Log In Sign up
The largest database of trusted experimental protocols
> Physiology > Organism Function > Venous Blood Pressure

Venous Blood Pressure

Venous Blood Pressure: The pressure exsiting within the veins, which transport deoxygenated blood from the body's tissues back to the heart.
Venous blood pressure is typically lower than arterial blood pressure, but can be influenced by factors such as body position, respiration, and cardiac output.
Accurately measuring and understanding venous blood pressure is crucial for evaluating cardiovascular health and optimizing research protocols related to venous circulation and blood flow.

Most cited protocols related to «Venous Blood Pressure»

1
Ultrafiltration vs. Diuretic-Based Therapy for ADHF
The design of and rationale for the trial have been described previously.7 (link) The CARRESS-HF was a randomized trial that compared ultrafiltration with a strategy of diuretic-based stepped pharmacologic therapy. Patients who were hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure as the primary diagnosis were eligible for enrollment. There was no exclusion criterion that was based on ejection fraction. All patients had worsened renal function (defined as an increase in the serum creatinine level of at least 0.3 mg per deciliter [26.5 μmol per liter]) within 12 weeks before or 10 days after the index admission for heart failure. All patients were required to have at least two of the following conditions at the time of randomization: at least 2+ peripheral edema, jugular venous pressure greater than 10 cm of water, or pulmonary edema or pleural effusion on chest radiography. Patients with a serum creatinine level of more than 3.5 mg per deciliter (309.4 μmol per liter) at the time of admission and those receiving intravenous vasodilators or inotropic agents were excluded from the study. A complete list of the trial inclusion and exclusion criteria is provided in the Supplementary Appendix, available at NEJM.org.
All study participants provided written informed consent before randomization. With the use of an automated Web-based system, patients were randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, to either ultrafiltration therapy or pharmacologic therapy. A permuted-block randomization scheme was used, with stratification according to clinical site.
For patients assigned to ultrafiltration therapy, loop diuretics were to be discontinued for the duration of the ultrafiltration intervention. Fluid status was managed by means of ultrafiltration with the use of the Aquadex System 100 (CHF Solutions) according to the manufacturer’s specifications. Ultrafiltration was performed at a fluid-removal rate of 200 ml per hour. The addition of intravenous vasodilators or positive inotropic agents after randomization was prohibited unless they were deemed to be necessary as rescue therapy.
For patients assigned to stepped pharmacologic therapy, intravenous diuretics were used to manage signs and symptoms of congestion. Investigators were encouraged to decrease doses, increase doses, or continue current doses of diuretics as necessary to maintain a urine output of 3 to 5 liters per day. Recommendations regarding the use of intravenous vasodilators and inotropic agents for patients in whom the target urine output could not be attained were based on the individual patient’s blood pressure, ejection fraction, and the presence or absence of right ventricular failure at 48 hours. The details of the stepped pharmacologic-therapy algorithm are provided in the Supplementary Appendix.
In both groups, the assigned treatment strategy was to be continued until the signs and symptoms of congestion in the patient were reduced to the best extent possible. Crossover was discouraged. Diuresis or ultrafiltration could be slowed or temporarily discontinued to address technical problems or clinical care requirements, as determined by the treating physician.
Bart B.A., Goldsmith S.R., Lee K.L., Givertz M.M., O’Connor C.M., Bull D.A., Redfield M.M., Deswal A., Rouleau J.L., LeWinter M.M., Ofili E.O., Stevenson L.W., Semigran M.J., Felker G.M., Chen H.H., Hernandez A.F., Anstrom K.J., McNulty S.E., Velazquez E.J., Ibarra J.C., Mascette A.M, & Braunwald E. (2012). Ultrafiltration in Decompensated Heart Failure with Cardiorenal Syndrome. The New England journal of medicine, 367(24), 2296-2304.
