The present studies sought to (1) identify hubs within the human cerebral cortex, (2) determine the stability of hubs across subject groups and task states, and (3) explore whether the locations of hubs correlated with one component of AD pathology (Aβ deposition). The basic analytic strategy was to compute an estimate of the functional connectivity of each voxel within the brain. Regions showing a high degree of connectivity across participants were considered candidate hubs. Our primary measure of connectivity -- degree centrality or degree -- was defined as the number of voxels across the brain that showed strong correlation with the target voxel. Using this procedure, a map of candidate hubs was computed for an average of 24 participants (Data Set 1) and replicated in a second group of 24 participants (Data Set 2). Data Sets 1 and 2 were acquired while participants fixated on a cross-hair. As the results will reveal, the locations of cortical hubs were highly similar between participant groups. To explore in more detail the connectivity patterns of the identified hubs, we employed seed-based and formal network analyses on the combined data set (n=48). To explore whether the identified hubs reflect a stable property of cortex or were task dependent, maps of hubs were estimated in a third group of 12 participants (Data Set 3) that varied the task performed during data collection (passive visual fixation versus continuous task performance). Similar hubs were present across task states. To provide a consensus estimate of the locations of cortical hubs, the data across 127 participants were combined. The consensus estimate was compared to a map of Aβ deposition in early-stage AD obtained using PiB positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to explore whether hub regions are preferentially associated with the locations of Aβ accumulation. To aid visualization, all image maps were projected on to the left and right cerebral hemispheres of the inflated PALS surface using Caret software (Van Essen, 2005 (link)).
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Fixation, Ocular
Fixation, Ocular
Fixation, Ocular refers to the process of maintaining visual gaze on a specific point or object.
This oculomotor function is essential for stable visual perception, as it allows the eyes to remain focused on a target of interest despite head or body movements.
Ocular fixation involves the coordinated action of the extraocular muscles, which work to adjust the position of the eyes and maintain visual alignment.
This process is crucial for tasks such as reading, object recognition, and visual scene exploration.
Disruptions in ocular fixation can lead to visual disturbances and impact various aspects of visual-motor performance.
Reserch in this area focuses on understaanding the neurological mechanisms underlying fixation, as well as developing methods to assess and enhance this oculomotor capactiy.
This oculomotor function is essential for stable visual perception, as it allows the eyes to remain focused on a target of interest despite head or body movements.
Ocular fixation involves the coordinated action of the extraocular muscles, which work to adjust the position of the eyes and maintain visual alignment.
This process is crucial for tasks such as reading, object recognition, and visual scene exploration.
Disruptions in ocular fixation can lead to visual disturbances and impact various aspects of visual-motor performance.
Reserch in this area focuses on understaanding the neurological mechanisms underlying fixation, as well as developing methods to assess and enhance this oculomotor capactiy.
Most cited protocols related to «Fixation, Ocular»
Brain
Cerebral Hemisphere, Right
Cortex, Cerebral
Fixation, Ocular
Hair
Homo sapiens
Microtubule-Associated Proteins
Papillon-Lefevre Disease
Task Performance
Six observers, ages 24–36, with normal or corrected-to-normal vision, participated in this study, after providing written informed consent. The study was approved by the Vanderbilt University Institutional Review Board.
The main study consisted of three fMRI experiments. The working memory experiment involved delayed discrimination of one of two randomly cued orientations (Fig. 1a ). Sine-wave gratings were centrally presented at ~25° or ~115° orientation (radius 5°, contrast 20%, spatial frequency 1 cpd, randomized phase). The unattended gratings experiment required participants to report whenever a “J” or “K” appeared within a sequence of centrally presented letters (4 letters/second, performance accuracy 87.3%) while task-irrelevant gratings flashed on or off every 250 ms during each 16-second stimulus block. Gratings were identical to those used in the working memory experiment, but presented at lower contrast (4%) to elicit weaker visual responses, as might be expected during working memory. The visual-field localizer experiment consisted of blocked presentations of flickering random dots (dot size, 0.2°; display rate, 10 images/second), presented within an annulus of 1-4° eccentricity. This smaller window was used to minimize selection of retinotopic regions corresponding to the edges of the grating stimuli. Observers were instructed to maintain fixation on a central bull’s eye throughout every experiment. Participants completed 8-10 working memory runs (32-40 trials per orientation), 4-5 unattended grating runs (28-35 blocks per orientation), and 2 visual-field localizer runs.
