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> Physiology > Organ or Tissue Function > Bone Conduction

Bone Conduction

Bone Conduction refers to the transmission of sound waves through the bones of the skull, bypassing the external ear and middle ear structures.
This method of sound perception is utilized in various medical and assistive technologies, such as hearing aids and communication devices for individuals with hearing impairments.
The bone conduction process involves the vibration of the bones, which directly stimulate the inner ear and allow for the perception of sound.
This innovative approach to audio transmission enhances accessibility and can improve the quality of life for those with certain types of hearing loss.
Researching and optimizing bone conduction protocols is crucial for advancing these life-changing technologies and ensuring their efficeincy and effectiveness.

Most cited protocols related to «Bone Conduction»

1
Collaborative Hearing Impairment Study
The collection of subjects was a collaborative effort of nine expert audiological centers from seven European countries: two from Belgium (Antwerp, Ghent), two from Finland (Tampere, Oulu), one from The Netherlands (Nijmegen), one from Germany (Tübingen), one from Denmark (Copenhagen), one from Italy (Padua), and one from the UK (Cardiff). To collect study subjects, the audiological centers used three different recruitment strategies: (1) A clinic-based sample, whereby subjects are collected through the regular influx of patients visiting an audiological or ENT clinic. As this strategy tends to recruit an excess of people with poor hearing, the spouses of the recruited subjects were asked to join the study. (2) A population-based sample, whereby subjects were collected via advertisements in local media or through local population registers and letters of invitation. (3) A mixed strategy, whereby part of the samples was population-based and the remaining part was clinic-based. The nine sample sets collected by the audiological centers are hereafter referred to as subsamples.
To make each subpopulation ethnically homogeneous, we requested that at least three out of the four grandparents originated from the same region as the study subject. An effort was made to collect an approximately equal number of males and females and to have a uniform age distribution. All responding subjects underwent clinical examination and otoscopy and completed a detailed questionnaire on medical history and exposure to environmental risk factors. The complete questionnaire is available upon request. A list of all questions and answers used in this paper is provided in Supplementary Table 4. Subjects with ear diseases, possible monogenic forms of hearing impairment, or other major pathologies with a possible influence on hearing were excluded. The main goal was to study hearing impairment in healthy subjects and, therefore, persons with multiple hospitalizations were excluded. The complete list of exclusion criteria was previously reported (Van Eyken et al. 2006 (link)). In subjects passing the medical exclusion criteria, audiometric thresholds were determined for air conduction (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 kHz) and bone conduction (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz) according to current clinical standards (ISO 8253). We excluded subjects with asymmetrical hearing loss (between-ear difference in air conduction threshold larger than 20 dB for at least two frequencies out of 0.5, 1, and 2 kHz). In case only one of the ears showed conductive hearing loss (air–bone gap of 15 dB or more at 0.5, 1, and 2 kHz) and in the absence of other exclusion criteria, the other ear could be included.
Research was approved by the ethical committees of the institutions connected to each research center: University of Antwerp, University Hospital of Antwerp, University of Oulu, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Bispebjerg Hospital Copenhagen, University of Tübingen, University Hospital Padova, Cardiff University, University Hospital of Ghent, University of Tampere, and University of Bonn. All persons gave their informed consent before inclusion in this study.
Fransen E., Topsakal V., Hendrickx J.J., Van Laer L., Huyghe J.R., Van Eyken E., Lemkens N., Hannula S., Mäki-Torkko E., Jensen M., Demeester K., Tropitzsch A., Bonaconsa A., Mazzoli M., Espeso A., Verbruggen K., Huyghe J., Huygen P.L., Kunst S., Manninen M., Diaz-Lacava A., Steffens M., Wienker T.F., Pyykkö I., Cremers C.W., Kremer H., Dhooge I., Stephens D., Orzan E., Pfister M., Bille M., Parving A., Sorri M., Van de Heyning P, & Van Camp G. (2008). Occupational Noise, Smoking, and a High Body Mass Index are Risk Factors for Age-related Hearing Impairment and Moderate Alcohol Consumption is Protective: A European Population-based Multicenter Study. JARO: Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, 9(3), 264-276.
Publication 2008
Audiometry Bone Conduction Bones Conductive Hearing Loss Ear Diseases Electric Conductivity Environmental Exposure Europeans Females Grandparent Healthy Volunteers Hearing Impairment Hospitalization Males Otoscopy Patients Physical Examination Population Group
2
Diagnostic Criteria for Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence
The work presented here is part of an ongoing project to develop an international classification of vestibular disorders (ICVD). The ICVD uses a structured process to develop consensus diagnostic criteria for vestibular symptoms and disorders. The process of establishing criteria is overseen by the Classification Committee of the Bárány Society. For each diagnostic category, an international team of content experts from multiple disciplines is established to propose initial criteria based on the best available scientific evidence. For SCDS, the initial diagnostic criteria were based on the clinical findings in patients who were found to have a dehiscence in the bone overlying the superior semicircular canal and the improvement in both symptoms and signs in patients who had undergone surgical plugging or resurfacing of the superior semicircular canal as therapy. The initial criteria were proposed and circulated to the subcommittee members in February, 2017. Comments were gathered and synthesized with modified criteria presented in Munich to the Classification Committee on March 11, 2017 for tentative approval. The definitions presented here are supported by a process of discussion and refinement as established by the classification committee for the ICVD. The criteria presented below have been carefully considered to account for broad applicability to the international community of otolaryngologists, physical therapists, neurophysiologists, audiologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons and neurotologists who may be seeing patients with this syndrome.
The diagnosis of superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome requires all of the following criteria:

At least 1 of the following symptoms consistent with the presence of a ‘third mobile window’ in the inner ear:

Bone conduction hyperacusis1

Sound-induced vertigo and/or oscillopsia time-locked to the stimulus2

Pressure-induced vertigo and/or oscillopsia time-locked to the stimulus3

Pulsatile tinnitus

At least 1 of the following signs or diagnostic tests indicating a ‘third mobile window’ in the inner ear:

Nystagmus characteristic of excitation or inhibition of the affected superior semicircular canal evoked by sound, or by changes in middle ear pressure or intracranial pressure4

Low-frequency negative bone conduction thresholds on pure tone audiometry5

Enhanced VEMP responses (low cervical VEMP thresholds or high ocular VEMP amplitudes)6

High resolution temporal bone CT imaging with multiplanar reconstruction demonstrating dehiscence of the superior semicircular canal7

Not better accounted for by another vestibular disease or disorder

Ward B.K., van de Berg R., van Rompaey V., Bisdorff A., Hullar T.E., Welgampola M.S, & Carey J.P. (2021). Superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome: Diagnostic criteria consensus document of the committee for the classification of vestibular disorders of the Bárány Society. Journal of Vestibular Research, 31(3), 131-141.
Publication 2021
Anemia, Sickle Cell Audiologist Bone Conduction Bones Diagnosis Eye Labyrinth Middle Ear Neck Neurologists Neurosurgeon Otolaryngologist Pathologic Nystagmus Patients Physical Therapist Pressure Psychological Inhibition Semicircular Canals Signs and Symptoms Sound Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence Syndrome Temporal Bone Tests, Diagnostic Therapeutics Vertigo Vestibular Diseases Vestibular Labyrinth
3
Comprehensive Audiological Evaluation and Ototoxicity Monitoring
Various audiological testing methods were used to assess hearing dependent upon the patient’s age, cognitive and developmental abilities, and level of cooperation. Tympanometry was reviewed to determine the integrity of the conductive mechanism at the time of testing. Pure-tone air conduction thresholds were evaluated at frequencies 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 kHz in decibel (dB) hearing level (HL). Pure tone bone conduction thresholds were assessed at frequencies 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 kHz to determine the nature of the hearing impairment (i.e., conductive, sensorineural, or mixed). Click and tone-burst auditory brainstem response (ABR), auditory steady-state response, and/or distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) measurements were evaluated on patients who were unable to participate in conventional audiometric testing due to young age, cognitive or developmental delay, or lack of cooperation. The ototoxicity monitoring schedule consisted of an evaluation at the following time points: baseline (occurred within 2 weeks of initiation of radiation therapy), prior to each high dose cisplatin chemotherapy cycle, and at 9, 12, 15, and 24 months following diagnosis. Audiometric data from St. Jude and the nine collaborative sites were reviewed and assigned an ototoxicity grade by a single research audiologist at St. Jude (JKB). Each audiological evaluation was given an ototoxicity grade based on the Chang Ototoxicity Grading Scale [20 (link)] and the International Society of Pediatric Oncology Ototoxicity Scale (Table I) [1 (link)]. The latest audiometric evaluation that occurred between 5.5–24 months from on-treatment date was used for the analysis.
