One-week-old young seedlings aseptically grown on 1/2 MS agar medium were transferred into pots filled with the same amount of compost soil and grown for another 1 or 2 weeks before stress treatments were applied. For drought tolerance assay, soil-grown plants were fully watered, and then withheld irrigation for 4 weeks, followed by rewatering plants. Survival rates were scored 1 week after rewatering. For salt tolerance assay, soil-grown plants were treated with progressively applied high salt stress by irrigating plants with NaCl solutions of stepwisely increasing concentrations (50, 100, and 200 mM) every 4 days and lasting at the concentration of 200 mM for 12 days when chlorophyll contents were measured according to the method (Lichtenthaler 1987 (link)). Cold treatment was performed by transferring the plants into a low temperature incubator for desired durations (−4°C, Sanyo, MIR-253). After 7 days-recovery under normal growth conditions, the survival rates were recorded. For oxidative stress treatment, leaves of similar developmental stages (7th and 8th rosette leaves) were detached from 3 or 4 week-old plants aseptically grown on 1/2 MS agar medium and floated abaxial side up in 2 μM methyl viologen (MV, Sigma–Adrich) solution under controlled growth conditions. Chlorophyll contents of the detached leaves were measured as described (Lichtenthaler 1987 (link)).
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Organism Function
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Salt Stress
Salt Stress
Salt stress is a major environmental factor that can adversly impact plant growth and development.
It encompasses the physiological respones of plants to elevated levels of sodium chloride and other salts in their surroundings.
These stressors can lead to osmotic imbalance, ion toxicity, and oxidative damage within the plant, affecting photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, and overall productivity.
Understanding the mechanisms of salt stress tolerance is crucial for developing strategies to improve crop resilience and productivity in saline environments.
It encompasses the physiological respones of plants to elevated levels of sodium chloride and other salts in their surroundings.
These stressors can lead to osmotic imbalance, ion toxicity, and oxidative damage within the plant, affecting photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, and overall productivity.
Understanding the mechanisms of salt stress tolerance is crucial for developing strategies to improve crop resilience and productivity in saline environments.
Most cited protocols related to «Salt Stress»
Agar
Biological Assay
Chlorophyll
Cold Temperature
Drought Tolerance
Growth Disorders
Marijuana Abuse
MS 1-2
Oxidative Stress
Paraquat
Plants
Salt Stress
Salt Tolerance
Seedlings
Sodium Chloride
The wheat ecotype Xinong 9871 was used in this study. Wheat seeds were sterilized with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 10 min. After washing with distilled water 3∼5 times, seeds were placed in petri plates with filter paper for 3 days to germinate. For hydroponic culture, wheat seedlings were grown on 1/4 Hoagland solution for 7 days, and then half the seedlings were supplemented with 1 μM melatonin. Three days after the pretreatment, the plants were treated with or without 100 mM NaCl for 16 days, with the media refreshed twice per week. This protocol resulted in four experimental groups of plants: (i) Control; (ii) Melatonin treatment; (iii) Salt stress treatment; (iv) Salt and melatonin treatment. All the experiments were conducted in a growth chamber at 28/23°C (day/night) with 50 ± 5% relative humidity under a light intensity of 450 μmol m-2 s-1, and a 12/12 h (light/dark) photoperiod. There were at least three biological replicates per treatment.
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Biopharmaceuticals
Ecotype
Humidity
Light
Melatonin
Plant Embryos
Plants
Salt Stress
Seedlings
Sodium Chloride
Sodium Hypochlorite
Strains
Triticum aestivum
Arabidopsis thaliana (accession Col-0) was used in all experiments. Seeds were surface-sterilized, sown on square plates (12 cm × 12 cm) containing 0.5× Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962 (link)) (pH 5.7) supplemented with a gelling agent 0.6% Phytagel (Sigma–Aldrich, Germany) and maintained for 3 days at 4°C in the dark. Thereafter, the plates were transferred into a growth-chamber with controlled conditions (22°C, 16/8 h light/dark cycle, a photon irradiance of 120 μmol photons of PAR m-2 s-1) and placed in a vertical position. Three days after germination, seedlings of similar size were transferred under sterile conditions into the multi-well plates [12- and 24-well plates (Jetbiofil, Guangzhou, China)] one seedling per well and the plates were sealed with perforated transparent foil allowing gas and water exchange. Each well contained 2.7 mL (12-well plate) or 1.3 mL (24-well plate) of full MS medium (pH 5.7; supplemented with 0.6% Phytagel). For optimization, different concentrations of MS (1×, 0.5×, and 0.25×) and sucrose (0, 0.1, and 1%) (pH 5.7; containing 0.6% Phytagel) were also used. In the salt-stress experiment 12- and 24-well plates were used filled with 1× MS medium (pH 5.7; containing 0.6% Phytagel) with the addition of NaCl to achieve specific salinities (50, 75, 100, and 150 mM NaCl). In the experiment dealing with interacting growth conditions, 12-well plates containing different MS concentrations (1×, 0.5×, and 0.25×) with or without salt stress (75 mM NaCl) were used.
