Human first trimester subcortical forebrain tissue was obtained from elective routine abortions (10 weeks postconception) with the written informed consent of the pregnant woman and in accordance with the ethical permit given by the Regional Ethics Vetting Board (Stockholm, Sweden). Human fetal forebrain tissue was collected and stored in hibernation media with addition of GlutaMAX and B-27 supplements according to the manufacture’s instructions (overnight, 4oC, Hibernate-A, Thermo-Fisher). The tissue was then cut into small cubic pieces of approximately 1-2mm length. Tissue was dissociated using a dissociation kit (Miltenyi, Neural Tissue Dissociation Kit (P)) according to manufacture’s instructions. In short, tissue was prepared in the kit buffer containing 0.067mM beta-mercaptoethanol. After addition of enzyme mix 1 and 2, the tissue was mechanically dissociated using three increasingly smaller gauges of fire polished Pasteur pipettes, pipetted 20, 15 and 10 times up and down respectively. Ultimately, collected cells were stored on ice in PBS containing 1% BSA and immediately prepared for single cell library preparation. Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed using the 10X Genomics Chromium V2 kit, following the manufacturer’s protocol, and sequenced on an Illumina Hiseq 2500.
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Organism Function
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Hibernation
Hibernation
Hibernation is a state of reduced metabolic activity and lowered body temperature that some animals, such as bears, bats, and rodents, enter during the winter months.
This natural process allows these creatures to conserve energy and survive periods of food scarcity or harsh environmental conditions.
The mechanisms behind hibernation involve complex physiological and biochemical changes that are not fully understood.
Researchers continue to study this phenomenon to unlock its secrets and potentially apply the findings to human health, such as in the development of treatments for conditions like hypothermia or organ preservation.
By leveraging cutting-edge technologies like PubCompare.ai, scientists can more effectively explore the latest research on hibernation, compare protocols, and uncover new breakthroughs that could lead to significant advancements in this field of study.
This natural process allows these creatures to conserve energy and survive periods of food scarcity or harsh environmental conditions.
The mechanisms behind hibernation involve complex physiological and biochemical changes that are not fully understood.
Researchers continue to study this phenomenon to unlock its secrets and potentially apply the findings to human health, such as in the development of treatments for conditions like hypothermia or organ preservation.
By leveraging cutting-edge technologies like PubCompare.ai, scientists can more effectively explore the latest research on hibernation, compare protocols, and uncover new breakthroughs that could lead to significant advancements in this field of study.
Most cited protocols related to «Hibernation»
2-Mercaptoethanol
Buffers
cDNA Library
Cells
Chromium
Cuboid Bone
Dietary Supplements
Enzymes
Fetal Tissue
Hibernation
Homo sapiens
Induced Abortions
Nerve Tissue
Pregnant Women
Prosencephalon
Tissues
Human first trimester subcortical forebrain tissue was obtained from elective routine abortions (10 weeks postconception) with the written informed consent of the pregnant woman and in accordance with the ethical permit given by the Regional Ethics Vetting Board (Stockholm, Sweden). Human fetal forebrain tissue was collected and stored in hibernation media with addition of GlutaMAX and B-27 supplements according to the manufacture’s instructions (overnight, 4oC, Hibernate-A, Thermo-Fisher). The tissue was then cut into small cubic pieces of approximately 1-2mm length. Tissue was dissociated using a dissociation kit (Miltenyi, Neural Tissue Dissociation Kit (P)) according to manufacture’s instructions. In short, tissue was prepared in the kit buffer containing 0.067mM beta-mercaptoethanol. After addition of enzyme mix 1 and 2, the tissue was mechanically dissociated using three increasingly smaller gauges of fire polished Pasteur pipettes, pipetted 20, 15 and 10 times up and down respectively. Ultimately, collected cells were stored on ice in PBS containing 1% BSA and immediately prepared for single cell library preparation. Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed using the 10X Genomics Chromium V2 kit, following the manufacturer’s protocol, and sequenced on an Illumina Hiseq 2500.
