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Estrus

Estrus is the period of sexual receptivity and fertility in female mammals, characterized by physiological and behavioral changes that prepare the body for mating and conception.
During this stage, the female displays increased sexual interest, behavioral changes, and hormonal fluctuations that signal the optimal time for reproduction.
Understanding the estrus cycle is crucial for reproductive research, animal husbandry, and the study of female reproductive health.
This MeSH term provides a comprehensive overview of the biological processes and characteristics associated with the estrus phase, offering researchers and clinicians valuable insights to enhance the accuracy and reproducibility of their studies in this important area of reproductive biology.

Most cited protocols related to «Estrus»

CIBERSORT: Cell Deconvolution Tool

CIBERSORT was developed in Java and R with a simple command-line interface for processing gene expression data representing a mixture of different cell types, along with a signature genes file that enumerates the genes that define the signature expression profile for each cell type. Given these data, the tool generates the fractional representations of each cell type present in the mixture and returns it to the website to be rendered as a heat map table and stacked bar plot representations. The application can also produce custom signature gene files when provided with gene expression profiles of reference cell populations and a class comparison table for those populations.
The back end website for CIBERSORT was built in PHP. The interactive user interface is powered by the jQuery JavaScript library and various open source libraries (including phpMailer, idiorm, blueimp jQuery-File-Upload, DataTables, phpExcel and mPDF), with the graphical user interface of the website powered by Twitter Bootstrap 2.3.2. The site runs on an Apache server on a virtual machine and stores user and job data in a MySQL database. However, the user has complete control over their data and can delete them at will. The CIBERSORT website is hosted at http://cibersort.stanford.edu, and includes datasets used for benchmarking, tutorials for the use of CIBERSORT and preparation of input data, downloadable software and source code, and example files.

Newman A.M., Liu C.L., Green M.R., Gentles A.J., Feng W., Xu Y., Hoang C.D., Diehn M, & Alizadeh A.A. (2015). Robust enumeration of cell subsets from tissue expression profiles. Nature methods, 12(5), 453-457.

Publication 2015

cDNA Library Cell Microarray Analysis Cells Gene Expression Genes Population Group

CIBERSORTx: Bulk RNA Deconvolution Tool

Similar to its predecessor, CIBERSORTx was developed within a web framework with its back-end based on R and PHP and hosted at http://cibersortx.stanford.edu. This web framework minimizes inherent dependencies on specific hardware, software packages and libraries, and file-system attributes. Users are presented with a detailed guide employing several step-by-step Tutorials, and allowing the recreation of key figures in this work, including for each step depicted in Figure 1. Through this interface, CIBERSORTx allows users to process gene expression data representing a bulk admixture of different cell types, along with (1) a signature gene file that enumerates the genes defining the expression profile for each cell type of interest. For the latter, users can either use existing/curated signature matrices for reference cell types, or can create custom signature gene files by providing the reference gene expression profiles of pure cell populations. Specifically, to create a custom signature gene matrix, users can provide single-cell RNA sequencing data or data from bulk sorted samples, along with the phenotypic identities of single cell types or cell populations of interest.
Given these input files, CIBERSORTx allows (2) imputation of the fractional representations of each cell type present in the mixture, similar to its predecessor. However, unlike CIBERSORT, CIBERSORTx now supports deconvolution from bulk RNA-seq data by implementing the critical batch correction methods described above. CIBERSORTx also allows imputation of GEPs for individual in silico purified cell-types in two distinct modes as described above (i.e., (3) group-mode and (4) high-resolution). The resulting imputed cell fractions and imputed cell type-specific GEPs are then rendered as heat maps, tables, stacked bar plots for visualization and downloading. In addition, customizable t-SNE plots are automatically generated for high-resolution purification results.
The interactive CIBERSORTx user interface is powered by the jQuery JavaScript library and various open source libraries (including phpMailer, idiorm, blueimp jQuery-File-Upload, DataTables, phpExcel and mPDF), with the graphical user interface of the website powered by Twitter Bootstrap 2.3.2 and R Shiny. The site runs on an Apache server on a virtual machine and stores user and job data in a MySQL database. However, users have complete control over their data and can delete them at will. Each user’s environment includes example datasets used for benchmarking, tutorials for the use of CIBERSORTx and preparation of input data, and other example files.

