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Blink Reflexes

Blink Reflexes are a rapid, involuntary closing of the eyelid in response to a sudden stimulus, such as a bright light or a puff of air.
This defensive mechanism protects the eye from potential harm.
The blink reflex is an important tool in neurological assessment, as it can provide insights into the function of the cranial nerves and brainstem.
Studying the blink reflex can also yield valuable information about sensory processing and motor control.
Reasearchers can utilize PubCompare.ai's cutting-edge AI platform to effortlessly locate and compare the most effective protocols for investigating blink reflexes from the literature, preprints, and patents, helping to advance their research with ease.

Most cited protocols related to «Blink Reflexes»

1
Peripheral Facial Paralysis in Wistar Rats
Twenty adult, male, Wistar rats, weighing between 250 and 300g, were used in this study. The animals were kept in a proper room, with light-dark cycles of 12 hours. Housed in proper cages, they had free access to food and water. All the procedures were carried out according to the recommendations from the Ethics Committee in Research of the São Paulo Hospital – Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP)
These rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of 2% Xylazine (0.5ml/kg) and 10% ketamine (0.9ml/kg). After that, the hair from the right side retroauricular region was removed. They were then placed in lateral decubitus and received an injection of xylocaine (it was repeated if necessary) in this region, and then we started the surgical procedure, which resulted in right side peripheral facial paralysis in these animals. The procedure was carried out by two surgeons, through the use of surgical microscopes DF-Vasconcellos M90, with a 200mm lens and 16x magnification. Surgical results were photographed with a 3.2 megapixels Sony Cybershot camera and were standardized.
All the animals were observed as to spontaneous and stimulated facial movements. This assessment was carried out by the same observer, and occurred before the surgery (to rule out facial movement alterations present prior to surgery that could compromise the later assessment), and in alternate days in the postoperative time, during 30 days. The parameters observed were: eye closure, blinking reflex, vibrissae movement and positioning. To do that, each rat was individually evaluated in a cardboard box (37×21×13cm) painted black inside (to better visualize the vibrissae), and as stimulation we used air inflation (a 20 ml syringe) on the animal face to trigger the blinking reflex, and hand clapping (three to four times) to cause vibrissae movement. The left side served as the control side (blinking reflex present with complete eye closure; normal and correctly positioned vibrissae movement). Through this observation we created a scale to assess facial movement in these animals.
de Faria S.D., Testa J.R., Borin A, & Toledo R.N. (2015). Standardization of techniques used in facial nerve section and facial movement evaluation in rats. Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, 72(3), 341-347.
Publication 2006
Adult Animals Blink Reflexes Ethics Committees, Research Face Facial Palsy, Lower Motor Neuron Food Hair Injections, Intraperitoneal Ketamine Lens, Crystalline Males Microscopy Movement Operative Surgical Procedures Precipitating Factors Rats, Wistar Reflex Surgeons Syringes Vibrissae Xylazine Xylocaine
2
Electromyographic Assessment of Startle Responses
EMG data were sampled at 1000 Hz and filtered (30–500Hz). Data were rectified and smoothed with a 20-ms time constant. Startle responses were defined by the peak magnitude of the blink reflex that occurred 20–100 ms after stimulus onset, relative to a 50-ms average baseline that immediately preceded the probe onset. Exclusion of trials based on large baseline artifacts resulted in the removal of less than one percent of trials. For each subject, peak eyeblink magnitudes were T-scored (based on all conditions) and subsequently averaged within each condition. T-score transformation was used to attenuate large inter-individual differences in reflex magnitude. Retrospective subjective ratings were averaged across runs. Performance on trials that preceded or followed shocks, and those that preceded or followed probes were analyzed separately from those that did not contain a probe or shock. Accuracy did not differ as a result of shock or probe administration, and thus all trials were included in the final analysis. Trials where participants did not respond before the next letter appeared on the screen (i.e., within 2500 ms) were omitted. However, omissions were very infrequent and they did not occur systematically across conditions. Performance, startle magnitude, and subjective ratings were analyzed with repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVA), paired-sample t-tests, and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients (two-tailed tests) in order to assess within-subjects effects. Alpha was set at 0.05 for all statistical tests. Greenhouse-Geisser corrections (GG-ε) were used in all repeated-measures ANOVAs involving factors with more than two levels; uncorrected degrees of freedom, corrected p-values, and ε values are reported in these cases.
Vytal K., Cornwell B., Arkin N, & Grillon C. (2012). Describing the interplay between anxiety and cognition: From impaired performance under low cognitive load to reduced anxiety under high load. Psychophysiology, 49(6), 842-852.
Publication 2012
Blinking Blink Reflexes neuro-oncological ventral antigen 2, human Reflex Reflex, Startle Shock
3
Intermittent Binge-like Ethanol Exposure in Adolescent Rats