Publication 2012
Blood Pressure Creatinine Diagnosis Diuresis Diuretics Edema Kidney Loop Diuretics Patients Physicians Pleural Effusion Pulmonary Edema Radiography, Thoracic Right-Sided Heart Failure Serum Ultrafiltration Urine Vasodilator Agents Venous Blood Pressure
2
Ex vivo and in vitro Pigment Perfusion
For the ex vivo perfusion model, anterior segments from fresh pig eyes were mounted and perfused with Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium supplemented with 1% fetal bovine serum and 1% antibiotics at a rate of 3 µl/min, as described previously17 (link),46 . IOP was measured intracamerally by a pressure transducer (SP844; MEMSCAP, Skoppum, Norway) and recorded using a LabChart software system (ADInstruments, Colorado Springs, CO, USA)17 (link),46 . The transducers were calibrated using a transducer tester (Veri-Cal, Utah Medical Products, Midvale, UT, USA). Baseline IOP values were obtained after 72 h. Pigment granules diluted with perfusion medium to a concentration of 1.67 × 107 particles/ml were perfused for 180 h. Normal medium without pigment granules served as a control. IOP values were recorded at 2-min intervals. Outflow facility which represents outflow resistance in the ocular drainage pathway was calculated by the classic Goldmann equation40 (link). Outflow facility was the ratio of infusion rate to relevant IOP while the episcleral venous pressure was considered negligible.
For the in vitro studies, primary TM cells were treated with the pigment-containing medium and the control group was sham-treated. Briefly, 3 × 105 primary TM cells were plated onto a 60-mm dish and maintained with OptiMEM supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum and 1% antibiotics for 24 h. Pigment granules were then added to a final concentration of 1.67 × 107 particles/ml. The medium was changed every 3 days. Normal TM medium without pigment served as a control.
Dang Y., Waxman S., Wang C., Loewen R.T., Sun M, & Loewen N.A. (2018). A porcine ex vivo model of pigmentary glaucoma. Scientific Reports, 8, 5468.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2018
Antibiotics, Antitubercular Cells Cytoplasmic Granules Drainage Eagle Eye Fetal Bovine Serum Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Natural Springs Perfusion Pigmentation Segment, Anterior Eye Transducers Transducers, Pressure Venous Blood Pressure
3
Global Assessment of Heart Failure Symptoms
The trial had two coprimary end points. The primary efficacy end point was the patient's global assessment of symptoms, measured with the use of a visual-analogue scale and quantified as the area under the curve (AUC) of serial assessments from baseline to 72 hours (see Section 3 in the Supplementary Appendix for a description of the method used for quantification of the area under the curve).17 (link) For this assessment, patients were asked to evaluate their general well-being by marking a 10-cm vertical line, with the top labeled “best you have ever felt” and the bottom labeled “worst you have ever felt.” We scored the patients' markings on a scale of 0 to 100 by measuring the distance in millimeters from the bottom of the line. The primary safety end point was the change in the serum creatinine level from baseline to 72 hours. See Section 3 in the Supplementary Appendix for more detailed definitions of the study end points.
Prespecified secondary end points included the following: patient-reported dyspnea (as assessed with the use of a visual-analogue scale such as that described above and quantified as the AUC of serial assessments from baseline to 72 hours); changes in body weight and net fluid loss; the proportion of patients who were free from congestion (defined as jugular venous pressure of <8 cm, with no orthopnea and with trace peripheral edema or no edema) at 72 hours; worsening renal function (defined as an increase in the serum creatinine level of more than 0.3 mg per deciliter) at any time from randomization to 72 hours; worsening or persistent heart failure; treatment failure (see Section 3 in the Supplementary Appendix); changes in biomarker levels at 72 hours, day 7 or discharge, and day 60; and clinical end points, including the composite of death, rehospitalization, or an emergency room visit within 60 days, as well as the composite of total number of days hospitalized or dead during the 60 days after randomization.
Felker G.M., Lee K.L., Bull D.A., Redfield M.M., Stevenson L.W., Goldsmith S.R., LeWinter M.M., Deswal A., Rouleau J.L., Ofili E.O., Anstrom K.J., Hernandez A.F., McNulty S.E., Velazquez E.J., Kfoury A.G., Chen H.H., Givertz M.M., Semigran M.J., Bart B.A., Mascette A.M., Braunwald E, & O'Connor C.M. (2011). Diuretic Strategies in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. The New England journal of medicine, 364(9), 797-805.