2-Mercaptoethanol
Buffers
cDNA Library
Cells
Chromium
Cuboid Bone
Dietary Supplements
Enzymes
Fetal Tissue
Hibernation
Homo sapiens
Induced Abortions
Nerve Tissue
Pregnant Women
Prosencephalon
Tissues
Temperature-sensitive dataloggers were programmed to read skin temperature (Tsk) every 30 min and were attached to 504 bats over the course of three winters at six different hibernacula using standard methods [22] . Temperature readings could not be collected more frequently due to constraints on datalogger memory and the need to record continuous data for up to five months. To maximize recapture rates, bats with loggers were recaptured in March of each year, several weeks prior to the ‘normal’ time of emergence from hibernation. Loggers weighted about 1.1 g and were either purchased commercially (iBBat or WeeTagLites, AlphaMach, Inc., British Columbia, Canada) or were constructed by the authors (DMR and GGT). Appendix S1 describes and illustrates the methods for making these dataloggers from Thermochron DS1922L iButtons (Maxim Integrated Products, Inc., California, USA), modified from the techniques of Lovegrove [23] . Table 1 provides a summary of loggers deployed, retrieved, and downloaded successfully, by site, year, and sex.
Study sites were widely distributed and located in Vermont, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (Fig. 1 ). Among loggers retrieved, success rates varied. WeeTagLites failed at a rate of up to 90% whereas loggers constructed by the authors failed about 20% of the time. Overall 111 of 190 loggers retrieved yielded usable data, an average of 58.4%. We expected to recover less than half the loggers placed in the field and expected datalogger failure as well, which is why so many loggers were deployed. Of the 190 bats from which loggers were retrieved, 17 were found dead (four of which were in suitable post-mortem condition to perform histology analysis). For the 173 live bats recaptured in the spring, loggers were removed, and the animal was either released (N = 126) or euthanized for measurement of immune function and other physiological parameters for a separate study (N = 25) or for histology analysis (N = 22), as described below.
Study sites were widely distributed and located in Vermont, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (
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Animals
Autopsy
Chiroptera
Hibernation
Immune System Processes
Memory
physiology
Skin Temperature
To identify lineages where lifespan has increased, we reconstructed the longevity quotient (LQ), i.e. the ratio of observed to predicted longevity, with squared-change parsimony on a molecular phylogeny of 67 bats [28 (link)] using Mesquite v. 3.6 [30 ]. We obtained longevity and body mass records from AnAge, build 14 [31 (link)]. Given that maximum lifespan is an order statistic that is expected to increase by diminishing amounts as sample size increases [32 (link)] we used only acceptable quality records with medium or large sample sizes to minimize sample size bias [33 (link)]. We predicted bat longevity by least-squares regression, i.e. log10(longevity) = 0.5609 + log10(body mass) × 0.1868, from 804 non-flying placental mammals.
To identify variables that explain variation in bat longevity, we evaluated alternative multivariate models [34 ] that corrected for common ancestry using PGLS, as implemented in CAPER [29 ]. Because LQ correlates with both longevity and body mass, we included log10(body mass) as a variable for potentially predicting log10(longevity). We used the absolute value of the median latitude (hereafter ‘latitude') of the species' range as a proxy for annual temperature and hibernation duration because in rodents hibernation duration increases linearly with mean annual temperature [20 (link)]. We added an interaction between hibernation and latitude to allow for the possibility that latitude may not affect longevity in non-hibernators. Additional variables included cave use (yes/no), diet type (animal/plant material), number of offspring produced per year and log10(breeding aggregation size). We used sexual dimorphism in total body length (TL), as measured by log2 (male-TL/female-TL), to determine if sexual selection on body size contributes to variation in longevity. Trait values were obtained from the literature, museum collections (see the electronic supplementary material), personal observation or personal communication. Because bat longevity records come from either captive or wild animals, we included data source in the models to insure it would not bias results.
We measured the relative importance of the phylogeny in predicting each trait by calculating Pagel's λ for continuous variables and D for binary variables [35 (link)] and then fitted all possible models using PGLS [36 (link)]. We rank-ordered models by the corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc) and calculated Akaike weights to determine model strength. We used models within 4 AICc of the best-fitting model for model averaging and estimated weighted coefficients, confidence intervals and relative importance for each variable [34 ,37 (link)]. Because the interaction between hibernation and latitude had significant influence, to interpret effects of the remaining variables we split the data by hibernator/non-hibernator, and then repeated the analyses described above.
