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Ejaculation

Ejaculation is the forceful expulsion of seman from the male reproductive tract during sexual climax.
It is a complex physiological process involving the coordination of the sympathetic nervous system, pelvic floor muscles, and reproductive organs.
Ejaculation is essential for male fertility and plays a key role in sexual function and pleasure.
Factors that can impact ejaculation include age, medication use, and underlying medical conditions.
Researchers continue to study the mechanisms and optimization of ejaculation to advance our understanding of male sexual health and reprodcutive biology.

Most cited protocols related to «Ejaculation»

Genitourinary Pain Indices Questionnaire

Cited 59 times

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Publication 2009

Chronic Pain Coitus Diagnosis Ejaculation Males Pain Penis Perineum Prostatitis System, Genitourinary Testis Urethra Urinary Bladder Urine Vagina Woman

Estimating HIV Transmission Probabilities via Unprotected Anal Intercourse

Cited 17 times

Statistical analyses were performed using STATA 10.0 (STATA Corporation, College Station, TX). Total numbers of episodes of UAI by sexual position (insertive, receptive with withdrawal and receptive with ejaculation) were tabulated according to partners’ HIV status. Proportions of HIV seroconverters and non-seroconverters who engaged in UAI by sexual positioning and partners’ HIV status were also compared using a Chi-square test.
A bootstrapping technique was performed to obtain a simulation-based probability distribution for estimates of the per-contact probability of HIV transmission for insertive (with or without circumcision) or receptive (with or without ejaculation) UAI. Ten thousand simulations were executed with Matlab (Mathworks, MA); for each simulation ‘N’ individuals were randomly sampled (with replacement) from the pool of ‘N’ people. The algorithm determined the optimal transmission probabilities that maximized the likelihood function:

L (β_{I}, β_{I C}, β_{R}, β_{R W} ∣ n^{I}, n^{R}, n^{R W}, c, y) = \prod_{i = 1}^{N} f_{i}^{y_{i}} {(1 - f_{i})}^{1 - y_{i}},

where y_i = 1 if seroconversion took place and y_i = 0 if man i remained uninfected, and

f_{i} (β_{I}, β_{I C}, β_{R}, β_{R W}) = 1 - {(1 - β_{R})}^{n_{i}^{R}} {(1 - β_{R W})}^{n_{i}^{R W}} {(1 - β_{I})}^{(1 - c_{i}) n_{i}^{I}} {(1 - β_{I C})}^{c_{i} n_{i}^{I}}

is the probability that man i remains uninfected after

n_{i}^{I}

n_{i}^{R}

n_{i}^{R W}

acts of insertive, receptive with ejaculation, and receptive with withdrawal/no ejaculation respectively, and β_I, β_IC, β_R, β_RW are the probabilities of HIV transmission per unprotected insertive (uncircumcised), insertive (circumcised), receptive with ejaculation, and receptive with withdrawal act of UAI respectively. The symbol c_i represents each man's circumcision status (c_i = 1 for circumcised and c_i = 0 for uncircumcised). The number of UAI exposures with HIV-infected partners was determined by the sum of the number of UAI exposures reported with HIV-positive partners, the number of UAI events with partners of unknown status multiplied by the assumed HIV prevalence in the population, and the number with partners that were assumed to be negative multiplied by the assumed HIV prevalence in the population who have not been diagnosed with HIV.
The bootstrapping algorithm maximized the log-likelihood function using a random walk minimization to estimate the transmission risk parameters under a number of conditions: including men who (i) only reported having UAI with HIV-positive partners, (ii) only reported UAI with HIV-positive partners or partners of unknown HIV status, (iii) reported any UAI, or (iv) reported insertive or receptive UAI. For simulations in which UAI acts with men of unknown status or men presumed to be HIV-negative are included, a variety of assumptions were made about the HIV prevalence in the pool of such partners: HIV prevalence of 5%, 10%, or 15% in partners of unknown serostatus and HIV prevalence of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, or 2% in partners presumed to be HIV-negative. The reported estimates were based on Sydney studies which have estimated the HIV prevalence in partners of unknown HIV status at 10% and of reported HIV-negative partners of 0.5% (23 (link)-24 (link)).

