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Exhaling

Exhaling, the act of expelling air from the lungs, is a crucial physiological process.
During exhaling, air is expelled from the respiratory system, allowing for the exchange of gases and the regulation of blood pH and carbon dioxide levels.
This natural and rhythmic process is essential for maintaining homeostasis and supporting overall respiratory health.
Researchers studying exhaling may investigate factors affecting its efficiency, such as lung capacity, muscle function, and airway dynamics.
Understandign the mechanisms of exhaling can provide insights into respiratory disorders and inform the development of therapeutic interventions.
Whule exhaling is a simple and oftentimes unnoticed bodily function, its importance in human physiology cannot be understated.

Most cited protocols related to «Exhaling»

1
REDCap: Rapid Development for Multisite Research
Cited 8265 times

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

Open the protocol to access the free full text link

Publication 2008
Secure resin cement Vision
2
Comprehensive Lung Function Reference Values
Cited 231 times
Datasets were obtained from 73 centres (initial N=160,330). In France it is prohibited by law to record ethnicity; as a result 63,031 records known to be of mixed ethnic population could not be included in the final analyses. In the remaining datasets, ethnicity could not be traced in an additional 834 cases. In 805 cases data were discarded because they comprised subjects with suspected asthma. In 123 cases data could not be used to derive reference values because forced expiratory time was < 1 s. Records with transcription errors that could not be resolved, with missing values for sex, age, height, FEV1 or FVC, or where the FEV1/FVC ratio was >1.0 were discarded. Since virtually all data had been previously used in publications, there were very few errors. Datasets from India, Pakistan, Iran, Oman, the Philippines and South Africa were either too small in number for analysis, or could not be combined into groups with other sets (N=17,341). One dataset (N=3483) could not be used until the data had first been published by the authors. As the statistical analyses are sensitive to outliers, in subsequent analyses data points that yielded a z-score <−5.0 or >5.0 were identified as outliers (N=526) and excluded from further analyses. This left data on 31,856 males and 42,331 females aged 2.5–95 years (Figure 1, online supplement (OLS) tables E1, E2 and E3).
Quanjer P.H., Stanojevic S., Cole T.J., Baur X., Hall G.L., Culver B.H., Enright P.L., Hankinson J.L., Ip M.S., Zheng J, & Stocks J. (2012). MULTI-ETHNIC REFERENCE VALUES FOR SPIROMETRY FOR THE 3–95 YEAR AGE RANGE: THE GLOBAL LUNG FUNCTION 2012 EQUATIONS: Report of the Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI), ERS Task Force to establish improved Lung Function Reference Values. The European respiratory journal, 40(6), 1324-1343.
Publication 2012
Asthma Dietary Supplements Ethnicity Exhaling Females Males Transcription, Genetic
3
Protein Structure Preprocessing for Electrostatic Calculations
Cited 148 times
Structures are pre-processed differently depending upon their input format (see the flowchart in Figure 1). Two input formats are supported by the H++ website, PDB and PQR. These files differ in that PQR files already have charges and radii assigned to each atom whereas PDB files do not.
If the input file is in PQR format, H++ makes minimal changes because it is assumed that the format is already suitable for electrostatic calculations. Changes made are as follows: atom names of all titratable amino acids are brought into accordance with the format adopted by the AMBER (29 ) package and consistency checks are performed. These checks ensure that the total charge of the system is an integer (within a ±0.05 unit charge tolerance per amino acid) and the atomic radii are between 0.5 and 3 Å. If any of the above checks fail, the sequence of residues is discontinuous or the atom names are different from the PDB standard and cannot be recognized, execution terminates.