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Arabidopsis thalianas
Germination
Growth Disorders
Plant Embryos
Salinity
Salt Stress
Sodium Chloride
Sterility, Reproductive
Sucrose
Agar
Amphotericin B
Antifungal Agents
calcofluor white
Cells
Diamide
Dithiothreitol
Fluconazole
Flucytosine
fludioxonil
Genotoxic Stress
Glucose
Hydroxyurea
Metals, Heavy
Osmosis
Oxidants
Oxidative Stress
Peptones
Peroxide, Hydrogen
Peroxides
Phenotype
Plasma Membrane
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Salt Stress
Sodium Chloride
Sorbitol
Sulfates, Inorganic
Sulfhydryl Compounds
Superoxides
Susceptibility, Disease
Technique, Dilution
tert-Butylhydroperoxide
Tunicamycin
Vitamin K3
Seeds of Amaranthus hypochondriacus cultivar Revancha and of accession 38040 (origin: India) were kindly provided by E. Espitia (INIFAP, México) and D. Brenner (USDA, Iowa State University, Ames, IA), respectively. Seeds were germinated in 60-well germinating trays filled with a sterile soil preparation composed of a general soil mixture (three parts Sunshine Mix 3TM [SunGro Horticulture, Bellevue, WA], one part loam, two parts mulch, one part vermiculite [SunGro Hort] and one part perlite [Termolita S.A., Nuevo León, México] and coconut paste [Hummert de México, Morelos, México] in a 1:1 v/v relation). The trays were maintained in a growth chamber kept at 26°C, ≈75% R.H. and with a 16: 8 h light (at approximately 300 μmol m-2 s-1) dark photoperiod. Amaranth plantlets were subsequently transplanted to 1.3-L plastic pots, containing sterile general soil mixture, 21 days after germination. They were fertilized once, one week after transplant, with a 20:10:20 (N: P: K) nutrient soil drench solution according to the manufacturer's instructions (Peters Professional; Scotts-Sierra Horticultural Products, Marysville, OH, USA). Plants having six expanded leaves were employed for experimentation. Total RNA was obtained from leaves (A. hypochondriacus cv. Revancha) or pigmented stems (A. hypochondriacus India 38040) using the Trizol reagent (Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, CA, USA) as instructed, treated with RNAase-free DNAase and re-purified with the RNeasy kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) following the manufacturer's protocol. Different sources of RNA were used to generate the six cDNA libraries employed for pyrosequencing runs: i) leaves of intact plants grown under natural greenhouse conditions in the summer of 2009 (Source 1, S1) ; ii) pooled damaged leaf tissue from plants subjected to herbivory for 1, 4 and 12 h (≈20% maximum leaf-tissue loss) by larvae of the salt marsh caterpillar Estigmene acrea (S2); iii ) leaves of noticeably wilted plants resulting from the drought-stress imposed after withholding watering for 3 days (S3) (drought-stress was most probably caused by the confinement of the treated plants in pots, which impeded taproot elongation, a known morphological response to drought in amaranth [see above]), and iv) leaves of plants, showing increased thickness and coarser leaf texture as a result of the acute salt-stress produced by watering the plants for three straight days with 100 ml of a 400 mM NaCl solution, (S4). Leaf material was also obtained from leaves of plants infected with Pseudomonas argentinensis, a bacterial amaranth pathogen, as described previously [51 ] (S5) and from pigmented (red) stem tissue of un-stressed 38040 plants (S6). RNA source S1 to S5 were obtained exclusively from plants of the Revancha cultivar.
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Amaranth Dye
Amaranthus
Bacteria
cDNA Library
Coconut
Deoxyribonucleases
Droughts
Endoribonucleases
Germination
Grafts
Herbivory
Larva
Light
Marijuana Abuse
Marshes
Mineralocorticoid Excess Syndrome, Apparent
Nutrients
Pastes
Pathogenicity
Perlite
Plant Embryos
Plant Leaves
Plants
Pseudomonas argentinensis
Salt Stress
Sodium Chloride
Stem, Plant
Sterility, Reproductive
Sunlight
Tissues
trizol
vermiculite
Most recents protocols related to «Salt Stress»
Example 2
A. Seed Treatment with Isolated Microbe
In this example, an isolated microbe from Tables 1-3 will be applied as a seed coating to seeds of corn (Zea mays). Upon applying the isolated microbe as a seed coating, the corn will be planted and cultivated in the standard manner.
