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> Physiology > Organism Function > Chewing

Chewing

Chewing is the process of breaking down food in the mouth through the action of the teeth and jaws.
It is an essential step in the digestion of food, helping to physically break down larger particles into smaller pieces that can be more easily swallowed and processed by the gastrointestinal system.
Chewing also stimulates the production of saliva, which contains enzymes and other compounds that begin the chemical breakdown of food.
Proper chewing is important for maintaining good oral health and ensuring optimal nutrient absorption.
Reseachers studying chewing behavior and its physiological impacts can utilize PubCompare.ai to easily locate and compare relevant research protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents, streamlining their chewing resesearch eforts.
Experience the future of chewing research today with PubComapre.ai!

Most cited protocols related to «Chewing»

1
Development and Validation of Health Literacy Survey
The results of the pre-test, field test and expert consultations, respectively, were pooled and evaluated by a sub-group within the HLS-EU consortium (KS, JP, SvdB, ZS, GD) supplemented with input from the collaborative partner (RO). Items that did not fit well within the conceptual model and rationale of the questionnaire or which did not have direct or indirect relevance to the twelve sub-domains were eliminated. Items that were only indirectly associated to the rationale of the questionnaire were combined with other items. Proposed objective items such as questions related to concrete knowledge were discharged due to cultural discrepancies among the participating countries. Instead, it was decided only to include self-reporting items, similar to the practice of Chew et al. [27 (link)]. Hence, the format of all items was changed from ‘statements’ to ‘questions’, and their formulation standardized so that all would assess the difficulty of a specific health relevant task, i.e.: “On a scale from very difficult to very easy, how easy would you say it is to …followed by the question to be answered on a Likert-type scale ranging from “very easy”, “easy”, “difficult” or “very difficult”. An answer category was added as “I don’t know”, which was only to be used by the interviewer. While it was ensured that the reformulated items stayed true to the original content, some new items were added, although not tested, to replace items that had been eliminated during the ‘culling’. This procedure resulted in a pre-final version of the questionnaire
Sørensen K., Van den Broucke S., Pelikan J.M., Fullam J., Doyle G., Slonska Z., Kondilis B., Stoffels V., Osborne R.H, & Brand H. (2013). Measuring health literacy in populations: illuminating the design and development process of the European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q). BMC Public Health, 13, 948.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2013
Chewing Interviewers
2
Enzymatic Repair of Ancient DNA Fragments
Oligonucleotides designed to simulate typical ancient DNA fragments were ordered from Sigma-Aldrich. Each ∼60 bp double-stranded oligonucleotide (A–D, Figure 2) was created by mixing the constituent ssDNA oligonucleotides together to a concentration of 50 μM each, heating to 95°C for 10 s and ramp cooling at 0.5°C s−1 to 25°C. Oligonucleotides were diluted to 5 μM and purified with QIAGEN MinElute spin columns to remove salts left over from oligonucleotide synthesis.

Predicted activity of UDG and endoVIII in 454 library preparation of ancient DNA. T4 PNK phosphorylates 5′-ends leaving 5′-phosphate groups. UDG removes uracils, which are concentrated in short 5′- and 3′-overhangs in ancient DNA, leaving abasic sites. EndoVIII then cleaves on both sides of the abasic sites, leaving 5′- and 3′-phosphate groups. T4 polymerase fills in remaining 5′-overhangs and chews back 3′-overhangs, possibly aided by the 3′-phosphatase activity of PNK. Blunt-end ligation and fill-in of sequencing adaptors can then take place.

Demonstration of UDG/endoVIII repair on synthetic oligonucleotides. 1 μg of each of four synthetic double-stranded oligos A-D (top) was subjected to 454 adaptor ligation after enzymatic repair in four conditions: (1 (link)) Incubation with PNK followed by addition of T4 polymerase; (2 (link)) PNK and UDG followed by T4 polymerase; (3 (link)) PNK, UDG and endoVIII followed by T4 polymerase; (4 (link)) UDG and endoVIII followed by T4 polymerase (i.e. no PNK). Products were first visualized on agarose gels (middle). The first lane on each gel after the ladder is the untreated oligo. Major bands in the other lanes correspond to the unligated oligos (62–67 bp), the oligos plus one 44-base adaptor and the oligos plus two 44-base adaptors. For some products higher weight bands are visible that probably indicate end-to-end chimeras of the oligos and adaptors. The cause of the faint, diffuse bands seen between 150 and 200 bp in the untreated oligos are unknown but may be artifacts of oligo synthesis. Ligated products were also quantified by qPCR without (dark brown) or with (light brown) prior incubation with UDG. The products marked a and b were sequenced directly on the 454 platform (bottom).

