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Autopsy

Autopsy is the systematic examination and dissection of a deceased body to determine the cause of death and investigate any pathological changes.
This comprehensive process provides critical insights into the underlying medical conditions, injuries, or other factors contributing to an individual's demise.
Autopsies play a vital role in advancing medical knowledge, improving patient care, and ensuring accurate death certification.
By analyzing the physical evidence from the deceased, healthcare professionals can gain valuable information to enhance diagnostic techniques, refine treatment protocols, and strengthen public health surveillance.
The autopsy workflow, however, can be complex and time-consuming, oftne requiring the coordination of multiple specialists and the comparison of numerous protocols from various sources.
PubCompare.ai, an AI-powered platform, streamlines this process by enabling users to easily locate relevant autopsy protocols, leverage AI-driven comparisons to identify the best approaches, and optimize the overall autopsy workflow for enhanced reproducibility and research accuracy.

Most cited protocols related to «Autopsy»

1
Modeling DNA Damage Misincorporations
The general idea is to mutate bases following an Hasegawa, Kishino and Yano (HKY) transition matrix (Hasegawa et al., 1985 (link)) and then independently add post-mortem damage on top of mutated bases. In this framework, we have multinomial distributions describing the position-specific substitutions for any given base ( and ).

Θ is the HKY transition matrix, and is defined as the DNA damage transition matrix. We assume post-mortem cytosine deamination is the main driver of nucleotide misincorporations in agreement with experimental evidence (Briggs et al., 2007 (link)), providing

Where the base-specific damage probabilities are defined as

The motivation for the base-specific damage probabilities is best explained by the Markov chain in Figure 1 where the first jump decides if the position is before or after a nick; then a substitution could be observed following deamination in overhang or double-stranded DNA regions. A similar Markov chain could be drawn for substitutions (Supplementary Section 1).

A schematic view describing the DNA damage Markov chain, which extends the DNA substitution model. The states and correspond to the final nucleotides in the sequences

For rescaling base quality scores, we assume that and substitutions either originate from true biological differences or from damage driven misincorporations. We can derive an estimate for the probability that a (similar for ) misincorporation at position i along the reads is due to damage using

We can now correct base quality scores provided in alignment BAM files [ at position i for read r] using