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Publication 2020
Abdomen Adolescent Adult Animals Blink Reflexes BLOOD Ethanol Food Gases Inhalation Inhalation Exposure polycarbonate Rattus Tail Tube Feeding
4
EMG-Based Startle Reflex Measurement
EMG data were sampled at 1000 Hz, filtered (30–500 Hz), rectified, and smoothed with a 20-ms time constant. Startle responses were defined as the peak magnitude of the eye blink reflex (20–100 ms after stimulus onset) relative to a 50-ms average baseline that immediately preceded the probe onset. Less than one percent of trials was excluded based on large baseline artifacts. T-score transformation was used to attenuate large inter-individual differences in raw reflex magnitude. Peak eye blink magnitudes were T-scored (across all conditions) and averaged within each condition for each subject. For correlation analyses, differential accuracy scores (threat–safe) and differential startle scores (threat–safe) were averaged across 1-back, 2-back, and 3-back blocks, resulting in an aggregate impairment score and aggregate startle potentiation score for each subject. To confirm that accuracy did not differ as a result of shock or probe administration, trials that preceded or followed shocks, and those that preceded or followed probes were analyzed separately. No differences were found and all trials were included in the final analysis. Trials where participants failed to respond before the next stimulus appeared on the screen (i.e., 2500 ms post-stimulus onset) were omitted. However, such omissions were uncommon and unsystematic. A series of binomial tests at the individual level confirmed that all participants included in the final analysis performed above chance. Alpha was set at 0.05 for all statistical tests. Repeated-measures ANOVAs, paired t-tests, and Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were all used to assess statistical significance. Greenhouse–Geisser corrections (GG-ε) were used for repeated-measures ANOVAs that involved factors with three or more levels.
Vytal K.E., Cornwell B.R., Letkiewicz A.M., Arkin N.E, & Grillon C. (2013). The complex interaction between anxiety and cognition: insight from spatial and verbal working memory. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 93.
Publication 2013
Blinking Blink Reflexes neuro-oncological ventral antigen 2, human Reflex Reflex, Startle Shock
5
Startle EMG Conditioning and Generalization
Startle electromyography (EMG) was rectified and smoothed (20-msec moving window average). The onset latency window for the blink reflex was 20–100 msec, and the peak magnitude was determined within 120 msec of response onset. The average baseline EMG level for the 50 msec preceding the startle stimulus was subtracted from peak levels. EMG magnitudes across all phases were standardized using within-subject T score conversions. The size of the conditioned danger cue was not found to interact with the effects of stimulus type across groups for any dependent measure, so this factor was not entered in the final analyses. Acquisition of conditioning was analyzed with a 2×2 (group [patients and comparison subjects] by stimulus [danger cue and safety cue]) analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures. Additionally, generalization effects were analyzed using a 2×6 (group by stimulus type [safety cue, class 1, class 2, class 3, class 4, danger cue]) ANOVA with repeated measures. ANOVAs were computed using Wilks's lambda and were followed, when necessary, by either trend analyses or paired-samples t tests. Quadratic trend analyses were particularly important for testing the shape of generalization gradients, with the a priori hypothesis that patient but not comparison subject gradients would depart from the quadratic function found in healthy humans and intact animals (9 (link)–12 (link)). Alpha was set at 0.05 and was corrected using Hochberg's adjustment for multiple tests where appropriate (18 ). Finally, effect sizes were estimated using the unbiased estimator d (19 ).
Lissek S., Rabin S., Heller R.E., Lukenbaugh D., Geraci M., Pine D.S, & Grillon C. (2009). Overgeneralization of Conditioned Fear as a Pathogenic Marker of Panic Disorder. The American journal of psychiatry, 167(1), 47-55.
Publication 2009
Animals Blink Reflexes Electromyography Generalization, Psychological Homo sapiens neuro-oncological ventral antigen 2, human Patients Safety