Briggs A.W., Stenzel U., Meyer M., Krause J., Kircher M, & Pääbo S. (2009). Removal of deaminated cytosines and detection of in vivo methylation in ancient DNA. Nucleic Acids Research, 38(6), e87.
Publication 2009
2',5'-oligoadenylate Anabolism Chewing Chimera COOL-1 protein, human DNA, Ancient DNA, Single-Stranded DNA Library Enzymes Ligation Light Oligonucleotides Phosphates Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases Salts Sepharose Syncope Uracil Vision
3
Single-cell RNA-seq library preparation
Library preparation and sequencing steps follow the same steps as in the DropSeq method (version 3.1 dated 28 December 2015, http://mccarrolllab.com/dropseq/) (17 (link)) and SeqWell method (23 (link)) where composition of buffers, sequence of primers used, and protocol steps are described in extended detail. Briefly, the beads were first washed with 6× SSC twice after retrieval, and the captured mRNA was reverse-transcribed using Maxima H Minus reverse transcriptase (ThermoFisher) with a custom template switching oligo (AAGCAGTGGTATCAACGCAGAGTGAATrGrGrG). The cDNA coated beads were then treated with Exonuclease I (Exo I, NEB) for 45 min at 37°C to chew away any unbound mRNA capture probes. The beads coated with cDNA was then amplified using a half PCR reaction (i.e. only 13–16 cycles rather than 35–40), using 13 cycles for cell lines or large cells and 16 cycles for primary cells as in SeqWell method (23 (link)). The amplified DNA was purified using Ampure XP beads (Beckman Coulter) at 0.6 ratio, and the quality of the amplified DNA was assessed by Agilent BioAnalyzer using high sensitivity chip. Purified cDNA was then pooled and inputted for standard Nextera tagmentation and amplification reactions (Nextera XT, Illumina) using a custom primer instead of i5 index primer to amplify only those fragments that contain the cell barcodes and UMIs. The PCR product was then purified using Ampure XP beads at 0.6× ratio, and the quality of the libraries were checked by Agilent BioAnalyzer high sensitivity chip. The libraries were sequenced on HiSeq 2500 sequencer (Illumina) using a custom primer for Read 1 with 75 cycles on Read 1 and 75 cycles on Read2. For Read1, only the first 20 bases were used in analysis. PhiX libraries were used at 20% as spike-in controls.
Dura B., Choi J.Y., Zhang K., Damsky W., Thakral D., Bosenberg M., Craft J, & Fan R. (2018). scFTD-seq: freeze-thaw lysis based, portable approach toward highly distributed single-cell 3′ mRNA profiling. Nucleic Acids Research, 47(3), e16.
Publication 2018
Buffers cDNA Library Cell Cycle Cells Chewing DNA, Complementary DNA Chips exodeoxyribonuclease I Hypersensitivity Oligonucleotide Primers Oligonucleotides RNA, Messenger RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase
4
Evaluating Axial Length Changes in Mice
All procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Research of the Keio University School of Medicine adhered to the ARVO Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research, the Institutional Guidelines on Animal Experimentation at Keio University, and the Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines for the use of animals in research. C57BL/6 J mice were obtained from CLEA Japan, Inc. Five wild type adult mice without any treatment were used to compare the measurements of AL using μCT and SD-OCT. For lens power dependency experiments, five p21 mice were used for each lens power. For the comparison of LIM with FDM, five p21 mice were worn with 0 D lenses and −30 D lenses, eight p21 mice were worn with −30 D only and ten p21 mice were worn diffusers only. For the atropine treatment experiment, four p21 mice worn 0 D and −30 D lenses were treated with atropine in both eyes and four p21 mice were treated with PBS in both eyes as control. For the OKR experiment, three mice worn −30 D lenses on their right eyes for three weeks started from p21 were used. After the measurement of the OKR, the same three mice were put into general anesthesia for the ERG measurements. All mice were fed with normal chew and water ad lib. Four or five mice with or without the frame were kept in one cage with approximately 50 lux background fluorescent lamp light for 12 h from 8:00 am to 8:00 pm.
Jiang X., Kurihara T., Kunimi H., Miyauchi M., Ikeda S.I., Mori K., Tsubota K., Torii H, & Tsubota K. (2018). A highly efficient murine model of experimental myopia. Scientific Reports, 8, 2026.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2018
Adult Animals Atropine Chewing Ethics Committees Eye General Anesthesia Lens, Crystalline Light Mice, Inbred C57BL Mice, Laboratory Reading Frames Vision
5
Adolescent Tobacco Use Patterns

