affect integration. They were created by selecting items from the AII 2.0 that theoretically correspond to the relevant integration types. For some affects, there is as little as one item tapping an integration type, whereas for others there are up to five. Additionally, not all the affects have items representing both integration types. Affects with two or more items tapping a given integration type were accepted for inclusion. The scales included in our analyses were the following: Driven by Anger (example item: “I am afraid of losing control over my anger or afraid of what might happen if I get angry”), Lack of Access to Anger (example item: “It is difficult for me to allow myself to feel angry even when I have good reason”), Driven by Guilt (example item: “I feel burdened by too much guilt”), Lack of Access to Guilt (example item: “When I feel guilty about something, I try not to think about it”), Driven by Shame (example item: “Shame and embarrassment cause me to avoid important social contexts”), Lack of Access to Interest (example item: “I feel less interest and excitement than I would like”), and Driven by Jealousy (example item: “When I get jealous, it can grind on and on in my mind without me being able to stop it”).
As the AII 2.0 was developed to measure the broader concept of affect integration, high scores traditionally reflect adaptive functioning and high affect integration. However, the integration types reflect prototypically problematic ways of experiencing affect. Thus, for ease of reading and interpretation, scores have been organized so that high scores on these scales are reflective of increased problem load.
Vølstad A.G., Salas M.I, & Solbakken O.A. (2023). Driven or lacking access: Integration types as a subdimension of the affect consciousness construct. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 968737.
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Publication 2023
Acclimatization Anger Embarrassment Fear Feelings Guilt Jealousy Shame Vaginal Diaphragm
3
Dermatology Life Quality Index
The DLQI was developed to assess people's quality of life. It contained 10 items about the participant's recent feelings and aspects of the disorder. It addressed symptoms (itching, pain, and irritation), emotions (embarrassment, distress, and anger), daily activities (shopping and housework), clothing, social or leisure activities, physical exercise, educational opportunities, sexual behavior, personal relationships (with wife, friends, and relatives), and treatment options.
Mohammed G.F, & Al‐Dhubaibi M.S. (2023). Hybrid high‐ and low‐molecular weight chains of hyaluronan is an effective modality treatment for increasing female sexual satisfaction: An interventional, randomized‐control parallel study. Health Science Reports, 6(3), e870.
Publication 2023
Anger Embarrassment Emotions Feelings Friend Pain Wife
4
Exploring Gendered Power Dynamics in Family Planning
We developed our intervention based on formative research that our team conducted among women, men, and healthcare providers in western Kenya to explore relationship dynamics and gendered power relations within couples related to planning a family and contraceptive use.30–39 (link),6 (link) Our qualitative findings revealed that men’s resistance to their female partner’s use of a contraceptive method was significantly driven by a lack of knowledge, largely stemming from their perceived and experienced exclusion from the “woman’s domain” of FP; and by the belief that limiting family size and using a contraceptive affected their sense of themselves as men and undermined their status and decision-making in families and communities. In particular, contraceptive use was perceived to conflict with masculine norms related to fertility (the expectation that men should father many children), land (the need to bear male children to ensure land inheritance), wealth (the higher social status and impression of wealth conveyed by larger families), and sexuality (the discomfort or embarrassment experienced by men when discussing sex). Additionally, a woman’s contraceptive use was viewed as weakening her male partner’s household and sexual decision-making power. These fears of a loss of masculinity were only intensified by societal changes in gender roles, especially women’s increased contributions to household earnings and decision-making, that removed the typical means of achieving prevailing expectations of manhood. Despite these reservations, men appreciated the financial benefits of smaller families and were concerned about the adverse effects of rapid repeat pregnancy on the health and wellbeing of their female partners and other children. They were also interested in learning more about contraception and in becoming more involved in joint contraceptive decisions.
Newmann S.J., Zakaras J.M., Rocca C.H., Gorrindo P., Ndunyu L., Gitome S., Withers M., Bukusi E.A, & Dworkin S.L. (2023). Transforming masculine norms to improve men’s contraceptive acceptance: results from a pilot intervention with men in western Kenya. Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 31(1), 2170084.
Publication 2023
Bears Child Contraceptive Agents Contraceptive Methods Embarrassment Fear Female Contraception Females Fertility Health Personnel Households Joints Males Masculinity Pattern, Inheritance Pregnancy Woman
5
Evaluating Quality of Life in Pediatric Patients
Due to the young age of our patients, we felt the need to evaluate the quality of life and the social impact of the disorder on the entire family. To this end, we asked the parents of our patients to fill out a questionnaire divided into three sections (13 items) investigating Lifestyle (Scale 1), Depression/Self Perception (Scale 2), and Embarrassment (Scale 3), as shown in Table 2.
Pinto V., Pignatti M., Parente G., Di Salvo N., Contu L, & Lima M. (2023). Role of Autologous Fat Grafting in the Conservative Treatment of Fecal Incontinence in Children. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(4), 1258.
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Publication 2023
Embarrassment Feelings Parent Patients Self-Perception

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More about "Embarrassment"

Embarrassment, a common human experience, is an unpleasant self-conscious emotion characterized by feelings of inadequacy, awkwardness, and social discomfort.
This emotion can be triggered by the perception of having acted in a way that is viewed negatively by others or by oneself, often arising in a variety of social situations such as making a mistake, experiencing a failure, or being the center of unwanted attention.
Overcoming embarrassment can be challenging, but strategies such as practicing self-acceptance, focusing on the present moment, and maintaining a sense of perspective can help individuals manage this experience.
Qualitative research, using tools like NVivo, can provide insights into the subjective experiences of embarrassment, while quantitative methods, such as those employed in SAS, Stata, SPSS, and PASW Statistics, can help researchers analyze the physiological and behavioral aspects of this emotion.
Addressing embarrassment is particularly relevant in research settings, where maintaining accuracy and reproducibility is crucial.
PubCompare.ai's AI-powered platform can assist researchers in locating and comparing protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, helping to identify the best approaches and enhance the quality of their work.
By utilizing cutting-edge technology, researchers can experience the difference in managing embarrassment and improving the overall rigour of their investigations.
One common typo that can occur is the misspelling of 'experience' as 'experince'.