Bass J.K., Huang J., Onar-Thomas A., Chang K.W., Bhagat S.P., Chintagumpala M., Bartels U., Gururangan S., Hassall T., Heath J.A., McCowage G., Cohn R.J., Fisher M.J., Robinson G., Broniscer A., Gajjar A, & Gurney J.G. (2013). Concordance between the Chang and the International Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) ototoxicity grading scales in patients treated with cisplatin for medulloblastoma. Pediatric blood & cancer, 61(4), 601-605.
Publication 2013
Audiologist Audiometry Auditory Brainstem Responses Bone Conduction Cisplatin Cognition Diagnosis Electric Conductivity Hearing Hearing Impairment Neoplasms Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous Ototoxicity Patients Pharmacotherapy Radiotherapy Tympanometry
4
TMS-EEG and EMG Recording Methodology
TEPs were recorded with a 60-channel TMS-compatible amplifier (Nexstim Ltd.), that prevents amplifier saturation and reduces, or abolishes, the magnetic artefacts induced by the coil’s discharge [38 (link)]. The EEG signals were bandpass-filtered 0.1–350 Hz, sampled at 1450 Hz and referenced to an additional forehead electrode. Horizontal and vertical eye movements were recorded using two additional electrooculogram (EOG) sensors. Impedances at all electrodes were kept < 5 kΩ. As in previous studies, a masking noise capturing the specific time-varying frequency components of the TMS click was played via earphones throughout the entire TMS/EEG sessions to avoid contamination of the EEG signal by auditory potentials evoked [6 (link),18 (link),37 (link)]. The volume of the masking noise (always below 90dB) was increased until the subjects reported that the TMS click was not perceptible and was kept constant across stimulation sessions. The noise masking was interrupted during the inter-sessions intervals without removing the earplugs. Moreover, bone conduction was attenuated by placing a thin layer of foam between coil and scalp [39 (link)].
A 6-channel eXimia electromyography (EMG) system (3000 Hz sampling rate and 500 Hz cutoff for low-pass filtering) was used to record MEPs. Ag-AgCl self-adhesive electrodes were placed over the right APB muscle according to the belly–tendon montage [40 ].
Fecchio M., Pigorini A., Comanducci A., Sarasso S., Casarotto S., Premoli I., Derchi C.C., Mazza A., Russo S., Resta F., Ferrarelli F., Mariotti M., Ziemann U., Massimini M, & Rosanova M. (2017). The spectral features of EEG responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex depend on the amplitude of the motor evoked potentials. PLoS ONE, 12(9), e0184910.
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Publication 2017
Auditory Perception Bone Conduction CTSL protein, human Earplugs Electromyography Electrooculograms Eye Movements Forehead Impedance, Electric Muscle Tissue Patient Discharge Scalp Tendons tetraethylpyrazine
5
Comprehensive Clinical Assessment of Usher Syndrome
A total of 188 probands and 456 family members (parents and sibs) were collected and studied as part of the UK NCUS. The protocol of the study adhered to the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki and had multicentre research ethics approval granted for recruitment through Moorfields Eye Hospital, Great Ormond Street Hospital (who both also approved the study), the support organisation Sense, or as self-referrals. Informed consent to the study was obtained from all participants.
Patients were classified as Usher type I (USH1), II (USH2), III (USH3) or atypical based on ophthalmologic, audiometric and vestibular tests. Control DNA cohorts consisted of 381 unrelated UK blood donors (European Collection of Cell Cultures, ECCAC), 48 CEPH control DNAs (Caucasian, Utah, USA), and 57 individuals of Pakistani origin (courtesy of Professor Eamonn R Maher, Birmingham, UK).