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

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Publication 2016
Adolescent Asian Persons Chewing Contrast Media Ethnicity Females Gender Hispanics Males Pacific Islander Americans Parent Population Group Return to School Student Tobacco Products Youth

Most recents protocols related to «Chewing»

1
Calcium Carbonate Impact on Saliva pH
Not available on PMC !

Example 4

The impact of calcium carbonate on saliva pH and buffer capacity was measured from saliva collected before and after consumption of a tablet containing 112 mg (7%) of calcium carbonate. Five subjects were asked to chew the tablet for 10 seconds, swish the generated liquid for 40 seconds and then swallow. Saliva was collected for five minutes prior to tablet use, and for five minutes immediately following.

The collected saliva was homogenized by vortexing for 20 seconds and the pH measured using a pH electrode. The buffer capacity, defined as the mM of HCl required to drop the pH by one unit, was determined by acid titration. 0.1 M HCl was added 20-40 uL at a time to 0.5 mL of saliva, and the pH measured after each addition until the pH dropped below pH=5. The buffer capacity was calculated from the slope of the linear regression of mM of HCl added over the change in pH.

TABLE 7
Average saliva pH and buffer capacity before and after
use of a tablet containing calcium carbonate (n = 5).
Buffer Capacity
pH(mM HCl)
Before tablet 6.9(0.2)7.4(0.5)
use (baseline)
After tablet use7.7(0.1)5.5(0.3)

US11857653B2. Method of providing an oral care benefit using a poorly-soluble calcium compound and fluoride (2024-01-02). Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc. [US]. Inventors: Daniel Queiroz [US], Chantel Tester [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Acids Buffers Carbonate, Calcium Chewing Neoplasm Metastasis Saliva Tablet Titrimetry
2
Confectionery Production with Fruit Chew Filling
Not available on PMC !

Example 2

A confectionery in accordance with an exemplary embodiment was formed as a bite size piece in a Teflon coated aluminum mold with ejection pin. The bite size piece had a weight of 7.5 g+/−0.5 g, and included a 2.6 g stamped shell of cooked sugar mass having a 20 mm inner diameter hemispherical shape, formed in the manner described herein.

The cooked sugar mass was a fruit flavored hard candy formed from sugar, water, glucose syrup, and sorbitol to a 3.4% by weight moisture content. The shell had an engineered shell thickness of 1.7 mm and was filled with a 3 g mono-deposit of a soft fruit chew composition.

Some of the shells were left open, while others were closed with a closure mass placed on the top of the filling to provide closure of the piece. The closure mass included a 2 g deposit of the same fruit flavored hard candy at 3.9% by weight moisture. The thickness of the final deposit was carefully controlled (via heat and vibration) to provide a minimum thickness that enabled biting the piece.