Scanning was performed using a 3.0-Tesla Philips Intera Achieva MRI scanner at the Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science. We used gradient-echo echoplanar T2*-weighted imaging (TR, 2000 ms; TE 35 ms; flip angle, 80°; 28 slices, voxel size, 3 × 3 × 3 mm) to obtain functional images of the entire occipital lobe, as well as posterior parietal and temporal regions. Participants used a bite bar system to minimize head motion.
The main study consisted of three fMRI experiments. The working memory experiment involved delayed discrimination of one of two randomly cued orientations (
Scanning was performed using a 3.0-Tesla Philips Intera Achieva MRI scanner at the Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science. We used gradient-echo echoplanar T2*-weighted imaging (TR, 2000 ms; TE 35 ms; flip angle, 80°; 28 slices, voxel size, 3 × 3 × 3 mm) to obtain functional images of the entire occipital lobe, as well as posterior parietal and temporal regions. Participants used a bite bar system to minimize head motion.
Cattle
Dental Occlusion
Discrimination, Psychology
ECHO protocol
Ethics Committees, Research
Fixation, Ocular
fMRI
Head
Memory, Short-Term
Occipital Lobe
Radius
Short Interspersed Nucleotide Elements
Temporal Lobe
Allegra
Fixation, Ocular
fMRI
Healthy Volunteers
Results were obtained using continuous, dual-wavelength intrinsic-signal optical imaging and electrode recording in two monkeys engaged in either visual fixation tasks or auditory control tasks. Standard alert-monkey optical imaging techniques24 (link) were used to record the intrinsic cortical signal, continuously, through a clear silicone artificial dura and glass-fronted recording chamber implanted over the animals' V1. The primary innovation here consisted of our using two imaging wavelengths. Two arrays of fast, high-intensity LEDs at the two wavelengths (530 nm, 605 nm) were switched on and off alternately in synchrony with the camera, thus illuminating the brain surface alternately with each wavelength on successive camera frames (15 frames / sec). The illumination alternated much faster than typical hæmodynamic signal time scales giving, in effect, simultaneous optical imaging at both wavelengths at 7.5 frames / sec. Increased absorption (darkening) at 530 nm indicated an increase in total hæmoglobin, i.e. ‘blood volume.’ Increased absorption at 605 nm primarily indicated an increase in deoxyhæmoglobin, from a combination of increased deoxygenation and blood volume.
For thedark-room fixation task: in a completely dark room, with a mask covering even the stimulus presentation monitor, the animal was cued to fixate or relax by the colour of a fixation point visible through a pinhole in the mask (size 1-2 arc min), typically switching between equiluminant green (‘fixate’) and red (‘relax’). We dark-adapted alongside the animal to confirm that nothing else was visible. Control experiments confirmed that the trial-related signal was independent of the brightness (range: 10x), colour and size (range: 25x in area) of the fixation point.
All experimental procedures were performed in accordance with the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUC) of Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute.
For the
All experimental procedures were performed in accordance with the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUC) of Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute.