Ophthalmic examination was performed in all affected individuals to confirm the presence of RP and included best corrected visual acuities, slit lamp biomicroscopy, colour vision testing with Hardy-Rand-Rittler colour plates, and Goldmann perimetry using the V4e, II4e and I4e targets. Retinal imaging with digital colour fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (6mm scans centred on the fovea; Stratus OCT3; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, California, USA) and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging (HRA, Heidelberg, Germany) was also performed. Pattern and full field electroretinograms (ERGs) were performed in some cases using international standards.24 (link)
25 (link)
Audiologic evaluation included pure tone audiometry, tympanometry, stapedial reflex measurement, transient evoked otoacoustic emission recordings, and auditory brain stem evoked response recording using standard protocol.26–31 Subjective pure tone air and bone conduction thresholds were determined at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 kHz using a GSI 61 audiometer (Guymark, Cradley Heath, UK), TDH39 supra aural earphones (Sennheiser UK, Ltd, High Wycombe, UK), and the British Society of Audiology recommended procedure. Audiometric descriptors of mild, moderate, severe, and profound hearing loss were calculated according to the British Society of Audiology descriptors. Vestibular function was evaluated with infrared video nystagmography, a rotary chair system (Neurokinetics, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA), and vestibulo-ocular reflex responses.30 (link) Binaural bithermal caloric testing with water was undertaken using the British Society of Audiology recommended protocol (http://www.thebsa.org.uk/docs/RecPro/CTP.pdf),29 (link) and the departmental normative data for peak slow component velocity were used to determine normality. Canal paresis (>17%) and directional preponderance (>16%) were calculated according to Jongkees formulae,32 (link) and vestibular hypofunction was defined by total eye velocity <78°/s. All parameters were defined by departmental normative data. Bilateral horizontal semicircular canal function was assessed using sinusoidal (60° peak velocity and 0.05 Hz) and step rotation testing (acceleration, 0°–60°/s constant velocity in <1 s). A gain of either <0.23 in test or time constant of <8 s on impulsive rotation was considered vestibular hypofunction.
Le Quesne Stabej P., Saihan Z., Rangesh N., Steele-Stallard H.B., Ambrose J., Coffey A., Emmerson J., Haralambous E., Hughes Y., Steel K.P., Luxon L.M., Webster A.R, & Bitner-Glindzicz M. (2011). Comprehensive sequence analysis of nine Usher syndrome genes in the UK National Collaborative Usher Study. Journal of Medical Genetics, 49(1), 27-36.
Publication 2011
Acceleration Acoustic Evoked Brain Stem Potentials Audiometry Audiometry, Pure-Tone Bone Conduction Caucasoid Races Cell Culture Techniques DNA Donor, Blood Ear Electroretinography Europeans Family Member Fingers Hearing Impairment Impulsive Behavior Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous Parent Paresis Patients Perimetry POU5F1 protein, human Pulp Canals Radionuclide Imaging Reflex, Acoustic Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular Reproduction Retina Semicircular Canals Sinusoidal Beds Slit Lamp Examination Tomography, Optical Coherence Transients Tympanometry Usher Syndrome, Type III Vestibular Labyrinth Visual Acuity