Jónsson H., Ginolhac A., Schubert M., Johnson P.L, & Orlando L. (2013). mapDamage2.0: fast approximate Bayesian estimates of ancient DNA damage parameters. Bioinformatics, 29(13), 1682-1684.
Publication 2013
Autopsy Biopharmaceuticals Cytosine Deamination DNA, Double-Stranded DNA Damage Motivation Nucleotides
2
Comprehensive Transcriptional Profiling of Adult Human Brains
Anatomically comprehensive transcriptional profiling of adult human brains used high-throughput tissue processing and data generation pipelines for post-mortem brain imaging, anatomical delineation, sample isolation and microarray analysis. Data visualization and mining tools were developed to create a publicly accessible data resource (http://human.brain-map.org/). Extensive methodological details are supplied in Supplementary Methods 1.
Hawrylycz M.J., Lein E.S., Guillozet-Bongaarts A.L., Shen E.H., Ng L., Miller J.A., van de Lagemaat L.N., Smith K.A., Ebbert A., Riley Z.L., Abajian C., Beckmann C.F., Bernard A., Bertagnolli D., Boe A.F., Cartagena P.M., Chakravarty M.M., Chapin M., Chong J., Dalley R.A., David Daly B., Dang C., Datta S., Dee N., Dolbeare T.A., Faber V., Feng D., Fowler D.R., Goldy J., Gregor B.W., Haradon Z., Haynor D.R., Hohmann J.G., Horvath S., Howard R.E., Jeromin A., Jochim J.M., Kinnunen M., Lau C., Lazarz E.T., Lee C., Lemon T.A., Li L., Li Y., Morris J.A., Overly C.C., Parker P.D., Parry S.E., Reding M., Royall J.J., Schulkin J., Sequeira P.A., Slaughterbeck C.R., Smith S.C., Sodt A.J., Sunkin S.M., Swanson B.E., Vawter M.P., Williams D., Wohnoutka P., Zielke H.R., Geschwind D.H., Hof P.R., Smith S.M., Koch C., Grant S.G, & Jones A.R. (2012). An anatomically comprehensive atlas of the adult human brain transcriptome. Nature, 489(7416), 391-399.
Publication 2012
Adult Autopsy Brain Brain Mapping isolation Microarray Analysis Tissues Transcription, Genetic
3
Aging, Memory, and Neurological Evaluation
The Memory and Aging Project is funded by the National Institute on Aging and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Rush University Medical Center. Older persons without known dementia must agree to an assessment of risk factors, blood donation, and a detailed clinical evaluation each year. Further, all participants also agree to donation of brain, the entire spinal cord, and selected nerve and muscles at the time of death.
Study participants are primarily recruited from retirement communities throughout northeastern Illinois Fig. (1). The study primarily enrolls residents of continuous care retirement communities. Several features of these facilities and the study design enhance the validity and generalizability of the study. Because the only exclusion is the inability to sign the Anatomical Gift Act, and because all clinical evaluations are performed as home visits, co-morbidities common in population-based epidemiologic studies are well represented; this reduces the “healthy volunteer effect” seen in many cohort studies [30 (link)]. The home visits reduce participant burden facilitating high rates of follow-up. Follow-up rates are further enhanced because these facilities provide all levels of care from independent living to unskilled and skilled nursing on campus. This also enhances autopsy rates as many participants die on campus and the Anatomical Gift Act allows us to work directly with facility staff and the funeral home to arrange the autopsy. Residents of continuous care retirement communities are predominantly white and tend to be more affluent. Therefore, the study also recruits from Section 8 and Section 202 housing subsidized by the Department of Housing and Urban Development, retirement homes, and through local churches and other social service agencies serving minorities and low-income elderly.
The study design allows the following types of analyses to be conducted within a single dataset Fig. (2): 1) the relation of risk factors with incident AD, incident MCI, and decline in cognitive and motor function; 2) the relation of neurobiologic indices with AD, MCI, and cognitive and motor function; and 3) modeling neurobiologic pathways linking risk factors to clinical phenotypes.
Bennett D.A., Schneider J.A., Buchman A.S., Barnes L.L., Boyle P.A, & Wilson R.S. (2012). Overview and Findings from the Rush Memory and Aging Project. Current Alzheimer research, 9(6), 646-663.
Publication 2012
Aged Autopsy Blood Donation Brain Cognition Continuity of Patient Care Dementia Disorders, Cognitive Ethics Committees, Research Healthy Volunteers Memory Minority Groups Nervousness Phenotype Spinal Cord Temporal Muscle Urban Development Vision Visit, Home
4
Transcriptional Profiling of Chicken Hearts and Human Huntington's Brains
Thirty hearts of chicken embryos of 3 days of development were isolated and separated into the five different compartments, i.e. sinus venosus (SV), atrium (A), atrioventricular canal (AVC), ventricle (V) and outflow tract (OFT). Post-mortem cortical brain tissue of eight control persons and 10 Huntington disease patients was obtained from Prof Dr R.A.C. Roos (Leiden University, the Netherlands). Total RNA was isolated using RNAeasy columns (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The total RNA was treated with DNase RQ1 (Promega) and the integrity of the RNA was checked using the BioAnalyzer and the Agilent RNA 6000 Nano kit (II). A 1–0.5 µg total RNA was converted into cDNA using an anchored poly-dT primer and the Superscript II (human samples) or III (chicken samples) Reverse transcription kit (Invitrogen).