Newman A.M., Steen C.B., Liu C.L., Gentles A.J., Chaudhuri A.A., Scherer F., Khodadoust M.S., Esfahani M.S., Luca B.A., Steiner D., Diehn M, & Alizadeh A.A. (2019). Determining cell-type abundance and expression from bulk tissues with digital cytometry. Nature biotechnology, 37(7), 773-782.

Publication 2019

cDNA Library Cell Microarray Analysis Cells Cytosol Dietary Fiber Gene Expression Genes Microtubule-Associated Proteins Phenotype RNA-Seq

Neandertal DNA Extraction and Library Preparation

Fifteen DNA extracts (L1–L15) were prepared using 100–200 mg of bone powder from two ~30 000-year-old Neandertal bones (Vi33.25 and Vi33.26 from Vindija Cave, Croatia) following the protocol of Rohland et al. (22 (link)). Two negative controls (L16 and L17) were carried through the extraction process. Sequencing libraries were prepared from the extracts using a previously published protocol (9 ) with the following modifications: (i) All SPRI purification steps were substituted by spin column purification (MinElute PCR purification kit, Qiagen). (ii) For L11-L15 and L17, USER enzyme mix (New England Biolabs) was added to the blunt-end repair reaction to remove uracils (23 ). (iii) Adapter concentration in the ligation reaction was reduced to 0.25 µM of each adapter. (iv) No purification step was performed after adapter fill-in with Bst polymerase. Instead, the enzyme was heat inactivated at 80°C for 20 min. The reaction mix was then used directly as template for PCR.
All libraries were amplified twice by PCR, using a polymerase that is capable of copying across deoxyuracils for the first, and a proof-reading polymerase for the second amplification. Using 5′-tailed primers (‘indexing primers’; see Supplementary Table S1 for all primer sequences), indexes were added to both ends of the library molecules during the first amplification. The entire library volumes were used as templates in 100 µl PCR reactions containing 1× Thermopol buffer (NEB), 5 U AmpliTaq Gold (Applied Biosystems), 250 μM each dNTP and 400 nM each indexing primer. Cycling conditions were comprised of an activation step lasting 12 min at 95°C, followed by 10 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 20 s, annealing at 60°C for 30 s and elongation at 72°C for 40 s, with a final extension step at 72°C for 5 min. The index combinations used for each library are listed in Supplementary Table S2. PCR products were purified using the MinElute PCR purification kit and eluted in 20 µl EB. An amount of 5 µl of the eluates were used as template for the second round of amplification, which was performed in 100 µl reactions containing 1× Phusion High Fidelity Mastermix (NEB) and the primers IS5 and IS6 (9 ) at a concentration of 400 nM each. Cycling conditions were comprised of an activation step lasting 30 s at 98°C, followed by 10 cycles of denaturation at 98°C for 20 s, annealing at 60°C for 30 s and elongation at 72°C for 40 s, with a final extension step at 72°C for 5 min. PCR products were purified using the MinElute PCR purification kit and eluted in 10 µl EB. The concentrations of all libraries were determined on a Bioanalyzer 2100 (Agilent) using DNA 1000 chips.
Libraries were either directly pooled and sequenced (no-CAP experiment) or enriched for mitochondrial DNA. Enrichment was performed either individually (experiment SP-CAP) or in bulk (experiment MP-CAP) using a protocol detailed in Maricic et al. (21 (link)). After enrichment, the libraries in the SP-CAP and MP-CAP experiments were amplified for 24 cycles using Phusion polymerase under the conditions described above. Libraries were purified using the MinElute PCR purification kit, quantified on a Bioanalyzer 2100 and pooled in equimolar ratios.

Kircher M., Sawyer S, & Meyer M. (2011). Double indexing overcomes inaccuracies in multiplex sequencing on the Illumina platform. Nucleic Acids Research, 40(1), e3.

