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Metestrus

Metestrus is the stage of the estrous cycle in female mammals that occurs immediately after estrus, or heat.
During this phase, the uterus and ovaries undergo changes to prepare for the next cycle.
Metestrus is characterized by a decrease in the levels of estrogen and progesterone, and the endometrium (uterine lining) begins to shed.
This stage typically lasts for several days, depending on the species.
Understanding the Metestrus phase is crucial for researchers studying reproductive biology and the factors that influence the estrous cycle.
PubCompare.ai can help streamline your Metestrus research by providing access to relevant protocols and identifying the most effective methods, optimizing your workflow and enhancing the reproducibility and accuracy of your findings.

Most cited protocols related to «Metestrus»

1
Vaginal Cytology for Mouse Estrous Cycle
Cited 110 times
A vaginal swab was collected using a cotton tipped swab (Puritan Medical Products Company, LLC Guilford, ME) wetted with ambient temperature physiological saline and inserted into the vagina of the restrained mouse. The swab was gently turned and rolled against the vaginal wall and then removed. Cells were transferred to a dry glass slide by rolling the swab across the slide. The slide was air dried and then stained with approximately 400 µL of stain (Accustain, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) for 45 seconds. The slides were rinsed with water, overlaid with a coverslip, and viewed immediately at 200× magnification under bright field illumination. The stage of the estrous cycle was determined based on the presence or absence of leukocytes, cornified epithelial, and nucleated epithelial cells according to Felicio, et al [9] (link).
When the female is in proestrus, mostly nucleated and some cornified epithelial cells are present. Some leukocytes may be present if the female is in early proestrus. As the stage of the cycle advances to estrus, mostly cornified epithelial cells are present. If the cycle is not interrupted by pregnancy, pseudopregnancy, or other phenomena, metestrus will begin. Metestrus is a brief stage when the corpora lutea form but fail to fully luteinize due to a lack of progesterone. The uterine lining will begin to slough and evidence of this is seen in the form of cornified eipithelial cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes present in vaginal swabs. Some nucleated epithelia cells will also be present in late metestrus. Diestrus is the longest of the stages lasting more than 2 days. Vaginal swabs during diestrus show primarily polymorphonuclear leukocytes and a few epithelial cells during late diestrus. Leukocytes remain the predominant cell type having removed cellular debris. The cycle then repeats.
Byers S.L., Wiles M.V., Dunn S.L, & Taft R.A. (2012). Mouse Estrous Cycle Identification Tool and Images. PLoS ONE, 7(4), e35538.
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Publication 2012
Cells Corpus Luteum Diestrus Epithelial Cells Epithelioid Cells Estrous Cycle Estrus Gossypium Granulocyte Leukocytes Lighting Metestrus Mus Neoplasm Metastasis physiology Pregnancy Proestrus Progesterone Pseudocyesis Saline Solution Stains Uterus Vagina Vision Woman
2
Identifying Estrous Cycle Stages in Mice
Cited 46 times
Representative photographs and micrographs for each stage of the estrous cycle were obtained following these steps: 1. a preliminary observation was made about the stage of the estrous cycle by assessing the vaginal opening of each mouse, 2. the stage of the estrous cycle was verified by vaginal cytology, 3. stage of estrous cycle was confirmed by mating mice overnight and checking for ovulation the following morning as described later.
These steps can also be used to learn the visual method and train the eye to identify each stage. Proestrus and estrus are easier to identify by visual observation than metestrus and diestrus. Coat color and skin pigmentation can make it more challenging to evaluate some strains. It is easier to observe changes in agouti and albino strains than in black strains where changes to the vaginal opening are more subtle.
Byers S.L., Wiles M.V., Dunn S.L, & Taft R.A. (2012). Mouse Estrous Cycle Identification Tool and Images. PLoS ONE, 7(4), e35538.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2012
Albinism Cuniculus Cytological Techniques Diestrus Estrous Cycle Estrus Metestrus Mice, House Ovulation Proestrus Skin Pigmentation Strains Vagina
3