Jin F., Jansson J., Law M., Prestage G.P., Zablotska I., Imrie J.C., Kippax S.C., Kaldor J.M., Grulich A.E, & Wilson D.P. (2010). Per-contact probability of HIV transmission in homosexual men in Sydney in the era of HAART. AIDS (London, England), 24(6), 907-913.

Publication 2010

Ejaculation Insertion Mutation Male Circumcision Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 SERPINA3 protein, human Transmission, Communicable Disease

Measuring Sexual Function: Comparing Instruments

Cited 9 times

The online questionnaire included all the items from our new measure, plus several items for comparison (variables that in theory should correlate with sexual function (see Table 1). We also included two existing measures of sexual function.Table 1

Variables examined for association with the Natsal-SF

Variable	Response options
Health status
General health	1. Excellent 2. Good 3. Fair 4. Bad
Health condition or disability affecting sexual activity or enjoyment	1. Yes 2. No
Use of medication limiting sexual activity or enjoyment	1. Yes 2. No
Frequency of sex
On how many occasions in the last 4 weeks have you had sex?	Number typed in
From the BSFQ (men only): In the past 3 months, has the frequency of your sexual activity with a partner been:	1. Less than you desire 2. As much as you desire 3. More than you desire
Communication about sex
Ease of communication about sex with partner	1. Easy with a husband, wife or regular partner, but difficult with a new partner 2. Easy with a new partner, but difficult with a husband, wife or regular partner 3. Easy with any partner 4. Difficult with any partner 5. Depends/Would vary/Can’t say/Don’t know
Views about sex
Importance of a happy sexual relationship to successful marriage or long term relationship	1. Very important 2. Quite important 3. Not very important 4. Not at all important 5. Don’t know
Level of enjoyment of sex	1. I always enjoy it 2. I enjoy it most of the time 3. I don’t often enjoy it 4. I never enjoy it
Depression
Frequency of feeling down, depressed or hopeless in the last two weeks	1. Not at all 2. Several days 3. More than half of days 4. Nearly every day (Recoded to a binary variable, daily or not)
Extent of agreement with statement “Generally speaking I am satisfied with my life at the moment”	1. Strongly agree 2. Slightly agree 3. Neither agree nor disagree 4. Slightly disagree 5. Disagree strongly
Currently use of prescription medicine for depression	Yes/no
Alcohol use
Frequency of alcohol use in last year	1. Five or more days a week 2. Three or four days a week 3. Once or twice a week 4. Once or twice a month 5. Once or twice in the last year 6. Not at all in the last year (Recoded to a binary variable discriminating between frequent (at least 3 times a week) and less frequent use)

As outlined above, there are no universally agreed standard instruments for measuring sexual function in the community. From the array of reliable and valid measures we chose, for comparison, two whose dimensions looked fairly similar to our own. The female comparison measure, the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), is well known and has been used extensively [6 (link)]. We used the FSFI-6, a validated item-reduced version of this measure [16 (link)], in order to minimise questionnaire length and respondent burden. The chosen male comparison measure, the Brief Sexual Function Questionnaire (BSFQ) for men [17 (link)] has an emphasis on psychological aetiologies and probes the relational aspect of sexual function without assuming that the respondent has a sexual partner.
Both of the selected measures (the FSFI-6 and BSFQ) ask about sexual function in the last month. In order to provide a fairer comparison with our measure (in which the reporting period is the past year), we extended the reporting period for each measure to the last 3 months; a compromise between comparability and staying close to the original timeframes of the FSFI-6 and BSFQ. We modified the 21 item BSFQ to reduce respondent burden, omitting 9 items. The omitted items were those asked elsewhere in the questionnaire (e.g. frequency of sexual activity), items deemed unessential for comparison purposes (e.g. sexual orientation) and items providing detail not required for comparison purposes (e.g. length of intercourse after insertion of penis and before ejaculation).