Publication 2011

Bones Buffers Dietary Fiber DNA, Mitochondrial DNA Chips DNA Library Enzymes Gold Ligation Neanderthals Oligonucleotide Primers Powder Uracil

Summarizing Highly Correlated Module Vectors

Many module construction methods lead to correlation network modules comprised of highly correlated variables. For such modules one can summarize the corresponding module vectors using the first principal component denoted by (fifth section of Supplementary Text S1), referred to as the module eigennode (ME) or (in gene co-expression networks) the module eigengene. For example, the gene expression profiles of a given co-expression module can be summarized with the module eigengene [19] (link), [29] , [44] (link). To visualize the meaning of the module eigengene, consider the heat map in Figure 5A. Here rows correspond to genes inside a given module and columns correspond to microarray samples. The heat map color-codes high (red) and low (green) gene expression values. The barplot underneath the heat map visualizes the expression level of the corresponding module eigengene. Note that the module eigengene has a high expression value for samples (columns) where the module genes tend to be over-expressed. The module eigengene can be considered the best summary of the standardized module expression data since it explains the maximum proportion of variance of the module expressions.
The module eigennode can be used to define a quantitative measure of module membership [29] of node in module : where is the profile of node . The module membership lies in and specifies how close node is to module . is sometimes referred to as module eigengene-based connectivity [13] , [17] (link).
Both intramodular network concepts (e.g., ) and inter modular network concepts (e.g., module separability Equation 27) can be used to study the preservation of network modules. By measuring how these network concepts are preserved from a reference network to a test network, one can define network module preservation statistics as described below.

Langfelder P., Luo R., Oldham M.C, & Horvath S. (2011). Is My Network Module Preserved and Reproducible?. PLoS Computational Biology, 7(1), e1001057.

Publication 2011

Biologic Preservation Cloning Vectors Gene Expression Gene Regulatory Networks Genes Microarray Analysis

Vaginal Cytology for Mouse Estrous Cycle

A vaginal swab was collected using a cotton tipped swab (Puritan Medical Products Company, LLC Guilford, ME) wetted with ambient temperature physiological saline and inserted into the vagina of the restrained mouse. The swab was gently turned and rolled against the vaginal wall and then removed. Cells were transferred to a dry glass slide by rolling the swab across the slide. The slide was air dried and then stained with approximately 400 µL of stain (Accustain, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) for 45 seconds. The slides were rinsed with water, overlaid with a coverslip, and viewed immediately at 200× magnification under bright field illumination. The stage of the estrous cycle was determined based on the presence or absence of leukocytes, cornified epithelial, and nucleated epithelial cells according to Felicio, et al [9] (link).
When the female is in proestrus, mostly nucleated and some cornified epithelial cells are present. Some leukocytes may be present if the female is in early proestrus. As the stage of the cycle advances to estrus, mostly cornified epithelial cells are present. If the cycle is not interrupted by pregnancy, pseudopregnancy, or other phenomena, metestrus will begin. Metestrus is a brief stage when the corpora lutea form but fail to fully luteinize due to a lack of progesterone. The uterine lining will begin to slough and evidence of this is seen in the form of cornified eipithelial cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes present in vaginal swabs. Some nucleated epithelia cells will also be present in late metestrus. Diestrus is the longest of the stages lasting more than 2 days. Vaginal swabs during diestrus show primarily polymorphonuclear leukocytes and a few epithelial cells during late diestrus. Leukocytes remain the predominant cell type having removed cellular debris. The cycle then repeats.

Byers S.L., Wiles M.V., Dunn S.L, & Taft R.A. (2012). Mouse Estrous Cycle Identification Tool and Images. PLoS ONE, 7(4), e35538.

Publication 2012

Cells Corpus Luteum Diestrus Epithelial Cells Epithelioid Cells Estrous Cycle Estrus Gossypium Granulocyte Leukocytes Lighting Metestrus Mus Neoplasm Metastasis physiology Pregnancy Proestrus Progesterone Pseudocyesis Saline Solution Stains Uterus Vagina Vision Woman

Most recents protocols related to «Estrus»

In Vivo Evaluation of SYN-PKU-2002 Activity

Not available on PMC !