Publication 2011
BAD protein, human Biological Markers Congestive Heart Failure Creatinine Dyspnea Edema Feelings Human Body Kidney Patient Discharge Patient Readmission Patients Safety Serum Symptom Assessment Venous Blood Pressure Visual Analog Pain Scale
4
Baseline Risk of Bleeding in NSTE-ACS
Baseline and nadir (lowest recorded) HCT were abstracted on the data collection form. Blood transfusion was defined as any nonautologous transfusion of whole or packed red blood cells (RBC). Witnessed bleeding was a variable on the case report form requiring evidence of a bleeding location. CRUSADE major bleeding was defined as intracranial hemorrhage, documented retroperitoneal bleed, HCT drop ≥12% (baseline to nadir), any RBC transfusion when baseline HCT ≥28%, or any RBC transfusion when baseline HCT <28% with witnessed bleed. The HCT cut-point of 28% was to eliminate transfusions given for baseline anemia from being considered as bleeding events. As the primary goal of our analysis was to identify baseline risk of bleeding, bleeding in CABG patients was included in the analysis only if it occurred prior to surgery. Bleeding during or after surgery was not considered. Creatinine clearance (mL/min) was estimated using the Cockcroft-Gault equation.22 (link) Congestive heart failure (CHF) was defined as signs of CHF at presentation indicated by exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, shortness of breath, labored breathing, fatigue at either rest or with exertion, rales >1/3 of the lung fields, elevated jugular venous pressure, S3 gallop, or pulmonary congestion on x-ray believed to represent cardiac dysfunction. Prior vascular disease was defined as either prior stroke or peripheral arterial disease.
Subherwal S., Bach R.G., Chen A.Y., Gage B.F., Rao S.V., Newby L.K., Wang T.Y., Gibler W.B., Ohman E.M., Roe M.T., Pollack CV J.r., Peterson E.D, & Alexander K.P. (2009). Baseline Risk of Major Bleeding in Non–ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: The CRUSADE Bleeding Score. Circulation, 119(14), 1873-1882.
Publication 2009
Anemia Blood Transfusion Cerebrovascular Accident Congestive Heart Failure Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Creatinine Dyspnea Erythrocytes Fatigue Heart Failure Intracranial Hemorrhage Lung Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Peripheral Vascular Diseases Red Blood Cell Transfusion Retroperitoneal Space Vascular Diseases Venous Blood Pressure X-Rays, Diagnostic
5
Anterior Segment Perfusion Culture Protocol
Anterior segment perfusion culture is an established technique to study outflow facility ex vivo.[10 (link),11 (link),16 (link),17 (link),41 (link)] Use of human donor eye tissue was approved by Oregon Health & Science University Institutional Review Board and experiments were conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki for the use of human tissue. Human eye tissue was obtained from cadavers (Lions VisionGift, Portland, OR). Length of time from death to stationary culture was limited 48 hours or less. Anterior segments were placed into serum-free stationary organ culture for 5–7 days to facilitate recovery post-mortem. The age range was 65–97 years and average age of the cadaver eyes for all experiments in this study was 76.29 ± 8.7 years (n = 14). All relevant biological information regarding the donor and known ocular history is listed (S1 Table). Exclusion criteria for donor eyes was: 1) glaucomatous and glaucoma-suspect eyes were not included, and 2) perfused eyes whose flow rates were outside of the range of 1–9 μl/min (or whose facility was outside of the range of 0.125–1.0 μl/min/mm Hg) were excluded from this study. Human anterior segments were perfused with serum-free Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) containing 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin/Fungizone, at constant pressure (8.8 mmHg) with an average flow rate of 1–7 μl/min, which is similar to normal physiological rate and pressures (minus episcleral venous pressure) in vivo.[11 (link)] Data from individual eyes were combined where possible and representative images were used. The number of eyes used for each treatment is noted in the figure legend.