Most recents protocols related to «Bone Conduction»

1
Measuring Pure-Tone Audiometry Thresholds
Pure-tone audiometry (PTA) parameters were measured using a US GSI-61 (Ear Diagnostics Inc., Manila, Philippines) audiometer and analyzed. Bone conduction thresholds and air conduction thresholds were obtained at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz. The air-bone gaps and average pure-tone threshold were calculated.
Yang L., Chen P., Liu Y., Yang J, & Zhao S. (2023). Clinical manifestations and treatment strategies for congenital aural atresia with temporomandibular joint retroposition: a retrospective study of 30 patients. Journal of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, 52, 24.
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Publication 2023
Audiometry, Pure-Tone Bone Conduction Bones Diagnosis Electric Conductivity
2
Audiometric Assessment of Hearing Loss
Patients were tested upon discharge and 60 days after discharge. Patients underwent pure-tone audiometry at the frequencies 0.125–8 kHz. Both air conduction and bone conduction were measured (Madsen Astera 2 Clinical Audiometer). The pure-tone average (PTA) was calculated as the average of the thresholds at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz. In case of a conductive hearing loss, bone conduction was applied. Hearing was classified in each ear as no hearing loss (≤20 dB HL), mild (21–40 dB HL), moderate (41–55 dB HL), moderately severe (56–70 dB HL), severe (71–90 dB HL), or profound (> 90 dB HL) [24 (link)]. The PTA of each patient was compared with PTA from an age- and sex-matched normative data set provided by ISO-7029 [30 ].
Jensen E.S., Cayé-Thomasen P., Bodilsen J., Nielsen H., Friis-Hansen L., Christensen T., Christiansen M., Kirchmann M, & Brandt C.T. (2023). Hearing Loss in Bacterial Meningitis Revisited—Evolution and Recovery. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 10(3), ofad056.
Publication 2023
Audiometry, Pure-Tone Bone Conduction Conductive Hearing Loss Electric Conductivity Hearing Impairment Patient Discharge Patients
3
Comprehensive Audiological Evaluation Protocol
Pure-tone audiometry was performed over the frequency range of 125–8,000 Hz for air-conduction (AC) and 250–4,000 Hz for bone-conduction (BC) in a soundproof room using standard clinical procedures, once normal status of tympanic membranes and external auditory meatus was ascertained on micro-otoscopic examination. Appropriate masking was used for BC testing and, when needed, for AC. The pure tone average (PTA) was calculated as the average of the BC thresholds of the four most impaired contiguous frequencies. Morphologies of audiometries were categorized as low-frequency, high-frequency or flat-type depending on the most affected tones. Audiometries were also classified according to the HL severity in four categories: “mild” (PTA ≤ 40 dB), “moderate” (PTA >40 and ≤ 70 dB), “severe” (PTA >70 and ≤ 90 dB) and “profound/anacusis” (PTA > 90 dB). In case of anacusis, PTA of 120 dB was assigned for statistical purposes. Standard tympanometry with a 226 Hz probe tone and ipsi/contralateral acoustic reflexes were administered to all patients. Speech audiometry with lists of disyllabic words was imparted on both ears to assess the words recognition score (WRS).
Castellucci A., Botti C., Delmonte S., Bettini M., Lusetti F., Brizzi P., Ruberto R., Gamberini L., Martellucci S., Malara P., Armato E., Renna L., Ghidini A, & Bianchin G. (2023). Vestibular assessment in sudden sensorineural hearing loss: Role in the prediction of hearing outcome and in the early detection of vascular and hydropic pathomechanisms. Frontiers in Neurology, 14, 1127008.
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Publication 2023
Audiometry Audiometry, Pure-Tone Audiometry, Speech Bone Conduction Ear Electric Conductivity External Auditory Canals Otoscopy Patients Reflex, Acoustic Tympanic Membrane Tympanometry
4
Modeling Otosclerosis Hearing Loss