Example 66

The activity of SYN-PKU-2002 was assessed in vivo. To prepare the cells for the study, SYN-PKU901 and SYN-PKU-2002 overnight cultures were each used to inoculate 4 2 L flasks containing 500 mL of LB with DAP100 ug/mL. These cultures were grown for 1 hr and 45 min and then moved to the anaerobic chamber supplying 90% N₂, 5% CO₂, and 5% H₂for 4 hours. Cells were then spun down at 4600×G for 12 min and resuspended in 10 mL of formulation buffer (Glycerol: 15% (v/v), Sucrose: 10% (w/v) (100 g/L), MOPS: 10 mM (2.1 g/L), NaCl: 25 mM (1.46 g/L)). Several 40 ul aliquots were removed to be used for cell counting and activity determination. The viability as determined by cellometer count (in quadruplicate) 6.94e10 cfu/ml (+/−5.78e9).

Activity was determined using a plate based assay. Briefly, 1×10⁸cfu as determined by cellometer were added to 1 ml of prewarmed assay buffer (1× M9 minimal media containing 0.5% glucose, 50 mM MOPS, and 50 mM phenylalanine) in a microfuge tube, vortexed briefly, and immediately placed in a heat block or water bath at 37 degrees Celsius for static incubation (t=0). Supernatant samples from cells re-suspended in assay buffer were analyzed for the abundance of TCA over several time points using spectrophotometer at an absorbance of 290 nm. The accurate OD290 window for TCA detection occurs in a relatively narrow concentration range. For this reason, supernatant samples were diluted to ensure that the absorbance measurement fell into the linear range for detection. Measurements were compared to a TCA standard curve. Activity was determined to be 2.72 umol/hr/le9 cfu (+/−0.15 umol/hr/le9 cfu).

Beginning 4 days prior to the study (i.e., Days −4-1), Pah ENU2/2 mice (˜11-15 weeks of age) were maintained on phenylalanine-free chow and water that was supplemented with 0.5 grams/L phenylalanine. On the day of the study, mice were randomized into treatment groups according to weight as follows: Group 1: SYN-PKU901 (n=9); Group 2: Group 2: SYN-PKU-2002 (n=9). Blood samples were collected by sub-mandibular skin puncture to determine baseline phenylalanine levels. Mice were then administered single dose of phenylalanine by subcutaneous injection at 0.1 mg per gram body weight, according to the average group weight. At 1, 2 and 3 h post Phe challenge, the bacteria (or water) were administered to mice by oral gavage (3×250 ul). Whole blood was collected via submandibular bleed at each time point. Urine collection in metabolic caging commenced immediately after the 1^stbacterial dose and continued to be collected for the duration of the study (4 hours).

Blood samples were kept on ice until processing for plasma in a centrifuge (2000 g for 10 min at 4 C) within 20 min of collection. Plasma was then transferred into a 96-well plate for MS analysis. Urine was collected in 5 mL tubes and volumes were recorded before transferring samples to MS for analysis. Results are shown in FIG. 17A and FIG. 17B and show that SYN-PKU-2002 causes decreased changes in phenylalanine post-Phe injection and produces hippurate, in a similar manner as SYN-PKU-710.

US11879123B2. Bacteria for the treatment of disorders (2024-01-23). Synlogic Operating Company, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Dean Falb [US], Adam B. Fisher [US], Vincent M. Isabella [US], Jonathan W. Kotula [US], David Lubkowicz [US], Paul F. Miller [US], Yves Millet [US], Sarah Elizabeth Rowe [US].

Patent 2024

Bacteria Bath Biological Assay BLOOD Buffers Cells Glucose Glycerin hippurate Mandible morpholinopropane sulfonic acid Mus Plasma Punctures Serum Skin Sodium Chloride Subcutaneous Injections Sucrose Tube Feeding Urine Urine Specimen Collection

Synthesis of Fluorescent Labeling Probe

Not available on PMC !