Mitchell K.R., Ploubidis G.B., Datta J, & Wellings K. (2012). The Natsal-SF: a validated measure of sexual function for use in community surveys. European Journal of Epidemiology, 27(6), 409-418.

Publication 2012

Coitus Disabled Persons Ejaculation Husband Males Penis Pharmaceutical Preparations Pleasure Prescription Drugs Sexual Orientation Sexual Partners Wife Woman

Optimizing IVF Outcomes in Young Women

Cited 7 times

Women aged 18–36 years with a body weight of more than 60 kg up to and including 90 kg, a BMI of 18–32 kg/m², a menstrual cycle length of 24–35 days, access to ejaculatory sperm and an indication for controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) before IVF or ICSI were eligible to enroll in the study. Patients who had a (history of) an endocrine abnormality, an abnormal outcome of blood biochemistry or hematology, an abnormal cervical smear, a chronic disease, relevant ovarian-, tubal- or uterine-pathology that could interfere with the COS treatment (e.g. endometrioma >0 mm or fibroids ≥5 cm), embryo implantation or pregnancy were not to be included in the trial. Patients who had a history of ovarian hyperresponse (more than 30 follicles ≥11 mm) or ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or a basal antral follicle count (AFC) of more than 20 on ultrasound (<11 mm, both ovaries combined) were excluded from participation. Other exclusion criteria included a previously low ovarian response to FSH or hMG treatment (i.e. cycle cancelled due to insufficient ovarian response or less than four oocytes obtained), an FSH or LH over 12 IU/L in the early follicular phase, more than three consecutive unsuccessful IVF cycles since the last ongoing pregnancy, a history of recurrent miscarriage (three or more), or currently smoking more than five cigarettes per day.

Devroey P., Boostanfar R., Koper N.P., Mannaerts B.M., IJzerman-Boon P.C, & Fauser B.C. (2009). A double-blind, non-inferiority RCT comparing corifollitropin alfa and recombinant FSH during the first seven days of ovarian stimulation using a GnRH antagonist protocol. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 24(12), 3063-3072.

Publication 2009

Abortion, Habitual BLOOD Body Weight Disease, Chronic Ejaculation Endometrioma Fibroid Tumor Graafian Follicle Hair Follicle Menstrual Cycle Menstrual Cycle, Proliferative Phase Oocytes Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome Ovarian Stimulation Ovary Ovum Implantation Patients Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Pregnancy Sperm Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic System, Endocrine Ultrasonography Uterus Vaginal Smears Woman

Behavioral Effects of Novel Synthetic Cathinones

Cited 6 times

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Publication 2014

3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone Ataxia Biological Assay cathinone Ejaculation Head Human Body Locomotion Mice, House Movement Pharmaceutical Preparations preclamol Relaxations, Muscle Safety Saline Solution SCH 23390 Seizures Sialorrhea Synthetic Cathinone Tail Tremor Visually Impaired Persons

Most recents protocols related to «Ejaculation»

Evaluation of Semen Parameters in Healthy Iranian Men

In an experimental study conducted during 2018-2020, semen was collected from 30 healthy men aged 18-35 years, who were referred to Emam Reza Hospital, Birjand University of Medical Sciences (Birjand, Iran). In accordance with the WHO guidelines, all samples were considered normal. ¹⁴All participants were requested to abstain from ejaculation 2-3 days before sample collection. Semen with any abnormalities (sperm count and motility, morphology, pH, viscosity) were excluded from the experiment. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (IR.SUMS.REC.1396.S808).

Kermani T., Hosseini S.F., Talaei-Khozani T, & Aliabadi E. (2023). Effect of Pre-Incubation of Cryopreserved Sperm with either Kisspeptin or Glutathione to Mitigate Freeze-Thaw Damage. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, 48(2), 198-208.