For a structure submitted in the conventional PDB format, H++ deletes all HETATM records; that is, only those atoms that belong to amino acids or nucleotides are kept. This is the ‘clean-up’ step in Figure 1. Removal of explicit water molecules and mobile counterions is generally consistent with the implicit solvent framework in which solvation effects are accounted for in the mean-field manner. If necessary, removed ligands can be included in the calculations by submitting the complete structure in the PQR format, avoiding the ‘clean-up’ step. Sequence continuity is verified and all atom names are brought into accordance with the format adopted by the AMBER package. Deuterium atoms are replaced with equivalent hydrogens.
Gordon J.C., Myers J.B., Folta T., Shoja V., Heath L.S, & Onufriev A. (2005). H++: a server for estimating pKas and adding missing hydrogens to macromolecules. Nucleic Acids Research, 33(Web Server issue), W368-W371.
Publication 2005
Amber Amino Acids Deuterium Electrostatics Exhaling Hydrogen Immune Tolerance Ligands Nucleotides Radius Solvents
4
COPD Genetic Susceptibility GWAS
Cited 80 times
10,000 subjects are planned to be enrolled with 2/3 non-Hispanic White and 1/3 African American, distributed across the full spectrum of disease severity and both genders. The cohort is specifically being recruited for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis and is large enough to provide adequate statistical power to detect genetic variants exerting modest effects on risk. COPD subtypes will be defined based on the presence and severity of parenchymal and airway disease on inspiratory and expiratory high-resolution chest CT scans. The Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) was designed to involve four phases. There will be an initial GWAS on a balanced group of 4000 subjects of current or former smoker case and control subjects (2600 White and 1400 African American) in Phase 1. Statistical signals (SNPs in or between genes) identified in Phase I will be confirmed in Phase II with a custom SNP array using the remaining 2000 cases and 2000 controls in the cohort. In Phase III SNPs in genes/regions identified and confirmed in Phases I and II will be investigated with regional fine mapping and tests of associations to identify causal genes. The final group of candidate genes will be replicated in other COPD cohorts as Phase IV. With continued improvements in SNP genotyping technology additional phases (beyond Phase 1) may be analyzed at the genome-wide level.
The COPDGene cohort is also established for longitudinal follow-up with regular contacts made to determine mortality, comorbid disease events and disease status. Renewed funding will be sought to re-assess the subjects with spirometry, clinical evaluation and repeat chest CT to accumulate information about progression of the disease.
Regan E.A., Hokanson J.E., Murphy J.R., Make B., Lynch D.A., Beaty T.H., Curran-Everett D., Silverman E.K, & Crapo J.D. (2010). Genetic Epidemiology of COPD (COPDGene) Study Design. COPD, 7(1), 32-43.
Publication 2010
African American Chest Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease Disease Progression Exhaling Genes Genetic Diversity Genome Genome-Wide Association Study Hispanics Inhalation Spirometry X-Ray Computed Tomography
5
Reproducible Anthropometric Measurement Protocol
Cited 49 times
Anthropometric measurement of each subject was performed by trained nurses in the morning after fasting for at least 8 h. Body height was recorded to the nearest 0.5 cm and body weight to the nearest 0.1 kg. BMI was defined as body weight (kilograms) divided by the square of body height (meters). WC-IC was measured in the horizontal plane at the superior border of the right iliac crest. WC-mid was measured in the horizontal plane midway between lowest rib and the iliac crest. Both WC-IC and WC-mid were measured to the nearest 0.1 cm at the end of a normal expiration. Before recording the measurement, the nurse would ensure that the tape was snug but did not compress the skin and was parallel to the floor. The reproducibility was assessed. WC-IC and WC-mid were measured repeatedly in 10 men and 10 women by 3 trained nurses on 3 consecutive days. The coefficients of variation for WC-IC were 0.8% (range 0.5–1.7%) for women and 0.6% (range 0.3–1.4%) for men. The coefficients of variation for WC-mid were 0.4% (range 0–0.7%) for men and 0.9% (range 0.5–1.9%) for women.
Ma W.Y., Yang C.Y., Shih S.R., Hsieh H.J., Hung C.S., Chiu F.C., Lin M.S., Liu P.H., Hua C.H., Hsein Y.C., Chuang L.M., Lin J.W., Wei J.N, & Li H.Y. (2013). Measurement of Waist Circumference: Midabdominal or iliac crest?. Diabetes Care, 36(6), 1660-1666.
Publication 2013
Body Height Body Weight Iliac Crest Nurses Skin Woman