Vranka J.A., Bradley J.M., Yang Y.F., Keller K.E, & Acott T.S. (2015). Mapping Molecular Differences and Extracellular Matrix Gene Expression in Segmental Outflow Pathways of the Human Ocular Trabecular Meshwork. PLoS ONE, 10(3), e0122483.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2015
Autopsy Biopharmaceuticals Cadaver Donor Exclusion Eagle Ethics Committees, Research Eye Fungizone Glaucoma Glaucoma, Suspect Homo sapiens Organ Culture Techniques Panthera leo Penicillins Perfusion physiology Serum Streptomycin Tissue Donors Tissues Venous Blood Pressure Vision

Most recents protocols related to «Venous Blood Pressure»

1
Anesthetized Porcine Model for Cardiac Imaging
Adult Swedish domestic pigs of both genders (males castrated after birth) weighing 40–50 kg (age approximately 90–120 days) were used. The animals were handled in compliance with the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes (Directive 2010/63.EU). The experiments were approved by the local Animal Ethical Committee (5.8.18-15906/2020). All anesthesia and surgical procedures were performed by trained surgeons. The animals were anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of atropine 0.5 mg (Unimedic AB, Matfors, Sweden), xylazine 100 mg (Bayer, Solna, Sweden), and ketamine 20 mg/kg body weight (Intervet AB, Stockholm, Sweden) followed by an intravenous injection of fentanyl 4 μg/kg (Braun, Melsungen, Germany) and midazolam 0.4 mg/kg (Hameln Pharma Plus GmbH). A catheter was placed in an ear vein and the anesthesia was maintained with an intravenous infusion of ketamine [10 mg/(kg × h)] and rocuronium bromide [1.5 mg/(kg × h)], (Fresenius Kabi Austria GmbH, Graz, Austria). Animals were tracheostomized and connected to a respirator with volume-controlled and pressure-regulated ventilation. Catheters were placed in the carotid artery (advanced to the aortic arch) and via the carotid vein to the right atrium for determination of arterial and venous pressures. ECG was monitored using electrodes on the chest. Pressures and ECG signals were recorded using amplifier systems and AD converters from AD Instruments, evaluated using LabChart program (AD Instruments, Sydney, NSW, Australia). Ultrasound imaging (M-mode) of the heart was performed using a Siemens Acuson Sequoia 512 system with 8V5 probe (8.5 MHz). The heart was scanned in the midline of the left ventricle, enabling measurements of left ventricular wall thickness and calculation of fractional shortening from the percentage change in left ventricular diameter during systole. The chest cavity was opened and the pericardium was cut open for access of the ultrasound probe. The heart was covered with damp cloth to prevent drying.
Li M., Qin Z., Steen E., Terry A., Wang B., Wohlfart B., Steen S, & Arner A. (2023). Development and prevention of ischemic contracture (“stone heart”) in the pig heart. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 10, 1105257.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Adult Alarmins Anesthesia Animals Arch of the Aorta Arteries Atrium, Right Atropine Body Weight Carotid Arteries Catheters Chest Childbirth Common Carotid Artery Conferences Europeans Fentanyl Heart Intramuscular Injection Intravenous Infusion Ketamine Left Ventricles Males Mechanical Ventilator Midazolam Operative Surgical Procedures Pericardium Rocuronium Bromide Sequoia Surgeons Sus scrofa domestica Systole Thoracic Cavity Ultrasonography Veins Venous Blood Pressure Vertebrates Xylazine
2
Cardiovascular Modeling in Pulmonary Hypertension
Each compartment is separated by a resistance to flow. Using Ohm’s Law, the nominal vascular resistance (mmHg s ml−1) is calculated as Ri=ΔpCO, where the resistance in compartment i depends on the pressure gradient, Δp (mmHg), and the CO; refer to table 3 for more details. The aortic and pulmonary valve resistances are calculated as Rava= pM,lv −pM,saCOandR pva= pM,rv−p M,paCO. For PH patients, right atrial and pulmonary venous pressures are elevated [32 (link)], and resistance equations overestimate atrioventricular valve resistance. To circumvent this, we set Rtva = 0.03 and Rmva = 0.01 (mmHg s ml−1) for all nine PH patients.