Most recents protocols related to «Blink Reflexes»

1
Transcutaneous Median Nerve Stimulation Protocol for Eliciting Blink Reflex
HBR was elicited by transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the right median nerve at the wrist using a bipolar surface electrode (constant current square-wave pulses; DS7A, Digitimer). First, for each participant, we calibrated the stimulus intensity able to elicit a clear blink reflex by increasing the stimulus intensity until a clear and stable HBR was observed in at least five consecutive trials or the participant refused to increase the intensity further (mean stimulus intensities, 23.35 ± 17.48 mA; range, 0.7–75 mA). Stimulus duration was 200 μs and, to minimize habituation, the inter-stimulus interval was ~ 30 s, as described in the literature6 (link)–9 (link),16 (link),51 (link). EMG activity was recorded from the right orbicularis oculi muscle (ipsilateral to the stimulated hand), using a pair of bipolar surface electrodes, with the active electrode placed over the mid lower eyelid and the reference electrode placed laterally to the outer canthus. Signals were amplified and digitized at 10 kHz (BIOPAC system, MP150), and stored for off-line analysis.
Fossataro C., Adenzato M., Bruno M., Fontana E., Garbarini F, & Ardito R.B. (2023). The role of early attachment experiences in modulating defensive peripersonal space. Scientific Reports, 13, 3835.
Publication 2023
Blink Reflexes Eyelids Oculomotor Muscles Pulses Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation Wrist
2
Blink Reflex Evocation and EMG Recording
The subjects were examined in a comfortable supine position and instructed to keep their eyes gently closed. The EMG activity of the orbicularis oculi muscle was recorded by attaching surface electrodes to the subject's skin using a conductive electrode gel. The active electrodes were placed on the lower eyelids, the reference electrodes were placed 2 cm lateral to the outer canthi, and the grounding electrode was placed on the wrist of the left upper limb. Each blink reflex was evoked by electrical stimulation (constant current rectangular pulses with a stimulation duration of 0.2 ms) above the right supraorbital notch percutaneously. The stimulus intensity was 10 times the sensory threshold, defined as the minimum stimulation intensity at which the subject could perceive at least four of eight stimuli.
Hao X., Huang X., Yin X., Wang H.Y., Lu R., Liang Z, & Song C. (2023). Elucidation of the mechanism underlying impaired sensorimotor gating in patients with primary blepharospasm using prepulse inhibition. Frontiers in Neurology, 14, 1105483.
Publication 2023
Blink Reflexes Electric Conductivity Eye Eyelids Lateral Canthus Oculomotor Muscles Pulses Skin Stimulations, Electric Upper Extremity Wrist
3
Prepulse Inhibition of Blink Reflex
Prepulse inhibition was assessed by applying a prepulse stimulus at ISIs of 120 ms (PPI120), 200 ms (PPI200), and 300 ms (PPI300) before the supraorbital nerve stimulation. The choice of ISIs was based on previous studies (18 (link), 25 (link), 26 (link)). The prepulse stimuli (constant current rectangular pulses with a stimulation duration of 0.2 ms) were delivered through ring electrodes attached to the middle and distal phalanges of the right index finger at an intensity two times the sensory threshold.
Four blink reflexes were obtained in each trial. Baseline and prepulse trials were randomly mixed with a 15–25 s interval between every two trials.
Hao X., Huang X., Yin X., Wang H.Y., Lu R., Liang Z, & Song C. (2023). Elucidation of the mechanism underlying impaired sensorimotor gating in patients with primary blepharospasm using prepulse inhibition. Frontiers in Neurology, 14, 1105483.
Publication 2023
Blink Reflexes Bones of Fingers Nervousness Prepulse Inhibition Pulses
4
Tumor Tissue Collection and Preservation
All the animals were sacrificed on day 30 using an intraperitoneal injection of 0.1 mL sodium pentobarbital (60 mg/Kg) to induce anesthetic death. The confirmation of death in the euthanized animals was verified by evaluating the pedal and blink reflexes. The tumors were obtained from all of the mice. A fragment of the tumor was immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and was preserved at −80 °C for further molecular analysis. Additionally, the remaining specimen of the tumor was immersed in an alcohol-formol bath to be thereafter embedded in paraffin as previously described [38 (link),40 (link),45 (link),53 (link)].