To identify variables that explain variation in bat longevity, we evaluated alternative multivariate models [34 ] that corrected for common ancestry using PGLS, as implemented in CAPER [29 ]. Because LQ correlates with both longevity and body mass, we included log10(body mass) as a variable for potentially predicting log10(longevity). We used the absolute value of the median latitude (hereafter ‘latitude') of the species' range as a proxy for annual temperature and hibernation duration because in rodents hibernation duration increases linearly with mean annual temperature [20 (link)]. We added an interaction between hibernation and latitude to allow for the possibility that latitude may not affect longevity in non-hibernators. Additional variables included cave use (yes/no), diet type (animal/plant material), number of offspring produced per year and log10(breeding aggregation size). We used sexual dimorphism in total body length (TL), as measured by log2 (male-TL/female-TL), to determine if sexual selection on body size contributes to variation in longevity. Trait values were obtained from the literature, museum collections (see the electronic supplementary material), personal observation or personal communication. Because bat longevity records come from either captive or wild animals, we included data source in the models to insure it would not bias results.
We measured the relative importance of the phylogeny in predicting each trait by calculating Pagel's λ for continuous variables and D for binary variables [35 (link)] and then fitted all possible models using PGLS [36 (link)]. We rank-ordered models by the corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc) and calculated Akaike weights to determine model strength. We used models within 4 AICc of the best-fitting model for model averaging and estimated weighted coefficients, confidence intervals and relative importance for each variable [34 ,37 (link)]. Because the interaction between hibernation and latitude had significant influence, to interpret effects of the remaining variables we split the data by hibernator/non-hibernator, and then repeated the analyses described above.
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Animals
Animals, Wild
Body Size
Capparis
Diet
Eutheria
Females
Glomus Tumors, Familial, 1
Hibernation
Human Body
Males
Plants
Prosopis
Rodent
Sex Characteristics
Sexual Selection
Tumor tissues were dissected from patients during surgery and collected in sterile Hibernation media (Supplementary Table 1 ) and transported on ice to the laboratory within two hours. Each tumor sample was transferred into one 100-mm culture dish and washed several times with ice-cold Hibernation media. Blood clots and gross necrosis were removed while washing the sample. The tissue was dissociated mechanically by chopping into small pieces with scissors. After primary mincing, they were collected into a 15-ml conical tube and washed twice with ice-cold Hibernation media. Next, the tissue was digested in DMEM with DNase I (250 U/ml) and collagenase type IV (1 mg/ml) (Invitrogen) for 30–60minutes at 37°C. The ratio of enzyme mixture solution and mechanically dissociated sample volume was 5:1. The primary tissue was triturated with intermittent pipetting every 10 minutes until there was no visible mass in the solution, to obtain single cell suspension. Cell suspension was centrifuged at 450g for 10 min at 4°C. Cells were washed twice with cold DMEM and were resuspended in Hibernation medium. Cells were then plated in PLO/Laminin coated 6-well plate. Serum-free medium composition was as following: DMEM (GIBCO, Invitrogen), L-glutamine, sodium pyruvate, B27, N2, insulin (20ug/ml), bFGF (20ng/ml), EGF (20ng/ml), PDGF-AB (20 ng/ml) and heparin (10 ng/ml)(Invitrogen). Cells were refed every three days and passaged every 1–2 weeks.
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Cells
Collagenase
Common Cold
Deoxyribonuclease I
Enzymes
Glutamine
Heparin
Hibernation
Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal
Insulin
Laminin
Necrosis
Neoplasms
Operative Surgical Procedures
Patients
platelet-derived growth factor AB
Pyruvate
Retinal Cone
Serum
Sodium
Sterility, Reproductive
Thrombus
Tissues
Most recents protocols related to «Hibernation»
The control group received mild hypothermia treatment. Nourishment of cerebral nerves, acid suppression and rehydration and reduction of intracranial pressure and antiinfection were given. All patients received mild hypothermia treatment within 12 hours after injury or surgery. The body uses cooling blanket and head ice cap to cool down, and the hibernation mixture uses chlorpromazine 100mg + promethazine 100mg + atraconine 200mg + normal saline 500mL intravenous drip to control the temperature at 32°C to 35°C (the whole-body temperature). Whether to add other physical cooling measures such as placing ice bags in armpits according to the cooling effect. After hypothermia treatment, the patient’s response to stinging pain became remarkably slower, pupils dilated and gradually narrowed, response to light became slower, respiratory rate lessened, deep reflexes were weakened or disappeared, and mild hypothermia was maintained for 5 days. During the treatment of mild hypothermia, the patient’s vital signs, heart rhythm, electrolytes, coagulation function and bleeding should be observed. If chills occur, diazepam, chlorpromazine or magnesium sulfate can be given for intravenous drip.