Colunga A.L., Colebank M.J, & Olufsen M.S. (2023). Parameter inference in a computational model of haemodynamics in pulmonary hypertension. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 20(200), 20220735.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Aorta Atrium, Right Lung Patients Valves, Pulmonary Vascular Resistance Veins, Pulmonary Venous Blood Pressure
3
Onset of Heart Failure Identification Protocol
The primary endpoint was the onset of HF identified as the first between the following events: diagnosis of HF during hospitalization (ICD-9 codes: 39891, 40201, 40211, 40291, 40401, 40403, 40411, 40413, 40491, 40493, 4280–4284, 4289) and diagnosis of HF based at out-of-hospital clinical examination. Diagnosis of HF was performed according to ESC criteria: typical symptoms (breathlessness, ankle swelling and fatigue) and/or signs (elevated jugular venous pressure, pulmonary crackles and peripheral oedema) in presence of a structural and/or functional cardiac abnormality. Follow-up period for HF onset started at the index visit and ended on the administrative censoring date December 31, 2019. Death as a competing risk was not taken into account after an analysis of the Kaplan-Meier curve that showed a negligible bias within the first 60 months (S1 Fig). Baseline characteristics were compared between HF and HF-free individuals using chi-square test for categorical variables and t-test for continuous variables (or Mann-Whitney test, when appropriate).
Gandin I., Saccani S., Coser A., Scagnetto A., Cappelletto C., Candido R., Barbati G, & Di Lenarda A. (2023). Deep-learning-based prognostic modeling for incident heart failure in patients with diabetes using electronic health records: A retrospective cohort study. PLOS ONE, 18(2), e0281878.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Ankle Congenital Heart Defects Diagnosis Dyspnea Edema Fatigue Hospitalization Lung Physical Examination Venous Blood Pressure
4
Anesthetized Rat Airflow and Pressure
All the animals were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection with 0.4% pentobarbital sodium (40 mg/kg). Rat’s limbs and heads were fixed in the supine position. An inverted “T” shaped incision was made in the trachea after the trachea was separated. An airflow exchanger-connected pipe was inserted. Incisions were made transversely in the esophagus, and a catheter with 4-sided holes was inserted. A venous pressure sensor was used to monitor esophageal pressure instead of intrathoracic pressure. Multi-channel physiological signal acquisition and processing system collects signals such as respiratory flow and esophageal pressure. The pulmonary function data was recorded within 30 min before and after the asthma attack. The relevant indexes of lung function were calculated automatically by the system.
Wang X., Wang Y., Chen X., Li T., Zhang S., Dong R, & Chen Z. (2023). The central glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) regulates pulmonary function in asthmatic rats. Annals of Translational Medicine, 11(2), 113.
Publication 2023
Animals Asthma Catheters Esophagus Head Injections, Intraperitoneal Lung Pentobarbital Sodium Pressure Respiratory Physiology Respiratory Rate Trachea Venous Blood Pressure
5
Comprehensive Assessment of HBV-ACLF Patients
The age, gender, blood routine, liver and kidney function, coagulation parameters, and the MELD series scores of patients diagnosed with HBV-ACLF after PE were collected. Blood routine examination was performed using an automatic blood cell analyzer (model XN9100, Sysmex, Kobe, Japan). Liver function was detected by biochemical immunoassay (model DX1800, Beckman Coulter, Brea, California, USA), and the blood coagulation parameter was determined using an automatic hemagglutination instrument (model CS5100, Sysmex, Kobe, Japan). The PE volume was 1500–2000 mL/time, the replacement blood flow velocity was 80–120 mL/min, and the replacement time was 2–3 h. The blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, and body temperature were monitored throughout the replacement process, and the arterial and venous pressures were closely monitored.
Li X., Li H., Zhu Y., Xu H, & Tang S. (2023). PLT Counts as a Predictive Marker after Plasma Exchange in Patients with Hepatitis B Virus-Related Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(3), 851.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Arteries BLOOD Blood Cells Blood Flow Velocity Blood Pressure Body Temperature Cell Respiration Coagulation, Blood Gender Immunoassay Kidney Liver Patients Rate, Heart Test, Hemagglutination Venous Blood Pressure

Top products related to «Venous Blood Pressure»

1
Discovery ct750 hd by GE Healthcare
Sourced in United States, Germany, Japan, China, United Kingdom
The Discovery CT750 HD is a computed tomography (CT) scanner developed by GE Healthcare. It is designed to provide high-quality medical imaging for a variety of clinical applications. The core function of this product is to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the body using advanced X-ray technology.
2
Tc 2000 by Sable Systems
Sourced in United States
The TC-2000 is a laboratory instrument designed for temperature control and monitoring. It features precise temperature regulation and data logging capabilities for a wide range of applications.