Example 125

[Figure (not displayed)]

Methyl 4-((5-(benzyloxy)-2-methoxyphenyl)(ethyl)amino)butanoate (184). 5-(Benzyloxy)-N-ethyl-2-methoxyaniline (146) (0.681 g, 2.65 mmol), DIEA (0.92 mL, 5.3 mmol), and methyl 4-iodobutyrate (0.72 mL, 5.3 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) were stirred at 70° C. for 5 days. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt, diluted with EtOAc (60 mL), washed with water (4×50 mL), brine (75 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄and evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography on a silica gel column (2.5×30 cm bed, packed with CHCl₃), eluant: 5% MeOH in CHCl₃to get compound 184 (0.72 g, 76%) as a dark amber oil.

Methyl 4-(ethyl(5-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl)amino)butanoate (186). Ester 184 (0.72 g, 2.0 mmol) was stirred under reflux with 6 mL of water and 6 mL of conc HCl for 1.5 hrs and then evaporated to dryness to give acid 185 as a brown gum. The crude acid was dissolved in 50 mL of methanol containing 1 drop (cat.) of methanesulfonic acid ant the solution was kept for 2 hrs at rt. After that the mixture was concentrated in vacuum and the residue was mixed with 20 mL of saturated NaHCO₃. The product was extracted with EtOAc (3×40 mL). The extract was washed with brine (40 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄and evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography on a silica gel column (2.5×30 cm bed, packed with CHCl₃), eluant: 5% MeOH in CHCl₃to get compound 186 (0.444 g, 83%) as a brown oil.

N-(6-(dimethylamino)-9-(4-(ethyl(4-methoxy-4-oxobutyl)amino)-2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene)-N-methylmethanaminium chloride (187). To a stirred suspension of tetramethylrhodamine ketone 101 (0.234 g, 0.830 mmol) in 10 mL of dry chloroform was added oxalyl chloride (72 μL, 0.82 mmol) upon cooling to 0-5° C. The resulting red solution was stirred for 0.5 h at 5° C., and the solution of compound 186 (0.222 g, 0.831 mmol) in dry chloroform (5 mL) was introduced. The reaction was allowed to heat to rt, stirred for 72 h, diluted with CHCl₃(100 mL and washed with sat. NaHCO₃solution (2×30 mL) The organic layer was extracted with 5% HCl (3×25 mL). The combined acid extract was washed with CHCl₃(2×15 mL; discarded), saturated with sodium acetate and extracted with CHCl₃(5×30 mL). The extract was washed with brine (50 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄and evaporated. The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica gel column (2×50 cm bed, packed with CHCl₃/MeOH/AcOH/H₂O (100:20:5:1)), eluant: CHCl₃/MeOH/AcOH/H₂O (100:20:5:1) to give the product 187 (0.138 g, 29%) as a purple solid.

4-((4-(6-(dimethylamino)-3-(dimethyliminio)-3H-xanthen-9-yl)-5-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl)(ethyl)amino)butanoate (188). Methyl ester 187 (0.136 g, 0.240 mmol) was dissolved in 5 mL of 1M KOH (5 mmol). The reaction mixture was kept at rt for 1.5 hrs and the acetic acid (1 mL) was added. The mixture was extracted with CHCl₃(4×30 mL), and combined extract was washed with brine (20 mL), filtered through the paper filter and. The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica gel column (2×50 cm bed, packed with MeCN/H₂O (4:1)), eluant: MeCN/H₂O/AcOH/(4:1:1) to give the product 188 (0.069 g, 98%) as a purple solid.

N-(6-(dimethylamino)-9-(4-((4-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yloxy)-4-oxobutyl)(ethyl)amino)-2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene)-N-methylmethanaminium chloride (189). To a solution of the acid 188 (69 mg, 0.12 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) and DIEA (58 μL, 0.33 mmol) was added N-hydroxysuccinimide trifluoroacetate (70 mg, 0.33 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min, diluted with chloroform (100 mL) and washed with water (5×50 mL), brine (50 mL), filtered through paper and concentrated in vacuum. The crude product was purified by precipitation from CHCl₃solution (5 mL) with ether (20 mL) to give compound 189 (55 mg, 67%) as a purple powder.