A control plot of corn seeds, which did not have the isolated microbe applied as a seed coating, will also be planted.
It is expected that the corn plants grown from the seeds treated with the seed coating will exhibit a quantifiably higher biomass than the control corn plants.
The biomass from the treated plants may be about 1-10% higher, 10-20% higher, 20-30% higher, 30-40% higher, 40-50% higher, 50-60% higher, 60-70% higher, 70-80% higher, 80-90% higher, or more.
The biomass from the treated plants may equate to about a 1 bushel per acre increase over the controls, or a 2 bushel per acre increase, or a 3 bushel per acre increase, or a 4 bushel per acre increase, or a 5 bushel per acre increase, or more.
In some aspects, the biomass increase is statistically significant. In other aspects, the biomass increase is not statistically significant, but is still quantifiable.
B. Seed Treatment with Microbial Consortia
In this example, a microbial consortium, comprising at least two microbes from Tables 1-3 will be applied as a seed coating to seeds of corn (Zea mays). Upon applying the microbial consortium as a seed coating, the corn will be planted and cultivated in the standard manner.
A control plot of corn seeds, which did not have the microbial consortium applied as a seed coating, will also be planted.
It is expected that the corn plants grown from the seeds treated with the seed coating will exhibit a quantifiably higher biomass than the control corn plants.
The biomass from the treated plants may be about 1-10% higher, 10-20% higher, 20-30% higher, 30-40% higher, 40-50% higher, 50-60% higher, 60-70% higher, 70-80% higher, 80-90% higher, or more.
The biomass from the treated plants may equate to about a 1 bushel per acre increase over the controls, or a 2 bushel per acre increase, or a 3 bushel per acre increase, or a 4 bushel per acre increase, or a 5 bushel per acre increase, or more.
In some aspects, the biomass increase is statistically significant. In other aspects, the biomass increase is not statistically significant, but is still quantifiable.
C. Treatment with Agricultural Composition Comprising Isolated Microbe
In this example, an isolated microbe from Tables 1-3 will be applied as an agricultural composition, administered to the corn seed at the time of sowing.
For example, it is anticipated that a farmer will apply the agricultural composition to the corn seeds simultaneously upon planting the seeds into the field. This can be accomplished, for example, by applying the agricultural composition to a hopper/bulk tank on a standard 16 row planter, which contains the corn seeds and which is configured to plant the same into rows. Alternatively, the agricultural composition can be contained in a separate bulk tank on the planter and sprayed into the rows upon planting the corn seed.
A control plot of corn seeds, which are not administered the agricultural composition, will also be planted.
It is expected that the corn plants grown from the seeds treated with the agricultural composition will exhibit a quantifiably higher biomass than the control corn plants.
The biomass from the treated plants may be about 1-10% higher, 10-20% higher, 20-30% higher, 30-40% higher, 40-50% higher, 50-60% higher, 60-70% higher, 70-80% higher, 80-90% higher, or more.
The biomass from the treated plants may equate to about a 1 bushel per acre increase over the controls, or a 2 bushel per acre increase, or a 3 bushel per acre increase, or a 4 bushel per acre increase, or a 5 bushel per acre increase, or more.
In some aspects, the biomass increase is statistically significant. In other aspects, the biomass increase is not statistically significant, but is still quantifiable.
D. Treatment with Agricultural Composition Comprising Microbial Consortia
In this example, a microbial consortium, comprising at least two microbes from Tables 1-3 will be applied as an agricultural composition, administered to the corn seed at the time of sowing.
For example, it is anticipated that a farmer will apply the agricultural composition to the corn seeds simultaneously upon planting the seeds into the field. This can be accomplished, for example, by applying the agricultural composition to a hopper/bulk tank on a standard 16 row planter, which contains the corn seeds and which is configured to plant the same into rows. Alternatively, the agricultural composition can be contained in a separate bulk tank on the planter and sprayed into the rows upon planting the corn seed.
A control plot of corn seeds, which are not administered the agricultural composition, will also be planted.
It is expected that the corn plants grown from the seeds treated with the agricultural composition will exhibit a quantifiably higher biomass than the control corn plants.
The biomass from the treated plants may be about 1-10% higher, 10-20% higher, 20-30% higher, 30-40% higher, 40-50% higher, 50-60% higher, 60-70% higher, 70-80% higher, 80-90% higher, or more.