3
Somatom definition flash by Siemens
Sourced in Germany, United States, Japan, Netherlands, United Kingdom
The SOMATOM Definition Flash is a computed tomography (CT) scanner developed by Siemens. It is designed to provide high-quality imaging for a wide range of medical applications. The SOMATOM Definition Flash utilizes advanced technology to capture detailed images of the body, enabling medical professionals to make accurate diagnoses and inform treatment decisions.
4
Lightspeed vct by GE Healthcare
Sourced in United States, Germany, Japan, United Kingdom, Netherlands
The LightSpeed VCT is a computed tomography (CT) imaging system produced by GE Healthcare. It is designed to provide high-quality, high-speed imaging for a variety of medical applications. The LightSpeed VCT features a multi-slice detector array that enables rapid data acquisition and reconstruction, allowing for efficient patient scanning.
5
Aquilion one by Canon
Sourced in Japan, Germany, United States, Netherlands
The Aquilion ONE is a computed tomography (CT) system developed by Canon. It is designed to capture high-quality images of the human body. The Aquilion ONE utilizes advanced technology to provide detailed visualizations for medical professionals.
6
Powerlab 16 30 by ADInstruments
Sourced in Australia, United States, New Zealand, Japan, United Kingdom
The PowerLab 16/30 is a data acquisition system designed for a range of applications in life science research and teaching. It provides 16 or 30 analog input channels, allowing for the simultaneous recording of multiple physiological signals. The PowerLab 16/30 features high-resolution analog-to-digital conversion and configurable sampling rates to suit various experimental requirements.
7
Omnipaque by GE Healthcare
Sourced in United States, China, Norway, Ireland, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, France, New Zealand, Spain
Omnipaque is a radiographic contrast agent developed by GE Healthcare. It is used to enhance the visibility of internal structures during medical imaging procedures, such as computed tomography (CT) scans and angiography. Omnipaque contains the active ingredient iohexol, which is an iodinated compound that temporarily increases the absorption of X-rays, allowing for better visualization of the target tissues or structures.
8
Labchart software by ADInstruments
Sourced in Australia, United States, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Germany, Colombia, Japan
LabChart is a data acquisition and analysis software developed by ADInstruments. It allows users to record, display, and analyze physiological data from various instruments and sensors. The software provides a user-friendly interface for real-time data monitoring, signal processing, and visualization.
9
Flow transducers by Transonic Systems
Sourced in United States
Flow transducers are devices designed to measure the rate of fluid flow. They convert the physical properties of a fluid, such as velocity or volume, into an electrical signal that can be processed and displayed. These transducers are used in a variety of applications to provide accurate and reliable flow data.
10
Model ft03 by Natus
Sourced in United States
The Model FT03 is a lab equipment product from Natus. It is a precision instrument designed for conducting various laboratory tests and analyses. The core function of the Model FT03 is to provide accurate and reliable measurements for research and scientific applications.

More about "Venous Blood Pressure"

Venous blood pressure (VBP) is the pressure exerted by blood within the veins, which transport deoxygenated blood from the body's tissues back to the heart.
VBP is typically lower than arterial blood pressure, but can be influenced by various factors such as body position, respiration, and cardiac output.
Accurately measuring and understanding VBP is crucial for evaluating cardiovascular health and optimizing research protocols related to venous circulation and blood flow.
Venous blood flow can be measured using a variety of techniques, including Doppler ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) imaging, and flow transducers.
The Discovery CT750 HD, TC-2000, SOMATOM Definition Flash, and LightSpeed VCT are some examples of CT imaging systems that can be used to assess venous blood flow.
The Aquilion ONE is another high-performance CT scanner that can provide detailed information about venous blood flow.
In addition to imaging techniques, VBP can also be measured using pressure transducers, such as the Model FT03 flow transducer.
The PowerLab 16/30 is a data acquisition system that can be used to record and analyze VBP data, while the LabChart software can be used to process and visualize the data.
When conducting research related to venous blood pressure, it is important to use the appropriate contrast agents, such as Omnipaque, to enhance the visibility of the venous system in imaging studies.
By incorporating these tools and techniques, researchers can optimize their venous blood pressure studies and enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of their findings.