The experimental group received targeted temperature management and mild hypothermia therapy, mild hypothermia therapy was the same as the control group. The targeted temperature management was that ice blanket and mild hypothermia therapy apparatus were used to cool the whole body, micro pump into hibernation mixture, pump speed 6 mL/hour. The whole-body temperature of the patients was controlled at 32°C to 35°C for 5 days. After 5 days, the patient underwent natural rewarming method. The hibernating mixture, ice blanket and mild hypothermia therapeutic apparatus were stopped in turn. The natural rewarming time was 24 hours.
The experimental group received targeted temperature management and mild hypothermia therapy, mild hypothermia therapy was the same as the control group. The targeted temperature management was that ice blanket and mild hypothermia therapy apparatus were used to cool the whole body, micro pump into hibernation mixture, pump speed 6 mL/hour. The whole-body temperature of the patients was controlled at 32°C to 35°C for 5 days. After 5 days, the patient underwent natural rewarming method. The hibernating mixture, ice blanket and mild hypothermia therapeutic apparatus were stopped in turn. The natural rewarming time was 24 hours.
Acids
Anti-Infective Agents
Axilla
Body Temperature
Chills
Chlorpromazine
Coagulation, Blood
Diazepam
Electrolytes
Head
Heart
Hibernation
Human Body
Hypothermia, Induced
Injuries
Intracranial Pressure
Light
Nervousness
Normal Saline
Operative Surgical Procedures
Pain
Patients
Physical Examination
Promethazine
Pupil
Reflex
Rehydration
Respiratory Rate
Signs, Vital
Sulfate, Magnesium
Therapeutics
We studied the arrival and establishment of P. destructans at 24 hibernacula (caves and mines where bats spend the winter) in Virginia, Wisconsin, Illinois and Michigan over 7 years (electronic supplementary material, tables S1–S3) [37 (link)]. We visited sites twice per winter and collected data on infection status and body mass of bats. At each site, we sampled individual bats (electronic supplementary material, table S1, mean = 9.2, range: 1–50) stratified across site sections. Because sites used in this study were primarily small mines where it was possible to observe all bats present, in many instances, all individuals in the population were sampled. For each bat, we collected a standardized epidermal swab sample [18 (link)], attached a unique aluminium band and measured body mass using a digital scale (GDealer, accuracy ± 0.03 g). Because common condition indices are no more effective than body mass for estimating fat stores [38 (link)], we did not include information on bat forearm size in order to reduce handling disturbance. At every visit, we recorded and resampled any previously banded bats present. We stored swabs in RNAlater, and samples were kept at 0°C while in the field, and then at −20°C until processing. We tested samples for P. destructans DNA using real-time PCR and quantified fungal loads [21 (link),39 (link)]. Animal handling protocols were approved by Virginia Tech IACUC (no. 17-180, no. 20-150).
We investigated the effect of bat early hibernation (November) body mass on the probability an individual was recaptured overwinter (e.g. within-winter) using a generalized linear mixed model with a binomial distribution and a probit link, with site as a random effect, and body mass and disease phase (epidemic = 1–3 years since pathogen arrival, or established = 4–7 years since pathogen arrival) as interacting fixed effects (electronic supplementary material, table S1, total N individuals = 775). Phases were established based on previous results demonstrating that populations approach stability by year 4 following WNS arrival [6 (link),32 (link)] For analyses of individual survival and body mass, results were similar whether we used categorical disease phase or years since WNS as a continuous variable (electronic supplementary material, appendix) and grouping by phase maximized the number of bats in the epidemic years when mortality was high and the number of recaptured bats was low. For bats that were recaptured overwinter, we examined the effect of early winter body mass and infection on the amount of mass lost overwinter during both the epidemic and established phase using a linear mixed model with site as a random effect and the change in body mass as the response variable and fixed effects of early winter mass interacting with early winter fungal loads with additional additive effect of disease phase (electronic supplementary material, table S2, total N = 158). Finally, we explored changes in mass over time since the invasion of P. destructans on an individual and population level to examine both plasticity and phenotypic change. For bats that were recaptured in multiple years, we used a linear mixed model with mass as a response variable, years since WNS as a fixed effect and bat band ID as a random effect to explore plasticity in whether individual bat mass changed over time (N = 91 observations, 42 unique bands, 1–3 recapture events per bat, electronic supplementary material, appendix 4.0.3). At a population level, bat declines in sites with the best invasion mass data limited our ability to explore changes in mass, so we restricted our analyses to N = 5 sites (electronic supplementary material, table S3) that were measured during invasion and had sufficient bats to estimate during established periods using log10 mass as our response variable (logged to normalize) and years since WNS interacting with season with site as a random effect. All analyses were conducted in R v.4.1.2 using lme4 [40 (link)].