US11867698B2. Fluorogenic pH sensitive dyes and their method of use (2024-01-09). Life Technologies Corporation [US]. Inventors: Jeffrey Dzubay [US], Kyle Gee [US], Vladimir Martin [US], Aleksey Rukavishnikov [US], Daniel Beacham [US].

Patent 2024

Acetic Acid Acids Amber Anabolism Bicarbonate, Sodium brine Chlorides Chloroform Chromatography Esters Ethyl Ether Hydroxyl Radical Ketones methanesulfonic acid Methanol N,N-diisopropylethylamine N-hydroxysuccinimide oxalyl chloride Powder Silica Gel Sodium Acetate tetramethylrhodamine Trifluoroacetate Vacuum

Evaluating Cellular Pharmacodynamics of Small Molecule Drugs

Not available on PMC !

Example 4

Cell-based using assays using human lens epithelial cell lines SRA 01/04 and B3 were also performed. The cells were exposed to UV or heat and cell viability assessed 24 hours post-exposure by Alamar blue staining. The results are shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B. In another experiment, SRA 01/04 cells were pre-incubated with varying concentrations of compounds two hours prior to UV exposure. Relative protection was measured as percent viability compared to vehicle control 24 hours following UV exposure. Effect of compounds from each of three distinct chemical series (macrocyclics, covalent, and catechol) are shown in FIG. 7B. Mean±SEM of the measurements are shown.

Ectopic expression of AAC-EGFP in B-3 cells shows that AAC forms inclusions that co-localize with p62 (arrows) (FIG. 8A). Automated image analysis of >2500 cells is shown in FIG. 8B. A statistically significant increase in GFP-positive inclusions due to AAC overexpression was observed. Mean±SEM of the measurements and p value (t test) are shown. The results show that high-content screening could be used to evaluate the cellular pharmacodynamic effects of SMDs for measuring cellular aggregates of AAC.

US11872236B2. Pharmacological agents for treating ocular diseases (2024-01-16). CALASIA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. [US]. Inventors: Surya Kanta De [US], Sridhar G. Prasad [US], Marshall Clarke Peterman [US], Bernard Collins [US].

Patent 2024

Alamar Blue B-Lymphocytes Biological Assay Catechols Cell Lines Cells Cell Survival Ectopic Gene Expression Epithelial Cells Homo sapiens Inclusion Bodies Lens, Crystalline Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia, Sedaghatian type

Cell Bank Thawing and Characterization

Not available on PMC !

Example 4

This example demonstrates thawing of cell bank samples for use in characterization assays and for products.

The frozen cryopreservation vials are placed in a heat block set at 37° C.±1.5° C. for approximately 5 minutes.

Once thawed, the contents are transferred to a new tube. The cryopreservation vial is rinsed with EG2MX solution and transferred to the new tube. The volume is increased to 10 mL with EG2MX.

Cells are counted for viability using a hemacytometer. Using a microscope, the middle square and each corner square are counted. Viable and non-viable cells are counted and the number of viable cells/mL is calculated. The percent of cells recovered after thaw is calculated. The percent recovery should be at least 50%.

To initiate cell culture, 35 mL of EG2MX solution is inoculated with 5 mL of cell suspension in a flask. Cells are grown in a 5% CO₂incubator at 37° C.±1.5° C.

US11857576B2. Compositions and methods for repairing cartilage defects (2024-01-02). Vericel Corporation [US]. Inventors: Ross A. Tubo [US], Xing Zhao [US].

Patent 2024

Biological Assay Cell Culture Techniques Cells Cryopreservation Freezing Microscopy

Bacterial Uptake of Radiotracer F-PABA

Not available on PMC !

Example 3

The ability of different bacterial species to take up [¹⁸F]F-PABA was studied. The radiotracer accumulated in both methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA, Newman) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), as well as the Gram negative bacteria E. coli and Klebsiela pneumoniae.