Animals
Animals, Laboratory
Auditory Perception
Blood Volume
Brain
Chambers, Anterior
Cortex, Cerebral
Dura Mater
Fixation, Ocular
Hemoglobin
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees
Lighting
Monkeys
Reading Frames
Silicones
The study was approved by the Kanton Zurich ethics committee. All subjects, patients and controls were informed about the aim and the scope of the study and all gave written informed consent according to the declaration of Helsinki. Subjects were seated in a dimly lit room shielded against sound and stray electric fields and were video-monitored. All EEGs were acquired in the morning between 9 and 12 in order to exclude an impact of circadian factors on the EEG. Recording sessions of patients and controls followed an interleaved schedule and the recording apparatus was continuously calibrated. Subjects refrained from caffeinated beverages on the day of recording to avoid a caffeine-induced theta decrease in EEG [44 (link)]. Since drowsiness may result in enhanced theta power, the vigilance of subjects was checked by monitoring EEG parameters, such as slowing of the alpha rhythm or appearance of spindles. In addition, at the end of the recording, subjects were asked if they were awake during the whole recording session. Within each session, spontaneous EEG was recorded under two conditions: while subjects rested with their eyes closed, and while they rested with their eyes open. EEG was recorded for 5 min under each condition. Before each recording, subjects were instructed to assume a comfortable position in a chair. They placed their head on a chin-rest in order to minimize head-movements. For EC condition, subjects were instructed to place their fingers on their eyelids to reduce rolling eye movements and to relax but to stay awake. For eyes open condition, subjects were requested to keep eyes open and to maintain gaze on a fixation mark on the wall of the recording chamber. EEG signals were measured using 60 Ag/AgCl surface electrodes, which were fixed in a cap at the standard positions according to the extended 10-20 system (Easycap, Herrsching, Germany). During recording, electrode CPz served as reference. Impedances were below 5 kΩ in all electrodes processed in the further analysis. We used two additional bipolar electrode channels as eye and electromyogram (EMG) monitors. EEG signals were registered using the SynAmps EEG system (Neuroscan Compumedics, Houston, TX, 0.017 uV precision, sampling rate 250 Hz, 0.3-100 Hz analog band pass filter, -12 dB/octave) and continuously viewed on a PC monitor.
Alpha Rhythm
Beverages
Caffeine
Chin
Electricity
Electromyography
Ethics Committees
Eyelids
Eye Movements
Fingers
Fixation, Ocular
Head
Head Movements
Impedance, Electric
Patients
Somnolence
Sound
Wakefulness
Most recents protocols related to «Fixation, Ocular»
The structural image was obtained using a voxel size of 0.7 mm isotropic [TR/TE = 2100/3.13 ms, field of view (FoV) = 230 × 230 × 165 mm3]. Functional imaging data for both the flickering checkerboard task and the resting-state data were obtained from 24 axial slices (interleaved acquisition in descending order, spanning the whole brain) using a twofold multiband-accelerated echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence with a voxel size of 1.5 × 1.5 × 2 mm3 (TR/TE = 1000/38 ms, FoV = 144 × 144 × 58 mm3, flip angle = 61°, 20% slice gap). The functional flickering checkerboard task consisted of 134 volumes, the resting-state scans were at least 6 min (360 volumes), and at most 8 min long (480 volumes), depending on the dog´s capability to lie still for such a prolonged time, without visual input beyond a fixation cross. The structural image was obtained using a voxel size of 0.7 mm isotropic (TR/TE = 2100/3.13 ms, FoV = 230 × 230 × 165 mm3). Images in these three modalities were acquired in separate sessions. Note that imaging parameters were chosen to be identical for both coils, so that possible differences in image quality could not be attributed to differences in imaging parameters. We used a Siemens Magnetom Skyra with a field strength of 3 Tesla for all measurements.
Brain
Fixation, Ocular
Radionuclide Imaging
To track eye movements, we used a Tobii X120 eye-tracking device and Tobii Studio 3.4.8 software (Tobii AB, Sweden). The device tracks eye movements by tracking the reflection of the image from the cornea. The corneal reflection is generated by infrared emitters on the front of the device that create IR light patterns that are then reflected off the cornea. The device contains a camera that is sensitive to IR light and monitors each movement and fixation of the eye based on the reflection of IR light from the cornea (Tobii Pro, 2017 ).
Before the measurements, each participant had 5 min to adapt to the lighting conditions in the test room and to perform a nine-point screen-based calibration of the device. We used an LCD screen with a resolution of 2,400 × 1900 pixels (pixel size 0.27 mm) and a refresh rate of 60 Hz.
Before the measurements, each participant had 5 min to adapt to the lighting conditions in the test room and to perform a nine-point screen-based calibration of the device. We used an LCD screen with a resolution of 2,400 × 1900 pixels (pixel size 0.27 mm) and a refresh rate of 60 Hz.