Evaluating Mouse Estrous Cycle Visually
Cited 34 times
To evaluate the stage of the estrous cycle by visual observation, each mouse was held by the tail with the forepaws resting on a cage lid. The vaginal opening of each female was evaluated based on the criteria described by Champlin, et al. A digital image of each mouse was taken using a DSCF707 Cyber-shot digital camera (Sony, Japan). Additional lighting was supplied for photographs by fiber optic lights (Fiber Lite MI-150, Dolan-Jenner Industries, Boxborough, MA).
When evaluating stage of the estrous cycle using the visual method, it is important to always evaluate animals in the same area with respect to room lighting. The table or workstation should always face the same direction and there should be sufficient light available. The light source is also important to consider because it can change the perceived color of vaginal tissues and make evaluation difficult. Portable lights can be purchased and attached to workstations and moved as needed. However, LED lights should be avoided because they have a purple hue that makes visual detection challenging. Battery operated 4W fluorescent lamps (Maverick, Edison, NJ) were used in the vivarium for this study. In the laboratory, 32W Sylvania Octron fluorescent ceiling lights (Sylvania, Danvers, MA) were used for lighting.
The vaginal opening of mice in proestrus is characterized by swollen, moist, pink tissue. The opening is wide and there are often wrinkles or striations along the dorsal and ventral edges. As the mouse enters estrus the vaginal opening becomes less pink, less moist, and less swollen. Metestrus is characterized by a vaginal opening that is not open wide, not swollen, and white cellular debris may be visible. In diestrus, the vaginal opening is small and closed with no tissue swelling.
Byers S.L., Wiles M.V., Dunn S.L, & Taft R.A. (2012). Mouse Estrous Cycle Identification Tool and Images. PLoS ONE, 7(4), e35538.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2012
Animals ARID1A protein, human Diestrus Estrous Cycle Estrus Face Females Fibrosis Fingers Leukocytes Light Metestrus Mice, House Proestrus Tail Tissues Vagina
4
Estrous Cycle Identification Tool
Cited 15 times
The estrous cycle identification tool was developed using qualitative data from the literature [5] , [9] (link), [10] for the proportion of each cell type in a smear. A graphical representation of the existing data was created to represent the typical changes in cell types that occur during the entire estrous cycle. The continuous changes in cell types (leukocytes, nucleated epithelial, and cornified epithelial) occurring during the estrous cycle result in the lack of clear demarcations between stages and can make it difficult to determine the stage of the estrous cycle. For example, the vaginal cytology of a mouse in estrus is characterized by many cornified epithelia cells. However, if the mouse is in early estrus, nucleated epithelial cells may also be present. Presented here (Figure 1) is an estrous cycle identification tool that shows the changes in cell populations during the entire cycle. The estrous cycle identification tool makes it clear what cells types are present at each point of the cycle, including the transitional phases between each stage.
The estrous cycle identification tool is a visual aid that shows the 4 estrous stages and the relative proportion of cells present in each stage. Each cell type is shown in a different color. The name of each stage of the estrous cycle is shown on the outside of the circle progressing clockwise from one stage to the next. The 4 quadrants are different sizes to represent a rough estimate of how much time is spent in each stage of the estrous cycle.
To use the estrous cycle identification tool, collect cells using the vaginal cytology method described and view them using a compound microscope. Identify the cell types present on the slide and note the relative proportion of each cell type. For example, there may be all leukocytes on the slide or there may be about half cornified epithelial and about half nucleated epithelial cells. Next, look at the estrous cycle identification tool (Figure 1) and place an imaginary arrow on the chart with the end on the center of the chart like a hand on a clock. The arrow is moved clockwise until the cell types and proportion appear under the arrow. Once the arrow is placed, it points to the corresponding stage of estrous.