We investigated the effect of bat early hibernation (November) body mass on the probability an individual was recaptured overwinter (e.g. within-winter) using a generalized linear mixed model with a binomial distribution and a probit link, with site as a random effect, and body mass and disease phase (epidemic = 1–3 years since pathogen arrival, or established = 4–7 years since pathogen arrival) as interacting fixed effects (electronic supplementary material, table S1, total N individuals = 775). Phases were established based on previous results demonstrating that populations approach stability by year 4 following WNS arrival [6 (link),32 (link)] For analyses of individual survival and body mass, results were similar whether we used categorical disease phase or years since WNS as a continuous variable (electronic supplementary material, appendix) and grouping by phase maximized the number of bats in the epidemic years when mortality was high and the number of recaptured bats was low. For bats that were recaptured overwinter, we examined the effect of early winter body mass and infection on the amount of mass lost overwinter during both the epidemic and established phase using a linear mixed model with site as a random effect and the change in body mass as the response variable and fixed effects of early winter mass interacting with early winter fungal loads with additional additive effect of disease phase (electronic supplementary material, table S2, total N = 158). Finally, we explored changes in mass over time since the invasion of P. destructans on an individual and population level to examine both plasticity and phenotypic change. For bats that were recaptured in multiple years, we used a linear mixed model with mass as a response variable, years since WNS as a fixed effect and bat band ID as a random effect to explore plasticity in whether individual bat mass changed over time (N = 91 observations, 42 unique bands, 1–3 recapture events per bat, electronic supplementary material, appendix 4.0.3). At a population level, bat declines in sites with the best invasion mass data limited our ability to explore changes in mass, so we restricted our analyses to N = 5 sites (electronic supplementary material, table S3) that were measured during invasion and had sufficient bats to estimate during established periods using log10 mass as our response variable (logged to normalize) and years since WNS interacting with season with site as a random effect. All analyses were conducted in R v.4.1.2 using lme4 [40 (link)].
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Aluminum
Animals
Chiroptera
Epidemics
Epidermis
Fingers
Forearm
Hibernation
Human Body
Infection
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees
Mycoses
pathogenesis
Phenotype
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Antioxidant enzyme activities were spectrophotometrically quantified in blood samples (SOD = 50 µL, CAT = 20 µL, GST = 50 µL) and in animal tissues from the experimental groups. Around 100 mg of frozen samples from the digestive gland, the gill, and the lung of control, hibernation, and arousal-hib animals were homogenized (UltraTurrax®,, IKA Werke, Staufen, Germany) in buffered saline solution and centrifuged (10,500× g at 4 °C for 5 min). Supernatants were collected, aliquoted, and frozen for the determination of enzymes and proteins.
SOD activity was determined according to Misra and Fridovich [33 (link)]. The inhibition of the auto-oxidation of epinephrine was measured at 480 nm (30 °C), and a unit (U) was defined as the amount of SOD that inhibits 50 % of adrenochrome formation. The activity of SOD was expressed as Units per milligram of protein (U/mg). CAT activity was measured by the method described by Aebi [34 ] through the decomposition of 10 mM H2O2 by the sample in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). The decrease in the absorbance of H2O2 for 60 s at 240 nm represents the enzyme activity, and it was expressed as Units of CAT per milligram of protein (U/mg). GST activity was calculated by the Habig et al. [35 (link)] method, where the increase in the absorbance for 180 s at 340 nm from a mixture of buffer solution (20 mM Tris base, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 0.5 M sucrose, 0.15 M KCl, and 0.1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride; pH 7.6), 50 mM 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, 100 mM reduced glutathione, and the sample. Results of GST activity were expressed as milliUnits per milligram of protein (mU/mg).
