Libido

SCID: the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders of Axis I [5 ] is a semi-structured interview aimed at formulating the main diagnoses covered by Axis I of DSM-IV [6 ].
MDQ: the Mood Disorder Questionnaire [2 (link)-4 (link)] is a self-administered single-page paper and pencil inventory made up of 13 yes/no items derived from both the DSM-IV criteria [6 ] and clinical experience, which assess the macro-area of mood, a lifetime history of a manic or hypomanic syndrome, placing particular emphasis on a marked subjective variation in the dimensions of irritability, activity, sociability, sleep, libido, thoughts, attention, energy, behaviour, etc.
We evaluated the discriminatory capacity (patients with a diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder I or II or Schizoaffective Disorder Bipolar type versus patients with other psychiatric diagnoses or with no psychiatric diagnosis, according to the findings of the SCID) of all 13 items contemplated in the MDQ.
The accuracy of the MDQ questionnaire was calculated in terms of sensitivity and specificity for each theoretically possible cut-off point (number of positive answers). Overall performance of the questionnaire was graphically assessed by means of the Relative Operating Characteristic Analysis [7 ]. The specific accuracy for detecting bipolar II disorders was calculated at best performing cut-off points 4, 5 and 6.

Subjective effects were assessed using visual analog scales (VAS), the short form of the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI), the Evaluation of Subjective Effects of Substances with Abuse Potential questionnaire (VESSPA-SSE), the Sensitivity to Drug Reinforcement Questionnaire (SDRQ), and a pharmacological identification class questionnaire.
VAS allowed participants to rate several adjectives from “not at all” (0 mm) to “extremely” (100 mm) according to their sensations. This instrument contained 31 items, including intensity (any effect), stimulated, high, good effects, bad effects, liking, changes in distances, changes in colors, changes in shapes, changes in lights, hallucinations (seeing lights or spots), hallucinations (seeing things, animals, insects, or people), changes in hearing, hallucinations (hearing sounds or voices), drowsiness, concentration, dizziness, confusion, different or changed body feeling, unreal body feeling, different surroundings, unreal surroundings, open, trust, feeling close to others, I want to be with other people, I want to hug someone, sexual desire, and sexual arousal (Papaseit et al., 2016 (link); Kuypers et al., 2018 (link); Poyatos et al., 2021 (link)).
The ARCI 49-item short form is a validated inventory developed to evaluate the subjective effects of various substances, following five subscales: pentobarbital-chlorpromazine-alcohol group (PCAG) measures sedation, morphine-benzedrine group (MBG) measures euphoria, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) measures dysphoria and somatic symptoms, benzedrine (BG) measures intellectual efficiency and energy, and amphetamine (A) measures amphetamine-like effects (Lamas et al., 1994 (link); Papaseit et al., 2016 (link); Poyatos et al., 2021 (link)).
The standardized VESSPA-SSE questionnaire was used to evaluate the subjective effects of stimulant drugs, such as MDMA. This questionnaire is divided into six subscales that assess sedation (S), psychosomatic anxiety (ANX), changes in perception (CP), pleasure and sociability (SOC), activity and energy (ACT), and psychotic symptoms (PS) (Poudevida et al., 2003 (link); Papaseit et al., 2016 (link); Poyatos et al., 2021 (link)).
In addition, participants completed the SDRQ (Kuypers et al., 2018 (link)), rating “How pleasant was the substance” (drug liking) and “How much you wanted to use it in that moment” (drug wanting) on a scale of 1–5.
In the pharmacological identification class questionnaire, participants were required to select which pharmacological class better described the administered substance. The options included placebo, benzodiazepines (such as diazepam), alcohol, stimulants (such as amphetamine), designer drugs (such as ecstasy), cocaine, hallucinogens (such as LSD), cannabinoids (such as cannabis), ketamine (special K), GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyric acid; liquid ecstasy), and others (Papaseit et al., 2016 (link)).
VAS (except sexual desire and sexual arousal) were performed at baseline and 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 24 h, but scales regarding intensity (any effect), stimulated, high, good effects, bad effects, and liking were also performed at 2.5 h. SDRQ and VAS regarding sexual desire and arousal were performed at baseline and 1 and 10 h. ARCI and VESSPA-SSE were performed at baseline and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h. The pharmacological class identification questionnaire was performed at 8 h. Subjects were evaluated for psychiatric symptoms using the Young Mania Rating Scale at baseline, 0.5, 1, 4, 6, and 24 h after administration.