Most recents protocols related to «Exhaling»

1
Detection of Respiratory Effort and Cerebral Activation from Mandibular Movements
Not available on PMC !

Example 15

In a 15th example, reference is made to FIGS. 12 and 13. FIG. 12 shows an example of the first measurement signal stream F1 and of the second measurement signal stream F2 in the situation where the subject suffers a temporary disappearance of all control of cerebral origin, which is characteristic of central hypopnoea. This disappearance is characterized by the mouth opening passively because it is no longer held up by the muscles. It is therefore seen in the streams F1 and F2 that between the peaks the signal does not indicate any activity. On the other hand at the moment of the peak there is observed a high amplitude of the movement of the mandible. Toward the end of the peaks there is seen a movement that corresponds to a non-respiratory frequency, which is the consequence of cerebral activation that will then result in a micro-arousal. The digit 1 indicates the period of hypopnoea where a reduction of the flow is clearly visible on the stream F5th from the thermistor. The digits 2 and 3 indicate the disappearance of mandibular movement in the streams F1 and F2 during the period of central hypopnoea. FIG. 13 shows an example of the first measurement signal stream F1 and of the second measurement signal stream F2 in the situation where the subject experiences a prolonged respiratory effort that will terminate in cerebral activation. It is seen that the signal from the accelerometer F1 indicates at the location indicated by H a large movement of the head and of the mandible. Thereafter the stream F2 remains virtually constant whereas in that F1 from the accelerometer the level drops, which shows that there is in any event a movement of the mandible, which is slowly lowered. There then follows a high peak I that is a consequence of a change in the position of the head during the activation that terminates the period of effort. The digit 1 indicates this long period of effort marked by snoring. It is seen, as indicated by the digit 2, that the effort is increasing with time. This effort terminates, as indicated by the digit 3, in cerebral activation that results in movements of the head and the mandible, indicated by the letter I.

The analysis unit holds in its memory models of these various signals that are the result of processing employing artificial intelligence as described hereinbefore. The analysis unit will process these streams using those results to produce a report on the analysis of those results.

It was found that the accelerometer is particularly suitable for measuring movements of the head whereas the gyroscope, which measures rotation movements, was found to be particularly suitable for measuring rotation movements of the mandible. Thus cerebral activation that leads to rotation of the mandible without the head changing position can be detected by the gyroscope. On the other hand, an IMM type movement will be detected by the accelerometer, in particular if the head moves on this occasion. An RMM type movement will be detected by the gyroscope, which is highly sensitive thereto.

