Cellular Immunity
This response is directed against foreign pathogens and may also be involved in autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection.
Cellular immunity is distinct from the humoral immunity mediated by antibodies.
Most cited protocols related to «Cellular Immunity»
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· During these visits, a detailed questionnaire collects data about the circumstances of possible exposure to influenza viruses and the chronology of symptoms (if any) in all subjects. Nasal swabs are collected from all subjects. A stool sample and a throat swab are also collected from subjects with ILI, as well as a blood sample from those over 10 years of age. Moreover, a self-swab procedure is previously sent to the households in order to collect virological samples when a visit by a nurse within the first 48 h is not possible. Nasal swabs are used to identify various respiratory viruses by PCR and biochips allowing for multiple diagnosis tests.
· This series of three visits can occur several times in the same household during an influenza season. There were 23 ILI alerts during the 2009–2010 season (as households were still being included) and 143 during the 2010-2011 season, all of which triggered up to three ILI visits.
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Most recents protocols related to «Cellular Immunity»
Example 11
MPV.10.34.d IRC Effectiveness in Human Assays
While the in vitro functional test results of the above experiments were promising, the next desired step in the analysis was to perform similar experiments in human-based assays. To this end, the response of mock human cellular immune system components to tumor cells exposed to MPV.10.34.d IRC was examined in vitro. Human CMV (HCMV) was selected for this study since human CMV is highly prevalent (infecting 50-90% of the human population) and mostly asymptomatic in healthy individuals. (See, Longmate et al., Immunogenetics, 52(3-4):165-73, 2001; Pardieck et al., F1000Res, 7, 2018; and van den Berg et al., Med. Microbiol. Immunol., 208(3-4):365-373, 2019). Importantly, HCMV establishes a life-long persistent infection that requires long-lived cellular immunity to prevent disease. Hence, it is rational to hypothesize that a complex adaptive cell-mediated anti-viral immunity developed over many years to strongly control a viral infection in an aging person can be repurposed and harnessed to treat cancer.
In these experiments, CD8+ T cell responses to CMV peptides were tested in three different human tumor cell lines, including HCT116, OVCAR3, and MCF7. All three of these human tumor cell lines are HLA-A*0201 positive.
In vitro cytotoxicity assays. HTC112, human colon cancer cells, MCF7, human breast cancer cells, and OVCAR3, human ovarian cancer cells (all from ATCC, Manassas, VA, US) were seeded overnight at 0.01 to 0.2×106 per well per 100 μL per 96 well plate. The next day (about 20 to 22 hrs later), each cell line was incubated for one hour at 37° C. under the following conditions: (1) CMV peptide at a final concentration of 1 μg/mL (positive control), (2) MPV.10.34.d at a final concentration of 2.5 μg/mL (negative control), (3) CMV-conjugated MPV.10.34.d IRC at a final concentration of 2.5 μg/mL, (4) CMV-conjugated HPV16 IRC at a final concentration of 2.5 μg/mL, and (5) no antigen (negative control). After 1 hour, the cells were washed vigorously with 200 μL of media for three times to remove non-specific binding. Human patient donor CMV T cells (ASTARTE Biologics, Seattle, WA, US) were added at the E:T (effector cell:target cell) ratio of 10:1 and incubated in a tissue culture incubator for 24 hrs at 37 C, 5% CO2. The total final volume of each sample after co-culture was 200 μL. Cell viability was measured after co-culturing. Cell viability was measured with CELLTITER-GLO® (Promega, Madison, WI, US). This assay provides a luciferase-expressing chemical probe that detects and binds to ATP, a marker of cell viability. The amount of ATP generated from tumor cells was quantified according to manufacturer protocols. In these assays, reduced luciferase activity indicates cell death and suggests greater immune redirection and greater cytotoxicity.
The results are provided in
Eligible participants were randomly allocated to the Ad5-nCoV group or the Placebo group, in a 3:1 ratio, by an independent statistician using a validated system including a pseudorandom number generator with a seed value; allocation used block randomisation and stratification by study site. Neither the investigators nor participants were aware of the group assignment. Investigators were trained to use the centralised interactive web response system that was used for randomisation. Randomisation codes were kept by authorised personnel from the responsible contracted organisation.
The Safety Analysis Set included all randomised participants who received a dose of the vaccine and was used to provide the disposition of study participants. Results for immunogenicity analyses are presented for the full analysis set (
T-cell mediated immune response to SARS-CoV-2 was determined using the T-SPOT SARS-CoV-2 (Oxford Immunotec) according to the manufacturer´s instructions. Immune response to spike protein (
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More about "Cellular Immunity"
These specialized cells play a vital role in defending the body against foreign pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi.
T cells are produced in the thymus and can be further classified into different subtypes, such as CD4+ T helper cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells.
CD4+ T cells help coordinate the overall immune response, while CD8+ T cells directly attack and destroy infected or cancerous cells.
The process of Cellular Immunity involves the recognition of foreign antigens by T cells, which then proliferate and release various cytokines and other effector molecules.
These substances can activate other immune cells, such as macrophages and natural killer cells, to help eliminate the threat.
Cellular Immunity is distinct from Humoral Immunity, which is mediated by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes.
While Humoral Immunity focuses on neutralizing extracellular pathogens, Cellular Immunity is primarily responsible for targeting and destroying intracellular pathogens and abnormal cells.
Researchers often utilize tools and techniques like the Cytomics™ FC500 series instrument, Isotonic azide-free solution, Concanavalin A, QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2, RPMI 1640 medium, Trucount tubes, Histopaque-1077, and Quan-T-Cell ELISA to study and analyze various aspects of Cellular Immunity, including T cell phenotyping, activation, and function.
Understanding the complex mechanisms of Cellular Immunity is crucial for the development of effective therapies and interventions for a wide range of diseases, including autoimmune disorders, transplant rejection, and cancer.
By harnessing the power of Cellular Immunity, researchers and clinicians can work towards improving patient outcomes and advancing the field of immunology.