Pérez-Peiró M., Valentí-Serra P., León-González B., Ampurdanés C., Duran X., Yélamos J, & Barreiro E. (2023). Attenuation of Tumor Burden in Response to Rucaparib in Lung Adenocarcinoma: The Contribution of Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, and DNA Damage. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(3), 2580.
Publication 2023
Anesthetics Animals Bath Blink Reflexes Ethanol Foot Formol Freezing Injections, Intraperitoneal Mus Neoplasms Nitrogen Paraffin Embedding Pentobarbital Sodium
5
Blink Reflex Measurement Protocol
Subjects were seated in a chair and instructed to gaze at a fixed point 1.5 m in front of them with their eyes open. Blink reflexes were recorded from the orbicularis muscles using a single-axis accelerometer (8 × 8 × 4 mm; MPS110, Medi Sens) placed on the central part of the lower eyelid. The analog filter was set at 1–250 Hz. Signals were amplified and stored in an electromyography (EMG)/EP measuring system (MEB-2300, Nihon Kohden) at a sampling rate of 10,000 Hz. The analysis window was 60 ms before to 240 ms after stimulation in Exp 2, and 40 ms before to 160 ms after the onset of stimulation in other experiments. Each response was fully rectified and averaged across a block. The prestimulus baseline was subtracted, and then the area under the curves (AUCs) at 15–40 ms was calculated as the R1 response. For the auditory startle reflex in Exp 2, AUC at 50–120 ms was calculated. Because SON stimulation with a long trial–trial interval elicits ipsilateral R1 followed by bilateral later components, R2 and sometimes R3, the later components were evaluated using an AUC at 60–100 ms in Exp 4 and Exp 5. Although the R2 component starts at ∼30 ms with a duration of ∼30 ms on EMGs (Kugelberg, 1952 (link); Aramideh and Ongerboer de Visser, 2002 (link)), we selected a 60–100 ms analysis period because eyelid movement because of the R1 component appears to continue up to ∼60 ms [Fig. 1 (see also Fig. 3)]. The R2 and R3 components were not distinguishable in the present study, and therefore, the later component analyzed at this latency was referred to as the late blink reflex (LateR).
Inui K., Itoh Y., Bayasgalan B., Shingaki M., Taniguchi T., Motomura E, & Kida T. (2023). Target Site of Prepulse Inhibition of the Trigeminal Blink Reflex in Humans. The Journal of Neuroscience, 43(2), 261-269.
Publication 2023
Auditory Perception Blink Reflexes Electromyography Epistropheus Eye Eyelids Movement Muscle Tissue Reflex, Startle Scalp-Ear-Nipple Syndrome Tandem Mass Spectrometry

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More about "Blink Reflexes"

Blink Reflexes, also known as the Corneal Reflex or Palpebral Reflex, are a rapid, involuntary closing of the eyelid in response to a sudden stimulus, such as a bright light, a puff of air, or a touch to the eye.
This defensive mechanism helps protect the delicate eye from potential harm.
The blink reflex is an important tool in neurological assessment, as it can provide insights into the function of the cranial nerves and brainstem.
Studying the blink reflex can also yield valuable information about sensory processing and motor control.
Researchers can utilize PubCompare.ai's cutting-edge AI platform to effortlessly locate and compare the most effective protocols for investigating blink reflexes from the literature, preprints, and patents, helping to advance their research with ease.
This includes accessing various animal models, such as Male Sprague-Dawley rats, and employing techniques like the MP150 system, Ketamine and Xylazine anesthesia, FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum), VetStat Electrolyte and Blood Gas Analyzer, InteliVue MP50 monitor, HD-X11 grip strength meter, and 1027 CSX Motor activity monitoring system.
By leveraging PubCompare.ai's AI-powered comparisons, researchers can uncover the most effective methods and products to advance their blink reflex studies with greater efficiency and ease.