Publication 2023

Congenital Abnormality Ejaculation Ethics Committees Motility, Cell Plant Embryos Specimen Collection Sperm Viscosity

Assessing Sexual Dysfunction: A Comprehensive Approach

SD was assessed using the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX) [58 (link)], which examines the experience of sexual difficulties throughout the sexual response cycle (e.g., sexual desire, erection/lubrication, orgasm) using a 6-point Likert scale ranging from 1 –extremely easily/strong/satisfying to 6 –very difficult/weak/unsatisfying. Lower scores represent greater levels of sexual functioning. Participants completed the version of the ASEX that corresponded to their genital sex rather than their gender (i.e., one’s personal sense of being male, female, non-binary, etc.), as some ASEX items are sex-specific (e.g., vaginal lubrication; penile erection). Two questions were added to the original ASEX to measure other sexual difficulties (i.e., pain during sex and premature ejaculation/orgasm). To reflect the diagnostic criteria used in the DSM-5 [11 ], investigated sexual difficulties had to be present for at least 6 months and respondents were invited to indicate their associated levels of distress (1 –no distress, to 6 –extreme distress). In the present study, five SDs were examined: 1) low sexual desire/arousal, 2) difficulties with lubrication/erection, 3) premature ejaculation/orgasm, 4) delayed or absent ejaculation/orgasm, and 5) pain during sex. The ASEX showed satisfactory internal consistency in the community (α = .82) and clinical samples (α = .75).

Lafortune D., Girard M., Dussault É., Philibert M., Hébert M., Boislard M.A., Goyette M, & Godbout N. (2023). Who seeks sex therapy? Sexual dysfunction prevalence and correlates, and help-seeking among clinical and community samples. PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0282618.

Publication 2023

Arousal Debility Diagnosis Ejaculation Females Gender Genitalia Libido Lubrication Males Orgasm Pain Penile Erection Premature Ejaculation Vagina

Oocyte Retrieval and Sperm Extraction in Azoospermia

This retrospective study was approved by the ethics committee at the Seventh Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital IVF clinic, where the study was conducted. Patients who underwent an IVM–ICSI cycle from January 2005 to December 2018 were included. The inclusion criteria were a normal karyotype of the female, normal uterine cavity and bilateral ovaries, fallopian tubes free of hydrosalpinx, and more than seven antral follicles. Azoospermia was diagnosed if no sperm was found in the male partner in three semen examinations and microscopic examinations after centrifugation and sedimentation. For a male with azoospermia, if the karyotype and azoospermic factor gene (AZF) were normal, on the day of oocyte retrieval, an andrologist checked the azoospermia patient and determined whether there was obstructive azoospermia (OA) or non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) according to the history of obstruction, testicular volume, and hormone level.
All enrolled cases were undergoing an IVM–ICSI cycle for the first time. On the day of the female partner’s oocyte retrieval, the patients were classified by temporary semen extraction. OA patients whose sperm was aspirated from the corpus of the epididymis by PESA were classified as the PESA group (group 1). If PESA did not obtain sperm, then TESA was performed to extract sperm, and such patients were classified as the TESA group. Patients with NOA for whom TESA was performed directly were also considered as part of the TESA group (group 2). Group 3 was made up of male patients whose semen could be obtained directly by ejaculation. There were 26 cases in the PESA group and 31 cases in the TESA group, and all patients gave written informed consent.

Li J., Chen J., Tian S., Jiao T., Wang J., Wei Y., Cheng Y., Xu Y., Chian R.C., Li Y, & Zhang S. (2023). Effects of different sperm sources on the clinical outcomes of in vitro oocyte maturation cycles combined with intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 14, 1115210.