This tool makes it easy to determine the stage of the cycle when vaginal cytology is used. The relative amount and type of cells present during early proestrus and late metestrus are similar. The nucleated epithelial cells in proestrus are often well-formed, but are often irregularly shaped and vacuolated in metestrus [3] (link). Alternatively, early proestrus and late metestrus can be distinguished using the visual method.
Byers S.L., Wiles M.V., Dunn S.L, & Taft R.A. (2012). Mouse Estrous Cycle Identification Tool and Images. PLoS ONE, 7(4), e35538.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2012
Cells Cytological Techniques Epithelial Cells Epithelioid Cells Estrous Cycle Estrus Leukocytes Light Microscopy Metestrus Mus Phase Transition Population Group Proestrus Vagina
5
Estrous Cyclicity Monitoring in Mice
Cited 8 times
A schematic of the experimental design is shown in Fig. 1A. Preinjection estrous cycle monitoring was performed for at least 2 weeks to confirm that mice had regular cycles before any experimentation. All mice tested for the present studies showed at least two consecutive regular cycles prior to injection. After KA/saline injection, mice were allowed to rest for a 2‐week recovery period, and then were monitored daily for estrous cycle stages for an average of 66 days (range from 60 to 75 days) postsurgery. Daily vaginal cytology was performed to determine the estrous cycle stages (proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus). The vaginal lavage method20 was used for vaginal cytology examination and was performed between 10 am and 12 pm (relative to lights off at 7 pm). Twenty microliters of sterile 1% phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) was inserted into the vaginal cavity, withdrawn, and smeared on a microscope slide. Estrous cycle stages were determined according to the type, number, and morphology of cells in the smear. Proestrus is indicated by the presence of mostly nucleated epithelial cells, estrus by cornified epithelial cells, metestrus by cornified epithelial cells with leukocytes, and diestrus by leukocytes21 (Fig. 1B). Regularly cycling mice showed cycles with an average 5‐day periodicity (1 day each of proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus day I, and diestrus day II; Fig. 1B).20Estrous cyclicity was evaluated from two aspects. The cycle length was calculated by counting the days between two successive estrus stages with both metestrus and diestrus stages occurring in between. The percentage of time spent in each stage was calculated by the number of days spent in each stage divided by the total number of days of monitoring. In order to determine whether each mouse displayed regular or irregular estrous cyclicity, the average cycle length and percentages of time in each stage were calculated from the data collected from 42 days postinjection until the last day of monitoring. If a mouse spent more than 50% of time in one stage, or the average cycle length was 7 days or longer, this mouse was considered to have an irregular estrous cycle. Note that here we use the term “regular” to refer to mice whose cycle parameters fall within a normal range, as assessed through these measurements. For rodents, prolonged diestrus may indicate an acyclic period or pseudopregnancy; these two situations are usually accompanied by heavy mucus secretion.22, 23 The mice in this study, however, did not show this type of secretion. The ages of saline‐treated and KA‐treated mice were not significantly different at the time of injection (saline 11.5 + 0.3 weeks, KA 11.9 + 0.7 weeks, p = 0.45 Mann–Whitney test). The estrous cycle of both groups was monitored for 2 months after injections, and then the mice were euthanized, at which time the ovaries were collected for histology (time postinjection: saline 9.4 ± 0.9 weeks, KA 9.5 ± 0.6 weeks, p = 0.67 two‐sample t test). The body weight of each mouse was measured on the day of surgery and the last day of monitoring, and these values were used to calculate mean weight gain per week and final body weight values.
Li J., Kim J.S., Abejuela V.A., Lamano J.B., Klein N.J, & Christian C.A. (2016). Disrupted female estrous cyclicity in the intrahippocampal kainic acid mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia Open, 2(1), 39-47.
Publication 2016
Body Weight Cytological Techniques Dental Caries Diestrus Epithelial Cells Estrous Cycle Estrus Leukocytes Light Metestrus Microscopy Mucus Mus Ovary Phosphates Proestrus Pseudocyesis Rodent Saline Solution secretion Sterility, Reproductive Surgery, Day Vagina Vaginal Douching Vaginal Examination