US11864563B2. Confectionery product and method of making (2024-01-09). THE HERSHEY COMPANY [US]. Inventors: Peter Machado [US], Julie Hickey [US], Yvette Pascua Cubides [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Aluminum Candy Carbohydrates Chewing Dental Occlusion Fruit Fungus, Filamentous Glucose Sorbitol Teflon Vibration
3
Epileptic Activity Scoring in Mice
Epileptic activity of mice induced by tutin was scored for 2 h using a modified Racine scale as follows48 (link): Stage 0: no reaction; Stage 1: facial clonus, including blinking, locomotor whiskers, rhythmic mastication, etc. Stage 2: including stage 1 and rhythmic nodding; Stage 3: fore clonus in addition to stage 2; Stage 4: including stage 3 and standing with hind legs; Stage 5: fall or jump, repeated convulsions or convulsions resulting in death on a stage 4 basis.
Han Q.T., Yang W.Q., Zang C., Zhou L., Zhang C.J., Bao X., Cai J., Li F., Shi Q., Wang X.L., Qu J., Zhang D, & Yu S.S. (2023). The toxic natural product tutin causes epileptic seizures in mice by activating calcineurin. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 8, 101.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Chewing Epilepsy Face Leg Mus Seizures tutin Vibrissae
4
In vitro Digestion of Cooked Chicken Muscle
For in vitro digestion, the ground chicken muscles were
vacuum-packed and cooked at 80°C to reach a core temperature of
75°C, followed by cooling to 25°C. Cooked samples were chopped to
simulate mastication.
The elderly in vitro digestion model herein was designed based
on previous studies by Hernández-Olivas
et al. (2020) and Minekus et al.
(2014). All the digestive enzymes that were used herein were
purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The simulated salivary fluid
(pH 7.0), gastric fluid (pH 6.0), and duodenal fluid (pH 7.0) contained 75 U/mL
α-amylase from Aspergillus oryzae (EC 3.2.1.1), 1,500
U/mL pepsin from Porcine mucosa (EC 3.4.23.1), 50 U/mL trypsin
(EC 3.4.21.4) and 12.5 U/mL chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) from bovine pancreas,
1,000 U/mL pancreatic lipase from porcine pancreas (EC 3.1.1.3), and 5 mM
porcine bile extract (EC 232-369-0). Digestive fluid was mixed with the digesta
from the previous compartment at 50:50 (vol/vol) during digestion. Each
digestion was conducted for 120 min at 37°C and a rotational speed of 100
rpm, except for oral digestion, which was conducted for 2 min. All digesta
samples were stored at −70°C until analysis, immediately after
digestion. Control samples were prepared for digestion under the same conditions
through addition of distilled water instead of meat samples to exclude protein
content from the digestive enzymes.
Herein, the size fractionation of the digesta was conducted to determine protein
digestibility after in vitro digestion. After sequential
filtration using a centrifugal filter with molecular weight cut-offs of 10 and 3
kDa (Amicon Ultra-15, Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) according to the
manufacturer’s protocol, the protein content of the filtrate and whole
digesta was measured using the Kjeldahl method to represent the amount of
protein digested under 3 kDa. Protein digestibility was calculated using the
following Eq. (1):
Lee S., Jo K., Jeong H.G., Jeong S.K., Park J.I., Yong H.I., Choi Y.S, & Jung S. (2023). Higher Protein Digestibility of Chicken Thigh than Breast Muscle in an In Vitro Elderly Digestion Model. Food Science of Animal Resources, 43(2), 305-318.
Publication 2023
Aged Amylase Aspergillus oryzae Bile Bos taurus Chewing Chickens Chymotrypsin Digestion Duodenum Enzymes Fractionation, Chemical Lipase Meat Mucous Membrane Muscle Tissue Pancreas Pepsin A Pigs Proteins Stomach Trypsin
5
Neuro-Ophthalmological Evaluation of Study Participants
In parallel to the cognitive assessment, study participants underwent a complete neuro-ophthalmological evaluation, which lasted about 20 min and was performed by an optometrist. The evaluation comprised: (1) a review of past ophthalmological diseases, treatments and surgeries, (2) monocular visual acuity assessment with the participants wearing their habitual correction for refractive error using a pinhole occluder and the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart (Chew et al., 2009 (link); Bokinni et al., 2015 (link)), (3) intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement by Icare tonometry (Pakrou et al., 2008 (link)), and (4) swept source (SS) OCT scan. More details can be found elsewhere (Marquié et al., 2022 (link)). The ophthalmologist and neurologists were blind to each other’s diagnosis.
Marquié M., García-Sánchez A., Alarcón-Martín E., Martínez J., Castilla-Martí M., Castilla-Martí L., Orellana A., Montrreal L., de Rojas I., García-González P., Puerta R., Olivé C., Cano A., Hernández I., Rosende-Roca M., Vargas L., Tartari J.P., Esteban-De Antonio E., Bojaryn U., Ricciardi M., Ariton D.M., Pytel V., Alegret M., Ortega G., Espinosa A., Pérez-Cordón A., Sanabria Á., Muñoz N., Lleonart N., Aguilera N., Tárraga L., Valero S., Ruiz A, & Boada M. (2023). Macular vessel density in the superficial plexus is not associated to cerebrospinal fluid core biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease in individuals with mild cognitive impairment: The NORFACE cohort. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 17, 1076177.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Chewing Cognition Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnosis Eye Disorders Neurologists Operative Surgical Procedures Ophthalmologists Optometrist Radionuclide Imaging Refractive Errors Tonometry Tonometry, Ocular Visual Acuity Visually Impaired Persons

