We developed a questionnaire that initially included 79 items assessing each of the domains through their related key constructs (see Additional file
1 ). Constructs within domains were selected based on conceptual relatedness to the content of the domain (i.e., Knowledge, Procedural knowledge, Skills, Professional role, and Memory); inclusion in relevant theories frequently used in the field of behavior change (and thus ready access to existing items): the Theory of Planned Behavior
[41 (link)] (i.e., Perceived behavioral control, Attitudes, Subjective norm, and Intention) and Social Cognitive Theory
[42 (link)] (i.e., Self-efficacy, Outcome expectancies, and Social support); existence of validated scales (i.e., Optimism, Pessimism, Action planning, Attention, Affect, Stress, Automaticity, and Self-monitoring); and/or relevance to the implementation of PA interventions in routine healthcare by mapping factors resulting from previous research
[43 (link),44 (link)] onto the TDF domains. JP and JMH independently identified that the constructs Reinforcement, Priority, Resources/materials, and Descriptive norm were salient in the previous PA-based research and thus these constructs were also included as construct-indicators of their respective domains.
Items measuring constructs within the domains Knowledge, Beliefs about capabilities, Optimism, Beliefs about consequences, Intentions, Social influences, Emotion, and Behavioral regulation were adapted from previously published questionnaires (i.e.,
[34 (link),35 (link),41 (link),42 (link),45 -53 ]). Given lack of available questionnaires in the literature for some domains, new items were created for the domains Skills, Social/professional role and identity, Reinforcement, and Environmental context and resources. With regard to the domain Goals, items were newly developed for the construct Priority (as none could be located in the literature), while items measuring the construct Action planning were adapted from a previously published questionnaire
[46 (link)]. With regard to the domain Memory, attention, and decision making, items measuring the construct Attention were adapted from a previously published questionnaire
[51 (link)] and items measuring the construct Memory were newly developed. New items were developed based on discussions between JP and JMH. These discussions were informed by the academic literature on the concept and definition of specific domains and constructs, questions to identify behavior change processes as formulated by Michie et al.[31 (link)], and themes emerging from interviews on the implementation of PA interventions
[43 (link)]. WAG and MRC supervised the development of the questionnaire and reviewed items’ face validity.
To develop a questionnaire which could be used by researchers in different fields of implementation research, items were formulated in a generic way using a '[action] in [context, time] with [target]’ construction based on the 'TACT principle’
[38 ], whereby researchers can specify the target, action, context, and time relevant to their research. The questionnaire was developed in English, then translated to Dutch and back-translated to English by an independent translator. The small amount of differences between the original and back-translated version of the questionnaire were discussed and adaptations were made.
[41 (link)] (i.e., Perceived behavioral control, Attitudes, Subjective norm, and Intention) and Social Cognitive Theory
[42 (link)] (i.e., Self-efficacy, Outcome expectancies, and Social support); existence of validated scales (i.e., Optimism, Pessimism, Action planning, Attention, Affect, Stress, Automaticity, and Self-monitoring); and/or relevance to the implementation of PA interventions in routine healthcare by mapping factors resulting from previous research
[43 (link),44 (link)] onto the TDF domains. JP and JMH independently identified that the constructs Reinforcement, Priority, Resources/materials, and Descriptive norm were salient in the previous PA-based research and thus these constructs were also included as construct-indicators of their respective domains.
Items measuring constructs within the domains Knowledge, Beliefs about capabilities, Optimism, Beliefs about consequences, Intentions, Social influences, Emotion, and Behavioral regulation were adapted from previously published questionnaires (i.e.,
[34 (link),35 (link),41 (link),42 (link),45 -53 ]). Given lack of available questionnaires in the literature for some domains, new items were created for the domains Skills, Social/professional role and identity, Reinforcement, and Environmental context and resources. With regard to the domain Goals, items were newly developed for the construct Priority (as none could be located in the literature), while items measuring the construct Action planning were adapted from a previously published questionnaire
[46 (link)]. With regard to the domain Memory, attention, and decision making, items measuring the construct Attention were adapted from a previously published questionnaire
[51 (link)] and items measuring the construct Memory were newly developed. New items were developed based on discussions between JP and JMH. These discussions were informed by the academic literature on the concept and definition of specific domains and constructs, questions to identify behavior change processes as formulated by Michie et al.[31 (link)], and themes emerging from interviews on the implementation of PA interventions
[43 (link)]. WAG and MRC supervised the development of the questionnaire and reviewed items’ face validity.
To develop a questionnaire which could be used by researchers in different fields of implementation research, items were formulated in a generic way using a '[action] in [context, time] with [target]’ construction based on the 'TACT principle’
[38 ], whereby researchers can specify the target, action, context, and time relevant to their research. The questionnaire was developed in English, then translated to Dutch and back-translated to English by an independent translator. The small amount of differences between the original and back-translated version of the questionnaire were discussed and adaptations were made.
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