The biomass from the treated plants may equate to about a 1 bushel per acre increase over the controls, or a 2 bushel per acre increase, or a 3 bushel per acre increase, or a 4 bushel per acre increase, or a 5 bushel per acre increase, or more.
In some aspects, the biomass increase is statistically significant. In other aspects, the biomass increase is not statistically significant, but is still quantifiable.
A. Seed Treatment with Isolated Microbe
In this example, an isolated microbe from Tables 1-3 will be applied as a seed coating to seeds of corn (Zea mays). Upon applying the isolated microbe as a seed coating, the corn will be planted and cultivated in the standard manner.
A control plot of corn seeds, which did not have the isolated microbe applied as a seed coating, will also be planted.
It is expected that the corn plants grown from the seeds treated with the seed coating will exhibit a quantifiable and superior ability to tolerate drought conditions and/or exhibit superior water use efficiency, as compared to the control corn plants.
The drought tolerance and/or water use efficiency can be based on any number of standard tests from the art, e.g leaf water retention, turgor loss point, rate of photosynthesis, leaf color and other phenotypic indications of drought stress, yield performance, and various root morphological and growth patterns.
B. Seed Treatment with Microbial Consortia
In this example, a microbial consortium, comprising at least two microbes from Tables 1-3 will be applied as a seed coating to seeds of corn (Zea mays). Upon applying the microbial consortium as a seed coating, the corn will be planted and cultivated in the standard manner.
A control plot of corn seeds, which did not have the microbial consortium applied as a seed coating, will also be planted.
It is expected that the corn plants grown from the seeds treated with the seed coating will exhibit a quantifiable and superior ability to tolerate drought conditions and/or exhibit superior water use efficiency, as compared to the control corn plants.
The drought tolerance and/or water use efficiency can be based on any number of standard tests from the art, e.g leaf water retention, turgor loss point, rate of photosynthesis, leaf color and other phenotypic indications of drought stress, yield performance, and various root morphological and growth patterns.
C. Treatment with Agricultural Composition Comprising Isolated Microbe
In this example, an isolated microbe from Tables 1-3 will be applied as an agricultural composition, administered to the corn seed at the time of sowing.
For example, it is anticipated that a farmer will apply the agricultural composition to the corn seeds simultaneously upon planting the seeds into the field. This can be accomplished, for example, by applying the agricultural composition to a hopper/bulk tank on a standard 16 row planter, which contains the corn seeds and which is configured to plant the same into rows. Alternatively, the agricultural composition can be contained in a separate bulk tank on the planter and sprayed into the rows upon planting the corn seed.
A control plot of corn seeds, which are not administered the agricultural composition, will also be planted.
It is expected that the corn plants grown from the seeds treated with the with the agricultural composition will exhibit a quantifiable and superior ability to tolerate drought conditions and/or exhibit superior water use efficiency, as compared to the control corn plants.
The drought tolerance and/or water use efficiency can be based on any number of standard tests from the art, e.g leaf water retention, turgor loss point, rate of photosynthesis, leaf color and other phenotypic indications of drought stress, yield performance, and various root morphological and growth patterns.
D. Treatment with Agricultural Composition Comprising Microbial Consortia
In this example, a microbial consortium, comprising at least two microbes from Tables 1-3 will be applied as an agricultural composition, administered to the corn seed at the time of sowing.
For example, it is anticipated that a farmer will apply the agricultural composition to the corn seeds simultaneously upon planting the seeds into the field. This can be accomplished, for example, by applying the agricultural composition to a hopper/bulk tank on a standard 16 row planter, which contains the corn seeds and which is configured to plant the same into rows. Alternatively, the agricultural composition can be contained in a separate bulk tank on the planter and sprayed into the rows upon planting the corn seed.
A control plot of corn seeds, which are not administered the agricultural composition, will also be planted.
It is expected that the corn plants grown from the seeds treated with the with the agricultural composition will exhibit a quantifiable and superior ability to tolerate drought conditions and/or exhibit superior water use efficiency, as compared to the control corn plants.
The drought tolerance and/or water use efficiency can be based on any number of standard tests from the art, e.g leaf water retention, turgor loss point, rate of photosynthesis, leaf color and other phenotypic indications of drought stress, yield performance, and various root morphological and growth patterns.
A. Seed Treatment with Isolated Microbe
In this example, an isolated microbe from Tables 1-3 will be applied as a seed coating to seeds of corn (Zea mays). Upon applying the isolated microbe as a seed coating, the corn will be planted and cultivated in the standard manner.