Top products related to «Chewing»

1
Salivette by Sarstedt
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The Salivette is a device for the collection of saliva samples. It consists of a centrifugation tube with an insert that holds a swab to be placed in the mouth for saliva absorption. The collected saliva can then be extracted from the swab by centrifugation.
2
Salivette tube by Sarstedt
Sourced in Germany, United Kingdom
Salivette tubes are a type of laboratory equipment designed for the collection and storage of saliva samples. These tubes provide a convenient and standardized method for obtaining saliva specimens for various analytical purposes.
3
C57bl 6j mice by Charles River Laboratories
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The C57BL/6J mouse is a widely used laboratory mouse strain. It is an inbred strain that has a black coat color. The C57BL/6J mouse is commonly used as a control strain in various research applications.
4
Sprague dawley rat by Charles River Laboratories
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Sprague-Dawley rats are an outbred albino rat strain commonly used in laboratory research. They are characterized by their calm temperament and reliable reproductive performance.
5
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6
Salivette device by Sarstedt
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The Salivette devices are non-invasive saliva collection tools designed to collect saliva samples. They consist of a swab-like collection device enclosed within a plastic tube. Users can safely and conveniently collect their saliva samples using the Salivette devices.
7
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The Salivette Cortisol is a device used for the collection of saliva samples for the measurement of cortisol levels. It provides a standardized and hygienic method for collecting saliva specimens.
8
Ta xt plus texture analyzer by Stable Micro Systems
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The TA.XT Plus Texture Analyzer is a laboratory instrument designed to measure the physical properties and characteristics of a wide range of materials. It is capable of performing various texture analysis tests, including compression, tension, extrusion, and other specialized analyses.
9
C57bl 6j by Jackson ImmunoResearch
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C57BL/6J is a mouse strain commonly used in biomedical research. It is a common inbred mouse strain that has been extensively characterized.
10
10 μl syringe by Hamilton Company
Sourced in United States
The 10 μl syringe is a precision laboratory instrument designed for accurate and controlled liquid handling. It has a volume capacity of 10 microliters and is commonly used for tasks requiring small-volume liquid transfers or injections.

More about "Chewing"

Mastication, Oral Processing, Masticatory Function, Saliva Production, Digestion, Nutrient Absorption, Oral Health, Chewing Behavior, Chewing Research, PubCompare.ai, Salivette, Salivette Tubes, C57BL/6J Mice, Sprague-Dawley Rats, Salivette Devices, Salivette Cortisol, TA.XT Plus Texture Analyzer, 10 μl Syringe.
Chewing is a critical physiological process that involves the mechanical breakdown of food in the mouth through the action of the teeth and jaws.
This essential step in digestion helps to physically reduce larger food particles into smaller pieces that can be more easily swallowed and processed by the gastrointestinal system.
Chewing also stimulates the production of saliva, which contains enzymes and other compounds that begin the chemical breakdown of food.
Proper chewing is important for maintaining good oral health and ensuring optimal nutrient absorption.
Researchers studying chewing behavior and its physiological impacts can utilize PubCompare.ai, an AI-driven platform, to easily locate and compare relevant research protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents, streamlining their chewing research efforts.
PubCompare.ai allows researchers to discover the power of intelligent protocol comparisons, helping them identify the optimal protocols and products for their chewing research needs.
Experienec the future of chewing research today with PubCompare.ai!