Most material properties of the full-head model were identical to those in the previous study, except for the cortical and cancellous bones (diploë) in Figure 1A (Kim et al., 2014; Chang et al., 2016 (link); Lim et al., 2021 (link)). In the previous studies, the Young’s modulus values of the cortical and cancellous bones were somewhat lower in the range of reference, i.e., 8 and 0.4 GPa, respectively, so that the model would have consistent promontory accelerance and best frequency (BF) map with the reference (Lim et al., 2021 (link)). However, the Young’s moduli for the skull were tuned to 20 GPa and 200 MPa to satisfy the Carhart’s notch in this study (Carhart, 1950 (link)). In other words, the cortical bone having a Young’s modulus of 8 GPa cannot show hearing loss at around 1–2 kHz for bone conduction (BC), which is clinically observed in patients with otosclerosis. Based on the changes in the Young’s moduli for the skull, the promontory accelerance (i.e., acceleration divided by input force), BF map, and BC hearing loss from the otosclerosis condition were recalculated for model validation, as shown in the “Results” section. Furthermore, the detailed material properties of head and auditory periphery models are summarized in Tables 2, 3, respectively (Kim et al., 2014 (link); Chang et al., 2016 (link); Lim et al., 2020 (link), 2021 (link)).
Lim J., Goo W., Kang D.W., Oh S.H, & Kim N. (2023). Effect of closing material on hearing rehabilitation in stapedectomy and stapedotomy: A finite element analysis. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 17, 1064890.
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Publication 2023
Acceleration Bone Conduction Bone Diseases Cancellous Bone Compact Bone Cortex, Cerebral Cranium Head Hearing Hearing Impairment Otosclerosis Patients
5
Audiological Assessment Protocol for Pediatric Oncology
Audiological assessments were performed by the same team of doctors and audiologists. All patients underwent at least an annual evaluation. In patients with hearing loss, the evaluation was carried out every six months. All audiological assessments included otoscopy and tympanometry, as well as acoustic reflex measurements in order to exclude middle ear pathology (Grason Stadler, Eden Prairie, MN, USA). The pure tone air conduction thresholds were evaluated at frequencies of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 kHz in hearing at the decibels level (dB HL). Pure tone bone conduction thresholds were evaluated at frequencies of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz to determine the type of hearing damage (i.e., conductive, sensorineural, or mixed). Visual reinforcement audiometry was performed in a calibrated sound field or via earphones for children from 6 to 30 months of age. In a sound field, the results reflect hearing in the best ear, if there is a difference in hearing between the ears. In general, frequencies at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz were obtained when visual reinforcement audiometry was used to measure hearing. Conditional play audiometry (train show) was used for children to be able to cooperate (from 30 months to 5 years). Standard pure tone audiometry was used for older children (>5 years) under standard conditions using an Amplaid 319 audiometer (Amplaid Inc., Milan, Italy) in a double-walled and soundproofed room for conventional testing frequency ranges from 0.25 to 8 kHz (see www.asha.organization/politics, accessed on 17 December 2022). The audiological recordings were reviewed and classified according to the SIOP (International Society of Pediatric Oncology) Boston Ototoxicity Scale (grade 0–4). Consequently, with our protocol [18 (link)], when a child was diagnosed with SIOP grade >2 ototoxicity, administration of cisplatin was switched to carboplatin. Progressive hearing loss was been reported in children who presented any SIOP grade >0 at the end of treatment and that progressed in the subsequent follow-ups, while the children who developed an SIOP grade >0 after the end of treatment were referred to as having late onset hearing loss.
Romano A., Rivetti S., Brigato F., Mastrangelo S., Attinà G., Maurizi P., Galli J., Fetoni A.R, & Ruggiero A. (2023). Early and Long-Term Ototoxicity Noted in Children Due to Platinum Compounds: Prevalence and Risk Factors. Biomedicines, 11(2), 261.
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Publication 2023
Audiologist Audiometry Audiometry, Pure-Tone Bone Conduction Carboplatin Child Cisplatin Ear Electric Conductivity Hearing Impairment Middle Ear Neoplasms Otoscopy Ototoxicity Patients Physicians Reflex, Acoustic Reinforcement, Psychological Sound Tympanometry