A control plot of corn seeds, which did not have the isolated microbe applied as a seed coating, will also be planted.
It is expected that the corn plants grown from the seeds treated with the seed coating will exhibit a quantifiable and superior ability to utilize nitrogen, as compared to the control corn plants.
The nitrogen use efficiency can be quantified by recording a measurable change in any of the main nitrogen metabolic pool sizes in the assimilation pathways (e.g., a measurable change in one or more of the following: nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glutamine, asparagine, lysine, leucine, threonine, methionine, glycine, tryptophan, tyrosine, total protein content of a plant part, total nitrogen content of a plant part, and/or chlorophyll content), or where the treated plant is shown to provide the same or elevated biomass or harvestable yield at lower nitrogen fertilization levels compared to the control plant, or where the treated plant is shown to provide elevated biomass or harvestable yields at the same nitrogen fertilization levels compared to a control plant.
B. Seed Treatment with Microbial Consortia
In this example, a microbial consortium, comprising at least two microbes from Tables 1-3 will be applied as a seed coating to seeds of corn (Zea mays). Upon applying the microbial consortium as a seed coating, the corn will be planted and cultivated in the standard manner.
A control plot of corn seeds, which did not have the microbial consortium applied as a seed coating, will also be planted.
It is expected that the corn plants grown from the seeds treated with the seed coating will exhibit a quantifiable and superior ability to utilize nitrogen, as compared to the control corn plants.
The nitrogen use efficiency can be quantified by recording a measurable change in any of the main nitrogen metabolic pool sizes in the assimilation pathways (e.g., a measurable change in one or more of the following: nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glutamine, asparagine, lysine, leucine, threonine, methionine, glycine, tryptophan, tyrosine, total protein content of a plant part, total nitrogen content of a plant part, and/or chlorophyll content), or where the treated plant is shown to provide the same or elevated biomass or harvestable yield at lower nitrogen fertilization levels compared to the control plant, or where the treated plant is shown to provide elevated biomass or harvestable yields at the same nitrogen fertilization levels compared to a control plant.
C. Treatment with Agricultural Composition Comprising Isolated Microbe
In this example, an isolated microbe from Tables 1-3 will be applied as an agricultural composition, administered to the corn seed at the time of sowing.
For example, it is anticipated that a farmer will apply the agricultural composition to the corn seeds simultaneously upon planting the seeds into the field. This can be accomplished, for example, by applying the agricultural composition to a hopper/bulk tank on a standard 16 row planter, which contains the corn seeds and which is configured to plant the same into rows. Alternatively, the agricultural composition can be contained in a separate bulk tank on the planter and sprayed into the rows upon planting the corn seed.
A control plot of corn seeds, which are not administered the agricultural composition, will also be planted.
It is expected that the corn plants grown from the seeds treated with the agricultural composition will exhibit a quantifiable and superior ability to utilize nitrogen, as compared to the control corn plants.
The nitrogen use efficiency can be quantified by recording a measurable change in any of the main nitrogen metabolic pool sizes in the assimilation pathways (e.g., a measurable change in one or more of the following: nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glutamine, asparagine, lysine, leucine, threonine, methionine, glycine, tryptophan, tyrosine, total protein content of a plant part, total nitrogen content of a plant part, and/or chlorophyll content), or where the treated plant is shown to provide the same or elevated biomass or harvestable yield at lower nitrogen fertilization levels compared to the control plant, or where the treated plant is shown to provide elevated biomass or harvestable yields at the same nitrogen fertilization levels compared to a control plant.
D. Treatment with Agricultural Composition Comprising Microbial Consortia
In this example, a microbial consortium, comprising at least two microbes from Tables 1-3 will be applied as an agricultural composition, administered to the corn seed at the time of sowing.
For example, it is anticipated that a farmer will apply the agricultural composition to the corn seeds simultaneously upon planting the seeds into the field. This can be accomplished, for example, by applying the agricultural composition to a hopper/bulk tank on a standard 16 row planter, which contains the corn seeds and which is configured to plant the same into rows. Alternatively, the agricultural composition can be contained in a separate bulk tank on the planter and sprayed into the rows upon planting the corn seed.
A control plot of corn seeds, which are not administered the agricultural composition, will also be planted.
It is expected that the corn plants grown from the seeds treated with the agricultural composition will exhibit a quantifiable and superior ability to utilize nitrogen, as compared to the control corn plants.