Most recents protocols related to «Metestrus»

1
Vaginal Smear Estrus Cycle Analysis

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Publication 2023
Cells Diestrus Epithelial Cells Estrus Leukocytes Metestrus Microscopy Proestrus Squamous Epithelial Cells Staining Vaginal Smears
2
Estrous Cycle Analysis by Vaginal Smears

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Publication 2023
Aftercare Cells Diestrus Dipyridamole Epithelial Cells Estrus Leukocytes Metestrus Microscopy Proestrus Squamous Epithelial Cells Vaginal Smears
3
Vaginal Cytology for Estrous Cycle Staging
The phase of the estrous cycle in females was determined in wet smears immediately after collection (direct cytology, unstained slides) with a Nikon microscope [20 (link),43 (link),44 (link)]. Vaginal swabs were obtained using sterile saline and examined on a slide in a drop of saline. Microscopic examination was performed with a 10× objective to determine the relationship between cell types and a 40× objective to recognize cell types.
The swabs contained four types of cells:
1. Leukocytes (neutrophils or polymorphonuclear cells), which are very small round cells.
2. Small nucleated epithelial cells, which are small non-keratinizing cells of a round or oval shape.
3. Large nucleated epithelial cells of a round or polygonal shape with serrated or angular edges.
4. Non-nuclear keratinized epithelial cells or needle-like cells.
Diestrus (the longest phase) lasted on average 48–72 h and was characterized by the predominance of leukocytes. Leukocytes were absent in the stage of proestrus and estrus. Some leukocytes and epithelial cells were detected during metestrus (6–8 h).
Pupikina M, & Sitnikova E. (2023). Sex Differences in Behavior and Learning Abilities in Adult Rats. Life, 13(2), 547.
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Publication 2023
Cells Cytological Techniques Diestrus Epithelial Cells Estrous Cycle Estrus Females Leukocytes Metestrus Microscopy Needles Neutrophil Proestrus Saline Solution Sterility, Reproductive Vagina
4
Evaluating Rat Menstrual Cycle Phases
At the 7th week, the menstrual cycles of female rats were evaluated by a vaginal smear after Giemsa staining. On the basis of the microscopic reading of the smears, rats were subdivided according to the four phases of the cycle (proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus). Animal studies have shown increased responsiveness to greater autonomic manifestations during the metestrus/diestrus cycle phase, which corresponds to the perimenstrual phase in women [60 (link), 61 (link)]. Therefore, all experiments in female rats were performed during the metestrus/diestrus phase.
Hasegawa R., Saito-Nakaya K., Gu L., Kanazawa M, & Fukudo S. (2023). Maternal separation and TNBS-induced gut inflammation synergistically alter the sexually differentiated stress response in rats. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 17, 7.
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Publication 2023
Animals Diestrus Estrus Females Menstrual Cycle Metestrus Microscopy Nervous System, Autonomic Proestrus Rattus norvegicus Stain, Giemsa Vaginal Smears Woman
5
Vaginal Cytology for Estrous Cycle Assessment
Daily vaginal smear analyses began the seventh day after the initial DHEA or vehicle injection. Estrous cycle stages were assessed using a wet smear method [30 (link)]. Saline lavage was used to obtain vaginal cells, which were subsequently examined under a light microscope with a 10× objective. The proestrus stage was marked by the predominance of nucleated epithelial cells and some cornified epithelial cells, the estrus stage by the predominance of cornified squamous epithelial cells, the metestrus stage by the predominance of leukocytes, and the diestrus stage by the predominance of leukocytes.
Palmerini M.G., Macchiarelli G., Cocciolone D., Mascitti I.A., Placidi M., Vergara T., Di Emidio G, & Tatone C. (2023). Modulating Morphological and Redox/Glycative Alterations in the PCOS Uterus: Effects of Carnitines in PCOS Mice. Biomedicines, 11(2), 374.
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Publication 2023
Cells Diestrus Epithelial Cells Estrous Cycle Estrus Leukocytes Light Microscopy Metestrus Prasterone Proestrus Saline Solution Squamous Epithelial Cells Vagina Vaginal Smears

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More about "Metestrus"

Metestrus is the phase of the estrous cycle in female mammals that occurs immediately after estrus, or heat.
During this stage, the uterus and ovaries undergo changes to prepare for the next cycle.
Metestrus is characterized by a decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels, and the endometrium (uterine lining) begins to shedding.
This phase typically lasts for several days, depending on the species.
Understanding the Metestrus stage is crucial for researchers studying reproductive biology and factors influencing the estrous cycle.
PubCompare.ai, a leading AI-driven platform, can help streamline your Metestrus research by providing access to relevant protocols and identifying the most effective methods, optimizing your workflow and enhancing the reproducibility and accuracy of your findings.
Our tool allows you to effortlessly locate protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, while using advanced AI-comparisons to pinpoint the most effective protocols and products.
When studying Metestrus, researchers may utilize various techniques and tools, such as the CKX53 microscope, Giemsa staining, Toluidine Blue O staining, Methylene blue staining, and the Eukitt mounting medium to visualize and analyze the changes in the uterus and ovaries.
The FV1000 confocal laser scanning microscope and the ViiA 7 Real-time PCR platform can also be employed to capture detailed images and quantify gene expression, respectively.
Additionally, Eosin Y and Hematoxylin staining can be used to stain the tissues, and the EVOS XL Cell Imaging System can be utilized for high-quality imaging.
By leveraging PubCompare.ai's powerful features and the available tools and techniques, researchers can optimize their Metestrus research, streamline their workflow, and enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of their findings.
Explore the capabilities of PubCompare.ai today and take your Metestrus research to the next level.