Cornea
Corneal Reflexes
Eye Movements
Fixation, Ocular
Medical Devices
Movement
Reflex
As previously reported (Luppi et al., 2019 (link)), 71 DOC patients were recruited from specialised long-term care centres from January 2010 to December 2015. Ethical approval for this study was provided by the National Research Ethics Service (National Health Service, UK; LREC reference 99/391). Patients were eligible to be recruited in the study if they had a diagnosis of chronic disorder of consciousness, provided that written informed consent to participation was provided by their legal representative, and provided that the patients could be transported to Addenbrooke's Hospital (Cambridge, UK). The exclusion criteria included any medical condition that made it unsafe for the patient to participate, according to clinical personnel blinded to the specific aims of the study; or any reason that made a patient unsuitable to enter the MRI scanner environment (e.g., non-MRI-safe implants). Patients were also excluded based on significant pre-existing mental health problems, or insufficient fluency in the English language prior to their injury. After admission to Addenbrooke's Hospital, each patient underwent clinical and neuroimaging testing, spending a total of five days in the hospital (including arrival and departure days). Neuroimaging scanning took place at the Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre (Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK), and medication prescribed to each patient was maintained during scanning.
For each day of admission, Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R) assessments were recorded at least daily. Patients whose behavioural responses were not indicative of awareness at any time, were classified as UWS. In contrast, patients were classified as being in a minimally conscious state (MCS) if they provided behavioural evidence of simple automatic motor reactions (e.g., scratching, pulling the bed sheet), visual fixation and pursuit, or localisation to noxious stimulation. Since this study focused on whole-brain properties, coverage of most of the brain was required, and we followed the same criteria as in our previous studies (Luppi et al., 2019 (link), 2022b (link)): before analysis took place, patients were systematically excluded if an expert neuroanatomist blinded to diagnosis judged that they displayed excessive focal brain damage (over one third of one hemisphere), or if brain damage led to suboptimal segmentation and normalisation, or due to excessive head motion in the MRI scanner (exceeding 3 mm translation or 3° rotation). A total of 22 adults (14 males; 17–70 years; mean time post injury: 13 months) meeting diagnostic criteria for unresponsive wakefulness syndrome/vegetative state (UWS; N = 10) or minimally conscious state (MCS; N = 12) due to brain injury were included in this study (Table 1 ). One patient only had functional data due to incomplete DWI acquisition.Table 1
For each day of admission, Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R) assessments were recorded at least daily. Patients whose behavioural responses were not indicative of awareness at any time, were classified as UWS. In contrast, patients were classified as being in a minimally conscious state (MCS) if they provided behavioural evidence of simple automatic motor reactions (e.g., scratching, pulling the bed sheet), visual fixation and pursuit, or localisation to noxious stimulation. Since this study focused on whole-brain properties, coverage of most of the brain was required, and we followed the same criteria as in our previous studies (Luppi et al., 2019 (link), 2022b (link)): before analysis took place, patients were systematically excluded if an expert neuroanatomist blinded to diagnosis judged that they displayed excessive focal brain damage (over one third of one hemisphere), or if brain damage led to suboptimal segmentation and normalisation, or due to excessive head motion in the MRI scanner (exceeding 3 mm translation or 3° rotation). A total of 22 adults (14 males; 17–70 years; mean time post injury: 13 months) meeting diagnostic criteria for unresponsive wakefulness syndrome/vegetative state (UWS; N = 10) or minimally conscious state (MCS; N = 12) due to brain injury were included in this study (
Demographic information for patients with Disorders of Consciousness.