SOD activity was determined according to Misra and Fridovich [33 (link)]. The inhibition of the auto-oxidation of epinephrine was measured at 480 nm (30 °C), and a unit (U) was defined as the amount of SOD that inhibits 50 % of adrenochrome formation. The activity of SOD was expressed as Units per milligram of protein (U/mg). CAT activity was measured by the method described by Aebi [34 ] through the decomposition of 10 mM H2O2 by the sample in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). The decrease in the absorbance of H2O2 for 60 s at 240 nm represents the enzyme activity, and it was expressed as Units of CAT per milligram of protein (U/mg). GST activity was calculated by the Habig et al. [35 (link)] method, where the increase in the absorbance for 180 s at 340 nm from a mixture of buffer solution (20 mM Tris base, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 0.5 M sucrose, 0.15 M KCl, and 0.1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride; pH 7.6), 50 mM 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, 100 mM reduced glutathione, and the sample. Results of GST activity were expressed as milliUnits per milligram of protein (mU/mg).
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Adrenochrome
Animals
Antioxidant Activity
Arousal
BLOOD
Buffers
Cardiac Arrest
Digestion
Dinitrobenzenes
Dithiothreitol
Edetic Acid
enzyme activity
Enzymes
Epinephrine
Freezing
Gills
Hibernation
Lung
Peroxide, Hydrogen
Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride
Phosphates
Proteins
Psychological Inhibition
Reduced Glutathione
Saline Solution
Sucrose
Tissues
Tromethamine
Animals from our laboratory-cultured Rosedal strain (N = 6–14 per group) were separated into groups with equal numbers of adult males and females (4–5 months old). Active (control) animals were kept in aquaria at 26–28 °C (aquarium tap water was changed three times a week) and fed ad libitum with a diet consisting of fresh lettuce, dried P. canaliculata eggs, and carp food pellets (Shulet Peishe, Argentina). Culture conditions have been previously described (e.g., [21 (link)]). Two experimentally induced dormant (hypometabolic) states were set: (I) animals kept out of water in plastic containers for 7 days (short-term estivation), and (II) animals kept in an aquarium at 10–12 °C for 7 days (short-term hibernation). Half of the animals from each experimental set were immersed in water at 25–28 °C for 30 min, during which they resumed activity (the “arousal” groups). Thus, animals comprised five groups: (1) control (active), (2) estivation (est), (3) arousal-est, (4) hibernation (hib), and (5) arousal-hib. Our laboratory has previously characterized the experimental inductions of activity–dormancy–arousal cycles [11 (link),12 (link),13 (link),21 (link)].
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Adult
Animals
Animals, Laboratory
Arousal
Cyprinus carpio
Diet
Eggs
Estivation
Females
Food
Hibernation
Lactuca sativa
Males
Pellets, Drug
Strains
In the conducted studies, young and old grape snails with shells collected from different areas of Absheron (Azerbaijan) were used as research objects. It should be noted that the age of snails is determined by the size of their shell parts. The shell color of grape snails is usually yellowish brown. Usually, they have wide stripes of dark brown color on their shells, but there are snails without them at all.
Snails are usually collected from nature in spring, summer, and early autumn. This is due to the hibernation of snails in cold seasons (at temperatures below 7 °C). Although the grape snail has a large shell and is slow, it can be a good digger. As soon as autumn comes, the snail digs a hole in the ground with its foot and then hibernates. If the ground cannot be dug due to the high density of the earth, the snail rolls over onto its back, scoops up more fallen leaves, and hibernates in this way. How long grape snails live is greatly influenced by their living conditions. In nature, this period is up to 8 years.
The grape snails that are the objects of research were collected from nature in spring and summer. After the snails were placed in special containers with 20 individuals in each, they were irradiated with different doses of ionizing gamma radiation (young snails: 200 Gy, 400 Gy, and 600 Gy; old snails: 50 Gy, 250 Gy, 450 Gy, 600 Gy, and 800 Gy) in a “RUHUND—20000” device with a CO 60 source (Figure 8 ). For 60 days after irradiation, the life activities and feeding of snails were monitored, and their death rates were determined. It should be noted that during this period, the food ration of the snails was completely the same. It was revealed that the life activities and nutrition of snails weaken with a high dose of gamma radiation. At the same time, the increase in the radiation dose led to an increase in their mortality rate. Thus, it was determined that two individuals irradiated with a dose of 200 Gy died, three individuals irradiated with a dose of 400 Gy died, and five individuals irradiated with a dose of 800 Gy died. In general, it was found that snails are resistant to the effects of radiation factors.