US11864910B2. System comprising a sensing unit and a device for processing data relating to disturbances that may occur during the sleep of a subject (2024-01-09). Sunrise SA [BE]. Inventors: Pierre Martinot [BE].
Patent 2024
ARID1A protein, human Arousal Exhaling Fingers Gene Expression Regulation Head Head Movements Mandible Medical Devices Memory Movement Muscle Tissue Oral Cavity Respiratory Rate Sleep Thumb Vision
2
Preoperative Predictors of Postoperative Pulmonary Complications
The following data were recorded during the preoperative examination: Sex, age, height, body weight, BMI, smoking history, complete blood count (leukocytes, hemoglobin, platelets), liver function tests (liver enzymes, albumin), renal function tests, preoperative oxygen saturation, history of previous surgery, and concomitant diseases (type 2 diabetes, hypertension, pulmonary and cardiac diseases).
The following data were also collected: History and physical examination findings, chest radiographs, computed tomographic examinations of the chest (CT), electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography (if required), pulmonary function test results (forced expiratory volume (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC ratio), and arterial blood gases. In patients with lung cancer, the type and stage of malignancy were determined, and flexible bronchoscopy was performed.
During the intraoperative process, the type of endotracheal tube, the duration of anesthesia and surgery, the surgical procedure (VATS, thoracotomy, mediastinoscopy, and others) performed, and complications that required intraoperative treatment were also noted.
PPCs have been defined as complications that occur in the postoperative period and cause clinical conditions.
Eldaabossi S., Al-Ghoneimy Y., Ghoneim A., Awad A., Mahdi W., Farouk A., Soliman H., Kanany H., Antar A., Gaber Y., Shaarawy A., Nabawy O., Atef M., Nour S.O, & Kabil A. (2023). The ARISCAT Risk Index as a Predictor of Pulmonary Complications After Thoracic Surgeries, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 16, 625-634.
Publication 2023
Albumins Anesthesia Arteries Blood Gas Analysis Blood Platelets Body Weight Bronchoscopy Chest Complete Blood Count concomitant disease Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent Echocardiography Electrocardiography Enzymes Exhaling Forced Vital Capacity Heart Diseases Hemoglobin High Blood Pressures Kidney Function Tests Leukocytes Liver Liver Function Tests Lung Lung Cancer Mediastinoscopy Operative Surgical Procedures Oxygen Saturation Patients Physical Examination Radiography, Thoracic Staging, Cancer Tests, Pulmonary Function Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted Thoracotomy Training Programs Volumes, Forced Expiratory X-Ray Computed Tomography
3
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging for LV Function
All participants were scheduled to have CMR-LGE examination just before each CPET. CMR-LGE examination involved a 3.0-Tesla Skyra scanner (Siemens Medical Systems, Erlangen, Germany) operating on the VD13 platform with a 32-channel phased-array receiver body coil. Short-axis (contiguous 8-mm-thick slices) and standard long-axis view (2-, 3- and 4-chamber views) cine images were obtained by steady-state free precession (SSFP) cine imaging with the following parameters: repetition time, 45 ms; echo time, 1.4 ms; matrix, 256 × 256; and field of view, 34 to 40 cm. LV geometry as well as functions, including LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), LV end-systolic volume (LVESV), resting CO (COrest), LVEF, LV mass, and left ventricle wall motion (LVWMS) were determined using SSFP cine imaging. The lower the LVWMS is, the better the LV contractility [28 (link)].
Quantitative parametric images of myocardial extracellular volume (ECV) fractions were acquired from longitudinal relaxation time (T1) mapping in short-axis slices before (pre) and after (post) contrast medium enhancement. The ECV was estimated by the following equation: ECV=(1-hematocrit)(1T1myopost-1T1myopre)(1T1bloodpost-1(T1bloodpre)
The CMR-LGE system determines the T1 in each myocardial segment. Myocardial fibrosis was estimated with a modified Look-Locker inversion-recovery (MOLLI) sequence [15 (link)] acquired during the end-expiratory phase in the basal, middle and apical LV myocardial segments at short-axes before (T1myo pre) and approximately 15 to 20 min after (T1myo post) a 0.1 mmol/kg intravenous dose of gadolinium-DOTA (gadoterate meglumine, Dotarem, Guerbet S.A., France). The ECV value was further normalized by the blood T1 mapping image before (T1blood pre) and after (T1blood post) enhancement in the corresponding short-axis slices. The basal slice (Base), mid-cavity slice (Middle), and apical slice (Apex) of LV myocardial segments [29 (link)] were drawn along the epicardial and endocardial surfaces on matched pre- and post-contrast MOLLI images to identify the myocardium for ECV analysis.