In the case of MSSA we also demonstrated that heat-killed cells were unable to take up [¹⁸F]F-PABA (FIG. 1). In contrast, [¹⁸F]F-PABA was not taken up by Enterococcus faecalis. E. faecalis has a folate salvage pathway and can take up folate from the environment. Thus, folic acid biosynthesis is dispensable in this organism, which also explains why sulfonamides are not used to treat infection by E. faecalis. These studies suggest that F-PABA uptake depends on on the de novo biosynthesis of folate.

US11857352B2. Positron imaging tomography imaging agent composition and method for bacterial infection (2024-01-02). The Research Foundation for the State University of New York [US]. Inventors: Peter Tonge [US], Zhuo Zhang [US], Peter Smith-Jones [US], Li Liu [US], Hui Wang [US].

Patent 2024

4-Aminobenzoic Acid Anabolism Bacteria Cells Enterococcus faecalis Escherichia coli Folate Folic Acid Gram Negative Bacteria Infection Klebsiella pneumoniae Methicillin Methicillin-Resistant Pneumonia Staphylococcus aureus Sulfonamides

Top products related to «Estrus»

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Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.

Penicillin by Thermo Fisher Scientific

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Penicillin is a type of antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent effective against a variety of bacteria. Penicillin functions by disrupting the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell death.

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DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium) is a cell culture medium formulated to support the growth and maintenance of a variety of cell types, including mammalian cells. It provides essential nutrients, amino acids, vitamins, and other components necessary for cell proliferation and survival in an in vitro environment.

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Streptomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It functions as a protein synthesis inhibitor, targeting the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, which plays a crucial role in the translation of genetic information into proteins. Streptomycin is commonly used in microbiological research and applications that require selective inhibition of bacterial growth.

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Penicillin/streptomycin is a commonly used antibiotic solution for cell culture applications. It contains a combination of penicillin and streptomycin, which are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

L glutamine by Thermo Fisher Scientific

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L-glutamine is an amino acid that is commonly used as a dietary supplement and in cell culture media. It serves as a source of nitrogen and supports cellular growth and metabolism.

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RPMI 1640 medium is a commonly used cell culture medium developed at Roswell Park Memorial Institute. It is a balanced salt solution that provides essential nutrients, vitamins, and amino acids to support the growth and maintenance of a variety of cell types in vitro.

Rpmi 1640 by Thermo Fisher Scientific

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FBS, or Fetal Bovine Serum, is a commonly used cell culture supplement. It is derived from the blood of bovine fetuses and provides essential growth factors, hormones, and other nutrients to support the growth and proliferation of a wide range of cell types in vitro.

Streptomycin by Merck Group

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Streptomycin is a laboratory product manufactured by Merck Group. It is an antibiotic used in research applications.

More about "Estrus"

Estrus, also known as the estrous cycle or heat cycle, is a crucial biological process in female mammals that prepares the body for mating and conception.
During this stage, the female displays increased sexual interest, behavioral changes, and hormonal fluctuations, signaling the optimal time for reproduction.
Understanding the estrus cycle is essential for reproductive research, animal husbandry, and the study of female reproductive health.
This period is characterized by physiological and behavioral alterations, including changes in vaginal cytology, vulvar swelling, and the release of pheromones that attract potential mates.
Researchers and clinicians studying the estrus cycle often utilize various cell culture media and supplements, such as Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), Penicillin, DMEM, Streptomycin, Penicillin/Streptomycin, L-Glutamine, and RPMI 1640 medium, to maintain and manipulate reproductive cells and tissues in their experiments.
These components play a vital role in supporting cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation, which are crucial for understanding the underlying mechanisms of the estrus cycle.
By exploring the insights gained from the estrus MeSH term description and leveraging the power of PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform, researchers can enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of their estrus-related studies.
The platform allows for easy identification and comparison of protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, ensuring that researchers can find the best methods and products for their specific research needs.
Whether you're investigating the hormonal regulation of the estrus cycle, the impact of environmental factors on reproductive behavior, or the development of novel contraceptive strategies, understanding the complex biological processes associated with estrus is essential for advancing the field of reproductive biology and improving animal and human reproductive health.