| Sex | Age | Aetiology | Diagnosis | CRS-R Score | Scan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | 46 | TBI | UWS | 6 | 12 dir |
| M | 57 | TBI | MCS | 12 | 12 dir |
| M | 46 | TBI | MCS | 10 | Not available |
| M | 35 | Anoxic | UWS | 8 | 12 dir |
| M | 17 | Anoxic | UWS | 8 | 12 dir |
| F | 31 | Anoxic | MCS | 10 | 12 dir |
| F | 38 | TBI | MCS | 11 | 12 dir |
| M | 29 | TBI | MCS | 10 | 63 dir |
| M | 23 | TBI | MCS | 7 | 63 dir |
| F | 70 | Cerebral bleed | MCS | 9 | 63 dir |
| F | 30 | Anoxic | MCS | 9 | 63 dir |
| F | 36 | Anoxic | UWS | 8 | 63 dir |
| M | 22 | Anoxic | UWS | 7 | 63 dir |
| M | 40 | Anoxic | UWS | 7 | 63 dir |
| F | 62 | Anoxic | UWS | 7 | 63 dir |
| M | 46 | Anoxic | UWS | 5 | 63 dir |
| M | 21 | TBI | MCS | 11 | 63 dir |
| M | 67 | TBI | MCS | 11 | 63 dir |
| F | 55 | Hypoxia | UWS | 7 | 63 dir |
| M | 28 | TBI | MCS | 8 | 63 dir |
| M | 22 | TBI | MCS | 10 | 63 dir |
| F | 28 | ADEM | UWS | 6 | 63 dir |
CRS-R, Coma Recovery Scale-Revised; UWS, Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome; MCS, Minimally Conscious State; TBI, Traumatic Brain Injury.
Adult
Awareness
Brain
Brain Injuries
Brain Injuries, Focal
Comatose
Consciousness Disorders
Diagnosis
Fixation, Ocular
Head
Health Services, National
Injuries
Long-Term Care
Males
Mental Health
Minimally Conscious State
Patients
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Syndrome
Traumatic Brain Injury
Vegetative State
Wakefulness
Fundus scans of the optic disc area were performed on all subjects using a 6 mm × 6 mm 3D Disc mode in Triton OCTA (Topcan, Tokyo, Japan) (Liu et al., 2020 (link)). The choroid was automatically stratified using OCTA software, and the measurement partitions were divided into four quadrants (S, Superior; I, Inperior; N, Nasal; T, Temporal) according to the diagonal of the two quadrants by the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) (Figure 1 ). The exclusion criteria for OCTA examination were signal intensity index <40 and images with severe artifacts due to poor eye fixation.
Choroid
Diabetic Retinopathy
Fixation, Ocular
Nose
Optic Disk
Radionuclide Imaging
The oddball paradigm is one of the commonly used paradigms in ERP experiments. It refers to the random presentation of two stimuli of the same sensory channel in an experiment, and the probability of occurrence of the two stimuli is very different. The high-probability stimulus is called the standard stimulus, which is the background of the whole experiment. The low-probability stimulus is called deviant stimulus. The probability of the deviant stimulus is around 20% and the probability of the standard stimulus is around 80%. If the subject is asked to respond to the deviant stimulus, the deviant stimulus becomes the target stimulus at this time.![]()
1 . The experiment was divided into four groups, and each participant completed all four groups of experiments.
At the beginning of the experiment, an indicating interface was presented (Fig.2 ) which defines target stimulus and standard stimulus in each group. After participants confirmed that they remembered the difference between target stimulus and standard stimulus, they pressed the blank space key to enter the next step. The target stimulus and the standard stimulus will randomly appear in the middle of the screen. Each group of experimental target stimulus randomly appears 40 times (the probability is 0.2), the standard stimulus appears 160 times (the probability is 0.8), and the stimulus presentation time is 1000 ms. Subjects were asked to click the left mouse button as soon as they see the target stimulus. When the standard stimulus appeared, subjects will not need to make any response. From last stimulus disappear until next stimulus present, time interval length was 500ms. During this period, subjects were asked to gaze at the fixation cross presented in the middle of the screen.
Since the difference between the target stimulus and standard stimulus will directly affect P3b and P2 amplitude, each group of the experimental target stimulus and standard stimulus was different. To directly compare and analyze interface A and B, interface C and D, we exchanged the target and standard stimulus of the first and the third group, and set up the second and the fourth group of experimental. Table1 shows the stimulus in each group.