Publication 2023

Azoospermia Azoospermia, Nonobstructive Centrifugation Dental Caries Ejaculation Epididymis Ethics Committees Fallopian Tubes Genes Graafian Follicle Hormones Karyotyping Males Microscopy Oocyte Retrieval Ovary Patients Plant Embryos Semen Analysis Sperm Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic Testis Uterus Woman

Evaluating Sexual Behaviors in Letrozole-Treated Rats

Normal sexual behaviors, including mounting, erection, and intromission, were assessed on PND 60 after fertility evaluation. Sexually inexperienced male rats (8 male rats from the letrozole group (n = 4 per group) and 4 male rats from the control group) were investigated for natural copulatory behavior. The presence of the vaginal plug was regarded as an indicator of male rats' sexual experience (18). Sexual behavior tests were performed on male rats from 1.25 and 1.00 mg/kg BW letrozole and control groups. Male rats were individually housed in a cube-shaped glass cage (60

\times

60 cm), and a non-receptive female was introduced after 10 min. In a dark room illuminated with red light, the investigatory (anogenital sniffing, sniffing, and pursuit) and sexual (mounting, intromission, and ejaculation) activities were recorded during a 30-min observation period (19).

Shaaban Z., Derakhshanfar A., Reza Jafarzadeh Shirazi M., Javad Zamiri M., Moayedi J., Vahedi M, & Valizadeh A. (2023). The effects of letrozole-induced maternal hyperandrogenism on sexual behaviors, testicular histology, and serum biochemical traits in male offspring rats: An experimental study. International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine, 21(1), 71-82.

Publication 2023

Behavior Test Ejaculation Females Fertility Letrozole Light Males Men Penile Erection Rattus norvegicus Vagina

Assessing Premature Ejaculation in Men

We investigated PE using a set of 3 tools.
The first was a direct question about the self-perception of ejaculation as being normal, too early (premature), or retarded.
The second assessment was a specific question about ELT as categorized by the participant: ≤1, ≤2, ≤5, ≤15, and >15 minutes. Although the criterion for considering a PE diagnosis per the DSM-5 is 1 minute, we opted for an ELT ≤2 minutes as a cutoff because reported ELT is usually higher than the time measured with a chronometer.²⁹ (link)
The final method was the Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT),³⁰ (link) in its version translated to Portuguese.³¹ The PEDT has 5 questions, with responses scored on a scale of 0 to 4 in each category so that the final score ranges from 0 to 20 points. A score ≤8 is indicative of no PE, 9 or 10 is possible PE, and ≥11 indicates probable PE.³² (link) Although the PEDT was designed to investigate PE in heterosexual men, we decided to use it because it is a simple and brief and its questions do not explicitly mention vaginal sex. This instrument has been used by other researchers who investigated PE among MSM.¹⁸ (link)

de Mello Ferreira dos Reis M., Barros E.A., Monteiro L., Pazeto C.L., Baccaglini W.R, & Glina S. (2023). Premature ejaculation prevalence among young men who have sex with men: a cross-sectional study with internet users in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil. Sexual Medicine, 11(2), qfac016.

Publication 2023

Diagnosis Ejaculation Heterosexuals Premature Birth Premature Ejaculation Self-Perception Vagina

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More about "Ejaculation"

Ejaculation is the forceful expulsion of seminal fluid from the male reproductive system during sexual climax.
This complex physiological process involves the coordination of the sympathetic nervous system, pelvic floor muscles, and reproductive organs.
Ejaculation is essential for male fertility and a key component of sexual function and pleasure.
Factors that can impact ejaculation include age, medication use, and underlying medical conditions.
Researchers continue to study the mechanisms and optimization of ejaculation to advance our understanding of male sexual health and reproductive biology.
Synonyms and related terms for ejaculation include: sperm release, climax, orgasm, semen emission, and seminal discharge.
Abbreviations commonly used include: EJC, SE, and SE/EJC.
Key subtopics include: ejaculatory dysfunction, premature ejaculation, delayed ejaculation, retrograde ejaculation, and anejaculation.
Hormones like progesterone and estradiol benzoate can also influence ejaculatory function.
Statistical software like SPSS version 18.0, SAS, Stata 14, and Ceros Version 14 are commonly used to analyze data related to ejaculation research.
Animal models like C57BL/6J mice are often utilized, and specialized equipment like the Vitrobot climate-controlled plunge freezer may be employed.
Optimizing ejaculation is an important area of study for improving male sexual and reproductive health.
The insights gained from this research can lead to the development of novel treatments and therapies to address ejaculatory disorders and enhance overall sexual wellbeing.