The nitrogen use efficiency can be quantified by recording a measurable change in any of the main nitrogen metabolic pool sizes in the assimilation pathways (e.g., a measurable change in one or more of the following: nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glutamine, asparagine, lysine, leucine, threonine, methionine, glycine, tryptophan, tyrosine, total protein content of a plant part, total nitrogen content of a plant part, and/or chlorophyll content), or where the treated plant is shown to provide the same or elevated biomass or harvestable yield at lower nitrogen fertilization levels compared to the control plant, or where the treated plant is shown to provide elevated biomass or harvestable yields at the same nitrogen fertilization levels compared to a control plant.
The inoculants were prepared from isolates grown as spread plates on R2A incubated at 25° C. for 48 to 72 hours. Colonies were harvested by blending with sterile distilled water (SDW) which was then transferred into sterile containers. Serial dilutions of the harvested cells were plated and incubated at 25° C. for 24 hours to estimate the number of colony forming units (CFU) in each suspension. Dilutions were prepared using individual isolates or blends of isolates (consortia) to deliver 1×105 cfu/microbe/seed and seeds inoculated by either imbibition in the liquid suspension or by overtreatment with 5% vegetable gum and oil.
Seeds corresponding to the plants of table 15 were planted within 24 to 48 hours of treatment in agricultural soil, potting media or inert growing media. Plants were grown in small pots (28 mL to 200 mL) in either a controlled environment or in a greenhouse. Chamber photoperiod was set to 16 hours for all experiments on all species. Air temperature was typically maintained between 22-24° C.
Unless otherwise stated, all plants were watered with tap water 2 to 3 times weekly. Growth conditions were varied according to the trait of interest and included manipulation of applied fertilizer, watering regime and salt stress as follows:
-
- Low N—seeds planted in soil potting media or inert growing media with no applied N fertilizer
- Moderate N—seeds planted in soil or growing media supplemented with commercial N fertilizer to equivalent of 135 kg/ha applied N
- Insol P—seeds planted in potting media or inert growth substrate and watered with quarter strength Pikovskaya's liquid medium containing tri-calcium phosphate as the only form phosphate fertilizer.
- Cold Stress—seeds planted in soil, potting media or inert growing media and incubated at 10° C. for one week before being transferred to the plant growth room.
- Salt stress—seeds planted in soil, potting media or inert growing media and watered with a solution containing between 100 to 200 mg/L NaCl.
Untreated (no applied microbe) controls were prepared for each experiment. Plants were randomized on trays throughout the growth environment. Between 10 and 30 replicate plants were prepared for each treatment in each experiment. Phenotypes were measured during early vegetative growth, typically before the V3 developmental stage and between 3 and 6 weeks after sowing. Foliage was cut and weighed. Roots were washed, blotted dry and weighed. Results indicate performance of treatments against the untreated control.
The data presented in table 15 describes the efficacy with which a microbial species or strain can change a phenotype of interest relative to a control run in the same experiment. Phenotypes measured were shoot fresh weight and root fresh weight for plants growing either in the absence of presence of a stress (assay). For each microbe species, an overall efficacy score indicates the percentage of times a strain of that species increased a both shoot and root fresh weight in independent evaluations. For each species, the specifics of each independent assay is given, providing a strain ID (strain) and the crop species the assay was performed on (crop). For each independent assay the percentage increase in shoot and root fresh weight over the controls is given.
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Ammonia
Asparagine
Aspartic Acid
Biological Assay
Bosea thiooxidans
Calcium Phosphates
Capsicum
Cells
Chlorophyll
Cold Shock Stress
Cold Temperature
Crop, Avian
Dietary Fiber
DNA Replication
Droughts
Drought Tolerance
Embryophyta
Environment, Controlled
Farmers
Fertilization
Glutamic Acid
Glutamine
Glycine
Growth Disorders
Herbaspirillum
Herbaspirillum huttiense
Leucine
Lolium
Lycopersicon esculentum
Lysine
Maize
Massilia niastensis
Methionine
Microbial Consortia
Nitrates
Nitrites
Nitrogen
Novosphingobium rosa
Paenibacillus
Paenibacillus amylolyticus
Pantoea agglomerans
Pantoea vagans
Phenotype
Phosphates
Photosynthesis
Plant Development
Plant Embryos
Plant Leaves
Plant Proteins
Plant Roots
Plants
Polaromonas ginsengisoli
Pseudoduganella violaceinigra
Pseudomonas
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Rahnella
Rahnella aquatilis
Retention (Psychology)
Rhodococcus erythropolis
Rosa
Salt Stress
Sodium Chloride
Sodium Chloride, Dietary
Stenotrophomonas chelatiphaga
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Stenotrophomonas rhizophila
Stenotrophomonas terrae
Sterility, Reproductive
Strains
Technique, Dilution
Threonine
Triticum aestivum
Tryptophan
Tyrosine
Vegetables
Zea mays
The bread wheat cultivar, CS, was grown in a greenhouse with controlled conditions of 26°C/14 h light and 20°C/10 h dark. Three different treatments were applied, namely salt stress, cold, and drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG). During the two-leaf stage, seedlings were treated with Hoagland liquid medium containing 200 mM NaCl for 1, 3, and 6 h (salt stress), 4°C for 1, 3, and 6 h (cold stress), and 20% PEG4000 for 1, 3, and 6 h (drought stress). Seedlings grown in a normal environment without treatment were set as the control. Three biological replicates were set for all the trials.