After 60 days, the shells and body parts of the snails were separated and dried under natural conditions at room temperature (22–25 °C) (Figure 9 ) for 10–14 days. Spectra of the dried samples were recorded at room temperature on an Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (EMX-BRUKER (Rheinstetten, Germany)).
In addition, the mucin secreted by grape snails with shells was studied by the infrared (IR) spectroscopy method (Figure 7 ). The quality of the extracted mucin depends on many factors: temperature, season, and diet of the snail. The study of snail mucin is of great interest. The snails release mucin during times of stress or injury. As a complicated biological complex, mucin increases the regeneration properties of the epidermis, enriches the cells of the deep layers of the skin with water, fights inflammation, and acts as a highly effective natural antioxidant. Mucin is also used for cosmetic products.
The radionuclide composition of grape snails’ bodies and shell parts and their specific activities were determined using CANBERRA gamma spectroscopy. This gamma spectroscopy is designed to measure the energies of X-ray or gamma radiation quanta emitted by radionuclides, as well as the activity (specific, volume) of gamma-emitting radionuclides in samples and objects. The results we obtained are shown inTable 1 . For this purpose, when preparing the samples, the shell and body parts of the grape snails were separated from each other, dried at room temperature, and crushed by grinding. Then, the dried samples were placed in special Marinelli containers, and after some time (7–10 days), their radiospectrometric analysis was performed.
Snails are usually collected from nature in spring, summer, and early autumn. This is due to the hibernation of snails in cold seasons (at temperatures below 7 °C). Although the grape snail has a large shell and is slow, it can be a good digger. As soon as autumn comes, the snail digs a hole in the ground with its foot and then hibernates. If the ground cannot be dug due to the high density of the earth, the snail rolls over onto its back, scoops up more fallen leaves, and hibernates in this way. How long grape snails live is greatly influenced by their living conditions. In nature, this period is up to 8 years.
The grape snails that are the objects of research were collected from nature in spring and summer. After the snails were placed in special containers with 20 individuals in each, they were irradiated with different doses of ionizing gamma radiation (young snails: 200 Gy, 400 Gy, and 600 Gy; old snails: 50 Gy, 250 Gy, 450 Gy, 600 Gy, and 800 Gy) in a “RUHUND—20000” device with a CO 60 source (
After 60 days, the shells and body parts of the snails were separated and dried under natural conditions at room temperature (22–25 °C) (
In addition, the mucin secreted by grape snails with shells was studied by the infrared (IR) spectroscopy method (
The radionuclide composition of grape snails’ bodies and shell parts and their specific activities were determined using CANBERRA gamma spectroscopy. This gamma spectroscopy is designed to measure the energies of X-ray or gamma radiation quanta emitted by radionuclides, as well as the activity (specific, volume) of gamma-emitting radionuclides in samples and objects. The results we obtained are shown in
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Antioxidants
Biopharmaceuticals
Body Composition
Cold Temperature
Diet
Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
Epidermis
Food
Foot
Gamma Rays
Grapes
Helix (Snails)
Hibernation
Inflammation
Injuries
Medical Devices
Mucins
Parts, Body
Radiation
Radiation Effects
Radiography
Radioisotopes
Regeneration
SERPINA3 protein, human
Skin
Snails
Spectrum Analysis
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EGF is a lab equipment product from Thermo Fisher Scientific. It is a recombinant human Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) protein. EGF is a growth factor that plays a role in cell proliferation and differentiation.
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SPSS Statistics is a software package used for interactive or batched statistical analysis. It provides data access and management, analytical reporting, graphics, and modeling capabilities.
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, China
The Epoch microplate reader is a compact and versatile instrument designed for absorbance-based measurements in microtiter plates. It features a high-quality monochromator that enables rapid wavelength selection across a wide range, allowing for diverse assay applications. The Epoch provides accurate and reproducible results, making it a reliable tool for various analytical and research purposes.
Sourced in United States
The 4-HNE assay kit is a quantitative colorimetric assay designed to measure the levels of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a lipid peroxidation marker, in biological samples. The kit provides a simple and reliable method to detect and quantify 4-HNE in a variety of sample types.
Sourced in United States
iButton temperature loggers are compact, durable, and self-contained devices that record temperature data. They are designed to measure and store temperature readings over time, making them suitable for various temperature monitoring applications.