Hsu C.C., Wang J.S., Shyu Y.C., Fu T.C., Juan Y.H., Yuan S.S., Wang C.H., Yeh C.H., Liao P.C., Wu H.Y, & Hsu P.H. (2023). Hypermethylation of ACADVL is involved in the high-intensity interval training-associated reduction of cardiac fibrosis in heart failure patients. Journal of Translational Medicine, 21, 187.
Publication 2023
BLOOD Cardiovascular System Clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin Dental Caries Diastole Dotarem ECHO protocol Endocardium Epistropheus Exhaling Fibrosis Gadolinium gadolinium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetate gadoterate meglumine Human Body Inversion, Chromosome Left Ventricles Muscle Contraction Myocardium Sequence Inversion Systole Volumes, Packed Erythrocyte
4
Photosynthesis Measurement of Lettuce
A LI-6400XT (LI-COR, Inc., USA) was used to collect photosynthetic data from lettuce as previously described (Ravishankar et al., 2021 (link)). Two sample measurements were collected per leaf, two leaves per plant and four plants per treatment beginning five days before the final harvest. Photosynthesis was measured in situ inside the growth boxes to observe the impact of the light intensity and spectrum created by the OSC filters. The chamber door was kept closed during data collection to minimize changes to the environment and a black cloth was used to block ambient white light from entering around the equipment. A CO2 scrubber was used to prevent elevated CO2 levels from researcher exhalation. PPFD was monitored as measured by the instrument to ensure lighting conditions remained consistent throughout the data collection for each treatment. Photosynthetic data collection was limited in tomato due to experimental constraints.
Charles M., Edwards B., Ravishankar E., Calero J., Henry R., Rech J., Saravitz C., You W., Ade H., O’Connor B, & Sederoff H. (2023). Emergent molecular traits of lettuce and tomato grown under wavelength-selective solar cells. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1087707.
Publication 2023
Cardiac Arrest Exhaling Lactuca sativa Light Lycopersicon esculentum Photosynthesis Plant Leaves Plants
5
Age-Related Respiratory Function Decline
The respiratory system undergoes various anatomical, physiological and immunological changes with age. Ageing is associated with a progressive decline in respiratory function that accompanies changes in the structure of the chest wall due to loss of supporting tissue, increased air trapping and decreased respiratory muscle strength [28 ]. Respiratory function was measured using the CareFusion Microlab Spirometer with the participant seated. Measurements included forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1, l), forced vital capacity (FVC, l) and forced expiratory flow (FEF) 25–75%. Measures of lung function (FEV1 and FVC) are associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality [29 , 30 ]. Low FEV1 is also recognised as an independent predictor of non-cardiopulmonary comorbidities including diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis and dementia [31 –34 ]. For the purposes of this manuscript the highest FEV1 and FVC reading was used. A maximum of five attempts were undertaken to obtain three satisfactory readings. Analyses are only based on participants who obtained at least three satisfactory readings.
Neville C.E., Young I.S., Kee F., Hogg R.E., Scott A., Burns F., Woodside J.V, & McGuinness B. (2023). Northern Ireland Cohort for the Longitudinal Study of Ageing (NICOLA): health assessment protocol, participant profile and patterns of participation. BMC Public Health, 23, 466.
Publication 2023
Cardiovascular System Chronic Kidney Diseases Dementia Diabetes Mellitus Exhaling Muscle Weakness Osteoporosis physiology Respiratory Physiology Respiratory Rate Respiratory System Spirometry Tissues Volumes, Forced Expiratory Wall, Chest

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2
Niox mino by NIOX Group
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The NIOX MINO is a compact, portable device designed for the measurement of nitric oxide (NO) in exhaled breath. It provides a simple and accurate method for assessing airway inflammation, which can be a useful indicator of respiratory conditions such as asthma.
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More about "Exhaling"

Expiration, Respiratory Exhalation, Breathing Out, Pulmonary Expulsion, Air Expulsion, Gas Exchange, Homeostasis Regulation, Respiratory Physiology, Lung Capacity, Muscle Function, Airway Dynamics, Respiratory Disorders, Therapeutic Interventions, MATLAB, NIOX MINO, Ingenia, Stadiometer, Trypsin, Prism 6, Bovine Serum Albumin, Magnetom Avanto, FlexiVent, Gadovist.
Exhaling is the crucial physiological process of expelling air from the lungs, allowing for gas exchange and blood pH/CO2 regulation to maintain homeostasis.
Researchers may study factors affecting exhalation efficiency, such as lung capacity, muscle function, and airway dynamics, to provide insights into respiratory disorders and develop therapies.
While often unnoticed, exhaling is an essential bodily function for respiratory health.