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Biopharmaceuticals
Bread
Cold Shock Stress
Cold Temperature
Droughts
Hartnup Disease
Light
Plant Leaves
Polyethylene Glycols
Salt Stress
Seedlings
Sodium Chloride
Triticum aestivum
The sequences of the GmHXKs proteins obtained from the G. max genome were aligned using DNAMAN 7.0 software to search for conserved domains by inspection using sites present in AtHXK1 as a reference. To compare evolutionary relationships, the putative HXKs from G. max, A. thaliana, Solanum lycopersicum, O. sativa and Nicotiana tabacum were used to construct the phylogenetic tree using MEGA-X with the neighbor-joining (NJ) method and 1,000 bootstrap replicates (Kumar et al., 2018 (link)). Expression data on GmHXK gene family members at different developmental stages and in different tissues under normal conditions were downloaded from the Soybase (https://www.soybase.org/ ). Data on differential expression for only 14 members were eventually obtained and used for subsequent analysis.
To analyze expression pattern of soybean seedlings under salt stress, soybean seedlings were grown in a growth chamber under greenhouse conditions of 28°C under a16-h light/8-h dark cycle. Three-week-old seedlings were treated with 0.5% NaCl (salt stress) or drought treatment (10%PEG 6000). The root samples of the seedlings were collected after treatment for 2-h, 8-h, 24-h, and 72-h. Then, different samples were frozen quickly in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80°C for RNA extraction and analysis. Total RNA was isolated using the Plant RNA Kit (CWBIO, Beijing, China), and its concentration and purity were determined by Nanodrop2000 nucleic acid analyzer (Thermo, America). First-strand cDNA was synthesized from 0.5 µg of total RNA using the HiFi-MMLV cDNA Kit (CWBIO, Beijing, China), and then used as a template for qRT-PCR analysis using gene-specific primers (Supplementary Table S1 ). Data analysis of RT-qPCR was performed using 2−ΔΔCT method (Livak and Schmittgen, 2001 (link)).
To analyze expression pattern of soybean seedlings under salt stress, soybean seedlings were grown in a growth chamber under greenhouse conditions of 28°C under a16-h light/8-h dark cycle. Three-week-old seedlings were treated with 0.5% NaCl (salt stress) or drought treatment (10%PEG 6000). The root samples of the seedlings were collected after treatment for 2-h, 8-h, 24-h, and 72-h. Then, different samples were frozen quickly in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80°C for RNA extraction and analysis. Total RNA was isolated using the Plant RNA Kit (CWBIO, Beijing, China), and its concentration and purity were determined by Nanodrop2000 nucleic acid analyzer (Thermo, America). First-strand cDNA was synthesized from 0.5 µg of total RNA using the HiFi-MMLV cDNA Kit (CWBIO, Beijing, China), and then used as a template for qRT-PCR analysis using gene-specific primers (
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Aftercare
Amino Acid Sequence
Biological Evolution
DNA, Complementary
Droughts
Family Member
Freezing
Gene Expression
Genes
Genome
Lycopersicon esculentum
Nicotiana tabacum
Nitrogen
Nucleic Acids
Oligonucleotide Primers
Plant Roots
Polyethylene Glycol 6000
RNA, Plant
Salt Stress
Seedlings
Sodium Chloride
Soybeans
Tissues
Quality-controlled reads were mapped to the wheat genome sequence (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/GCA_900519105.1wgsc_refseqv1.0 ) by Hisat2 (Kim et al., 2015 (link)). Gene expression was quantified as fragments per kilobase of transcript per million (FPKM). Differential expression analysis between the control and salt stress groups was performed using DESeq2, which used a model based on a negative binomial distribution to identify DEGs from the whole gene set (Love et al., 2014 (link)). The p-values were adjusted using the Benjamini–Hochberg method, and the corresponding false discovery rate (FDR) was determined (Anders and Huber, 2010 (link)). Genes with FDR<0.01 and fold-change>2 were assigned as DEGs (Fu et al., 2019 (link)). GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were carried out using clusterProfiler (version 3.10.1) (Yu et al., 2012 (link)) in R software. Venn graphs of the overlaps of DEGs at different time points were generated using BMKCloud (www.biocloud.net ).