Sourced in United States, China, Germany, United Kingdom, Canada, Switzerland, Sweden, Japan, Australia, France, India, Hong Kong, Spain, Cameroon, Austria, Denmark, Italy, Singapore, Brazil, Finland, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, Israel
The HiSeq 2500 is a high-throughput DNA sequencing system designed for a wide range of applications, including whole-genome sequencing, targeted sequencing, and transcriptome analysis. The system utilizes Illumina's proprietary sequencing-by-synthesis technology to generate high-quality sequencing data with speed and accuracy.
Sourced in United States
Hibernate A is a laboratory equipment designed for sample preservation. It maintains samples at a controlled low temperature to prevent degradation or changes during storage.
Sourced in United States
The 50 mL tubes are laboratory equipment designed for various sample collection and storage purposes. They have a capacity of 50 milliliters and are typically made of polypropylene or other durable materials.
The 10X Genomics Chromium V2 kit is a laboratory instrument used for single-cell RNA sequencing. It enables the analysis of gene expression profiles at the individual cell level.
More about "Hibernation"
Hibernation is a remarkable natural process in which certain animals, such as bears, bats, and rodents, enter a state of reduced metabolic activity and lowered body temperature during the winter months.
This adaptive strategy allows these creatures to conserve energy and survive periods of food scarcity or harsh environmental conditions.
The intricate physiological and biochemical mechanisms behind hibernation are not yet fully understood, but researchers are diligently studying this phenomenon to unlock its secrets and explore potential applications for human health.
Through the use of cutting-edge technologies like PubCompare.ai, scientists can more effectively explore the latest research on hibernation, compare experimental protocols, and uncover new breakthroughs that could lead to significant advancements in this field of study.
By leveraging this AI-driven platform, researchers can optimize their hibernation research, identify the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, and enhance their overall research process.
Key areas of hibernation research include the use of Neural Tissue Dissociation Kits (P) to isolate and study neural tissues, the role of growth factors like EGF in regulating hibernation-related processes, the application of statistical software like SPSS Statistics to analyze hibernation data, and the utilization of specialized equipment like Epoch microplate readers and 4-HNE assay kits to measure metabolic indicators.
Additionally, researchers may employ IButton temperature loggers to monitor changes in body temperature during hibernation, as well as high-throughput sequencing technologies like the HiSeq 2500 to investigate the genomic and transcriptomic underpinnings of this remarkable adaptation.
Compounds like Hibernate A and tools such as 50 mL tubes and 10X Genomics Chromium V2 kits may also play important roles in hibernation research, providing researchers with the necessary tools and reagents to conduct their investigations.
By harnessing the power of these cutting-edge technologies and techniques, scientists can unravel the mysteries of hibernation and explore its potential applications in fields like hypothermia treatment and organ preservation, ultimately leading to groundbreaking advancements in human health and beyond.
This adaptive strategy allows these creatures to conserve energy and survive periods of food scarcity or harsh environmental conditions.
The intricate physiological and biochemical mechanisms behind hibernation are not yet fully understood, but researchers are diligently studying this phenomenon to unlock its secrets and explore potential applications for human health.
Through the use of cutting-edge technologies like PubCompare.ai, scientists can more effectively explore the latest research on hibernation, compare experimental protocols, and uncover new breakthroughs that could lead to significant advancements in this field of study.
By leveraging this AI-driven platform, researchers can optimize their hibernation research, identify the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, and enhance their overall research process.
Key areas of hibernation research include the use of Neural Tissue Dissociation Kits (P) to isolate and study neural tissues, the role of growth factors like EGF in regulating hibernation-related processes, the application of statistical software like SPSS Statistics to analyze hibernation data, and the utilization of specialized equipment like Epoch microplate readers and 4-HNE assay kits to measure metabolic indicators.
Additionally, researchers may employ IButton temperature loggers to monitor changes in body temperature during hibernation, as well as high-throughput sequencing technologies like the HiSeq 2500 to investigate the genomic and transcriptomic underpinnings of this remarkable adaptation.
Compounds like Hibernate A and tools such as 50 mL tubes and 10X Genomics Chromium V2 kits may also play important roles in hibernation research, providing researchers with the necessary tools and reagents to conduct their investigations.
By harnessing the power of these cutting-edge technologies and techniques, scientists can unravel the mysteries of hibernation and explore its potential applications in fields like hypothermia treatment and organ preservation, ultimately leading to groundbreaking advancements in human health and beyond.