The stimulus was presented in the center of the DELL P2314H LCD display on a black background with a refresh rate of 60 fps. We used psychology software E-prime 2.0 to control the presentation of the stimuli. The eyes of the subjects were fixed 70 cm away from the monitor. The horizontal and vertical angles of the stimulus relative to the subject’s field of view were both less than .
Indicating interface in the experiment. Target stimulus means that when subjects see the interface, they should click the left mouse button as soon as possible. Standard stimulus means that subjects do not have to react when they see the interface. The interface is only used as instruction at the beginning, and the corresponding text information will not appear during the experiment
At the beginning of the experiment, an indicating interface was presented (Fig.
Since the difference between the target stimulus and standard stimulus will directly affect P3b and P2 amplitude, each group of the experimental target stimulus and standard stimulus was different. To directly compare and analyze interface A and B, interface C and D, we exchanged the target and standard stimulus of the first and the third group, and set up the second and the fourth group of experimental. Table
The stimulus was presented in the center of the DELL P2314H LCD display on a black background with a refresh rate of 60 fps. We used psychology software E-prime 2.0 to control the presentation of the stimuli. The eyes of the subjects were fixed 70 cm away from the monitor. The horizontal and vertical angles of the stimulus relative to the subject’s field of view were both less than .
Standard stimulus and target stimulus in each group
| Standard stimulus | Target stimulus | |
|---|---|---|
| First group | A | B |
| Second group | B | A |
| Third group | C | D |
| Fourth group | D | C |
Eye
Fatigue
Fixation, Ocular
Head
Mus
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The EyeLink 1000 is a high-performance eye tracker that provides precise and accurate eye movement data. It is capable of recording monocular or binocular eye position at sampling rates up to 2000 Hz. The system uses infrared illumination and video-based eye tracking technology to capture eye movements. The EyeLink 1000 is designed for use in a variety of research applications, including cognitive science, psychology, and human-computer interaction studies.
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Crude trypsin is a digestive enzyme derived from bovine pancreas. It functions to catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds, specifically those involving the carboxyl group of lysine or arginine residues.
More about "Fixation, Ocular"
Ocular fixation, visual gaze stabilization, oculomotor function, extraocular muscle coordination, visual perception stability, reading and object recognition, visual scene exploration, neurological mechanisms of fixation, assessment and enhancement of fixation capabilities.
Related terms and technologies: EyeLink 1000, MATLAB, Magnetom Tim Trio, EyeLink 1000 Plus, Presentation software, Tobii Pro Lab, E-Prime, EyeLink II, EyeLink 1000 system, Crude trypsin.
Ocular fixation is the process of maintaining visual focus on a specific point or object, facilitated by the coordinated action of the extraocular muscles.
This function is essential for stable visual perception, allowing the eyes to remain focused on a target of interest despite head or body movements.
Disruptions in ocular fixation can lead to visual disturbances and impact various aspects of visual-motor performance.
Research in this area focuses on understanding the neurological mechanisms underlying fixation, as well as developing methods to assess and enhance this oculomotor capacity.
Leveraging AI-powered comparisons, tools like PubCompare.ai can help researchers locate the most reproducible and effective protocols and products for their ocular fixation studies, enabling data-driven decision making and advancing this field of research.
Related terms and technologies: EyeLink 1000, MATLAB, Magnetom Tim Trio, EyeLink 1000 Plus, Presentation software, Tobii Pro Lab, E-Prime, EyeLink II, EyeLink 1000 system, Crude trypsin.
Ocular fixation is the process of maintaining visual focus on a specific point or object, facilitated by the coordinated action of the extraocular muscles.
This function is essential for stable visual perception, allowing the eyes to remain focused on a target of interest despite head or body movements.
Disruptions in ocular fixation can lead to visual disturbances and impact various aspects of visual-motor performance.
Research in this area focuses on understanding the neurological mechanisms underlying fixation, as well as developing methods to assess and enhance this oculomotor capacity.
Leveraging AI-powered comparisons, tools like PubCompare.ai can help researchers locate the most reproducible and effective protocols and products for their ocular fixation studies, enabling data-driven decision making and advancing this field of research.