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Candidate Gene Identification
Gene Expression
Genes
Love
Salt Stress
Triticum aestivum
All samples used in this study were obtained from the 71 strains generated for the Global Challenges Programme (GCP), whose salt tolerances were tested according to the technical specifications for the identification and evaluation of salt tolerance in wheat (NY/PZT001-2002) from the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture. Among these 71 strains, salt-tolerant 9644 (ST9644) showed the best appearance and was chosen as the target in this study. Seeds were placed in a germinating box to the seedling stage and then grown hydroponically in the greenhouse until the two-leaf and one-heart stages. Next, similarly sized plants were divided into the control and salt stress groups. The control group was treated with pure water, while the salt stress group was treated with a 2% NaCl solution. Leaf and root tissues were collected after the treatment begin for 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h (Supplementary Figure S6 ). At each time point, three biological replicates were taken for both groups. All samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen until further analysis.
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Biopharmaceuticals
Chinese
Freezing
Heart
Nitrogen
Plant Embryos
Plant Leaves
Plant Roots
Plants
Salt Stress
Salt Tolerance
Sodium Chloride
Strains
Tissues
Triticum aestivum
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TRIzol reagent is a monophasic solution of phenol, guanidine isothiocyanate, and other proprietary components designed for the isolation of total RNA, DNA, and proteins from a variety of biological samples. The reagent maintains the integrity of the RNA while disrupting cells and dissolving cell components.
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The RNeasy Plant Mini Kit is a laboratory equipment designed for the isolation and purification of total RNA from plant tissues and cells. It utilizes a silica-membrane-based technology to efficiently capture and purify RNA molecules, enabling subsequent analysis and downstream applications.
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NaCl is a chemical compound commonly known as sodium chloride. It is a white, crystalline solid that is widely used in various industries, including pharmaceutical and laboratory settings. NaCl's core function is to serve as a basic, inorganic salt that can be used for a variety of applications in the lab environment.
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More about "Salt Stress"
Salt stress is a major environmental challenge that can significantly impact plant growth and development.
This physiological response of plants to elevated levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) and other salts in their surroundings can lead to a range of adverse effects, including osmotic imbalance, ion toxicity, and oxidative damage within the plant.
These stressors can negatively affect key plant processes such as photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, and overall productivity.
Understanding the mechanisms of salt stress tolerance is crucial for developing strategies to improve crop resilience and productivity in saline environments.
Researchers often utilize various tools and techniques to study the effects of salt stress on plants.
For example, the TRIzol reagent and RNeasy Plant Mini Kit or RNAprep Pure Plant Kit can be used for RNA extraction, while the PrimeScript RT reagent kit is commonly used for reverse transcription.
The SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter can be employed to measure the impact of salt stress on photosynthetic pigments, and the SYBR Premix Ex Taq and CFX96 Real-Time PCR Detection System can be utilized for gene expression analysis.
Additionally, the Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100 system can be used for quality assessment of the extracted RNA.
By leveraging these techniques and technologies, scientists can gain valuable insights into the molecular and physiological responses of plants to salt stress, ultimately paving the way for the development of more resilient and productive crop varieties that can thrive in saline conditions.
This physiological response of plants to elevated levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) and other salts in their surroundings can lead to a range of adverse effects, including osmotic imbalance, ion toxicity, and oxidative damage within the plant.
These stressors can negatively affect key plant processes such as photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, and overall productivity.
Understanding the mechanisms of salt stress tolerance is crucial for developing strategies to improve crop resilience and productivity in saline environments.
Researchers often utilize various tools and techniques to study the effects of salt stress on plants.
For example, the TRIzol reagent and RNeasy Plant Mini Kit or RNAprep Pure Plant Kit can be used for RNA extraction, while the PrimeScript RT reagent kit is commonly used for reverse transcription.
The SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter can be employed to measure the impact of salt stress on photosynthetic pigments, and the SYBR Premix Ex Taq and CFX96 Real-Time PCR Detection System can be utilized for gene expression analysis.
Additionally, the Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100 system can be used for quality assessment of the extracted RNA.
By leveraging these techniques and technologies, scientists can gain valuable insights into the molecular and physiological responses of plants to salt stress, ultimately paving the way for the development of more resilient and productive crop varieties that can thrive in saline conditions.