Top products related to «Bone Conduction»

1
Gsi 61 by Grason-Stadler
Sourced in United States, Denmark
The GSI 61 is a diagnostic instrument designed for audiometric testing. It is capable of performing a variety of audiological assessments, including pure-tone audiometry, speech audiometry, and immittance testing. The GSI 61 provides clinicians with the necessary tools to evaluate hearing function and aid in the diagnosis of hearing-related disorders.
2
Ac40 audiometer by Interacoustics
Sourced in Denmark
The AC40 audiometer is a diagnostic instrument designed to measure hearing thresholds. It provides pure-tone, speech, and special tests for comprehensive audiological assessments.
3
Gsi 61 audiometer by Grason-Stadler
Sourced in United States
The GSI 61 is a diagnostic audiometer designed for comprehensive hearing assessments. It provides pure-tone, speech, and special tests to evaluate auditory function. The device offers a range of features and capabilities for clinical and research applications.
4
Gsi tympstar by Grason-Stadler
Sourced in United States
The GSI Tympstar is a middle-ear analyzer used for the assessment of middle-ear function. It measures tympanometry and acoustic reflex thresholds.
5
Ac40 clinical audiometer by Interacoustics
Sourced in Denmark
The AC40 is a clinical audiometer designed for comprehensive hearing assessments. It provides essential functionality for conducting pure-tone and speech audiometry, enabling healthcare professionals to evaluate an individual's hearing abilities.
6
Hda 300 headphones by Sennheiser
Sourced in Germany, Denmark
The HDA 300 headphones are professional-grade audio devices designed for laboratory and research environments. They feature closed-back circumaural design, with high-quality transducers and robust construction, providing reliable sound reproduction for critical listening applications.
7
Gsi 61 clinical audiometer by Grason-Stadler
Sourced in United States
The GSI 61 Clinical Audiometer is a device designed for conducting comprehensive audiometric evaluations. It is capable of performing pure-tone air and bone conduction tests, speech audiometry, and other advanced diagnostic procedures. The GSI 61 offers a range of features and functionalities to facilitate efficient and accurate hearing assessments in a clinical setting.
8
Gsi audiostar pro by Grason-Stadler
Sourced in United States
The GSI Audiostar Pro is a computer-based audiometric device designed for comprehensive hearing evaluations. It provides a platform for conducting pure-tone, speech, and other specialized audiometric tests. The device offers a user-friendly interface and advanced features to facilitate the assessment of hearing function.
9
Unity pc audiometer by Sennheiser
Sourced in United Kingdom
The Sennheiser Unity PC audiometer is a professional-grade device designed for conducting hearing assessments. It provides accurate and reliable measurements of an individual's hearing thresholds, which are essential for diagnosing and monitoring hearing-related conditions. The Unity PC audiometer is suitable for use in clinical settings, research laboratories, and other professional environments where precise hearing evaluation is required.
10
At235 by Interacoustics
Sourced in Denmark
The AT235 is a clinical tympanometer and reflex analyzer designed for comprehensive middle ear assessment. It measures tympanometry and acoustic reflex thresholds to evaluate middle ear function.

More about "Bone Conduction"

Bone Conduction (BC) is an innovative approach to audio transmission that involves the direct stimulation of the inner ear through the vibration of the skull bones.
This method of sound perception is utilized in various medical and assistive technologies, such as hearing aids, communication devices, and audio equipment designed for individuals with hearing impairments.
The bone conduction process bypasses the external and middle ear structures, allowing sound waves to be transmitted directly to the cochlea, enabling those with certain types of hearing loss to perceive audio input.
This technique enhances accessibility and can significantly improve the quality of life for people with hearing difficulties.
Researchers and developers are continuously exploring and optimizing bone conduction protocols to advance these life-changing technologies.
The GSI 61 audiometer, AC40 audiometer, GSI Tympstar, AC40 clinical audiometer, HDA 300 headphones, GSI 61 Clinical Audiometer, GSI Audiostar Pro, Unity PC audiometer, and AT235 are some of the specialized equipment and tools used in the research and development of bone conduction-based solutions.
By understanding the principles of bone conduction and leveraging the insights gained from related technologies, researchers and engineers can create more efficient and effective bone conduction-based products and services, ultimately enhancing the lives of those with hearing impairments.