Ruijter J.M., Ramakers C., Hoogaars W.M., Karlen Y., Bakker O., van den Hoff M.J, & Moorman A.F. (2009). Amplification efficiency: linking baseline and bias in the analysis of quantitative PCR data. Nucleic Acids Research, 37(6), e45.
Publication 2009
Autopsy Brain Cerebral Ventricles Chickens Common atrioventricular canal Cortex, Cerebral Deoxyribonucleases DNA, Complementary Embryonic Development Heart Heart Atrium Homo sapiens Huntington Disease Oligonucleotide Primers Patients Poly T Promega Reverse Transcription Sinuses, Nasal Tissues
5
Development of MDS Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for PSP
The MDS-PSP criteria were generated by the MDS-PSP study group in a three-step approach.
First, we performed a systematic literature review covering the time since publication of the NINDS-SPSP criteria. In brief, the steering committee (G.U.H., M.S., A.L.B., L.I.G., and I.L.) assembled expert working groups for specific questions relevant to the diagnosis of PSP. We searched the PubMed, Cochrane, Medline, and PSYCInfo databases for articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published in English from 1996 to 2015, applying either postmortem diagnosis or the NINDS-SPSP criteria. Study group members were encouraged to add relevant articles to be considered throughout the project period (end of 2016), particularly those published after 2015. The literature was analyzed following the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network recommendations.37 From N = 5,903 identified articles, N = 462 met the inclusion standards. The literature-based evidence was then summarized by the working groups for imaging and clinical aspects and is published in detail in accompanying papers in this issue of Movement Disorders.38 ,39 Second, we collected the largest autopsy-confirmed case series reported so far for PSP and disease controls (CBD, MSA-P, PD, and FTLD-bvFTD) from nine brain banks with a proven track record of a close collaboration with tertiary clinical referral centers, both with excellent experience in neurodegenerative diseases (Amsterdam, Netherlands; Baltimore, MD; Barcelona, Spain; Bordeaux, France; London, UK; Lund, Sweden; Munich, Germany; Philadelphia, PA; and Saskatchewan, Canada). High-quality original natural history data were available from patients with autopsy-confirmed PSP (N = 206), CBD (N = 54), MSA-P (N = 51), PD (N = 53), and FTLD-bvFTD (N = 73). We extracted demographic data and predefined clinical features (absence/presence/onset) in a standardized manner locally from the clinical records and collected them centrally. These data were used to estimate and stratify the diagnostic value of the clinical items selected from a comprehensive literature review and are reported in detail in an accompanying paper.38 Third, on the basis of the evidence obtained in the first two steps, the steering committee drafted an initial proposal of the criteria, which was distributed to the MDS-PSP study group members. They provided written feedback to the process coordinator (G.U.H.), who incorporated the comments into optimized criteria in two modified Delphi rounds. In March 2016, the group convened for a 2-day consensus meeting in Munich to present and discuss all aspects of the criteria (structure, basic features, exclusion criteria, core functional domains, operationalized clinical features, supportive findings, imaging, biomarkers, and genetics). For each of these items, the data obtained in the first two steps were presented by the subgroup coordinators. Thereafter, the written draft of the criteria was discussed stepwise. Modifications were integrated until the entire group unanimously agreed to the items under discussion. After the meeting, the written document was circulated again and optimized in three further Delphi rounds, in particular, dealing with precise wording, operationalized definition of clinical examination guidelines, and newly evolving aspects, such as tau PET imaging. After final approval, the current manuscript was written (G.U.H.) and circulated to incorporate final modifications.
Here, we present the MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for PSP.
Hoglinger G.U., Respondek G., Stamelou M., Kurz C., Josephs K.A., Lang A.E., Mollenhauer B., Muller U., Nilsson C., Whitwell J.L., Arzberger T., Englund E., Gelpi E., Giese A., Irwin D.J., Meissner W.G., Pantelyat A., Rajput A., van Swieten J.C., Troakes C., Antonini A., Bhatia K.P., Bordelon Y., Compta Y., Corvol J.C., Colosimo C., Dickson D.W., Dodel R., Ferguson L., Grossman M., Kassubek J., Krismer F., Levin J., Lorenzl S., Morris H.R., Nestor P., Oertel W.H., Poewe W., Rabinovici G., Rowe J.B., Schellenberg G.D., Seppi K., van Eimeren T., Wenning G.K., Boxer A.L., Golbe L.I, & Litvan I. (2017). Clinical Diagnosis of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: The Movement Disorder Society Criteria. Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 32(6), 853-864.
Publication 2017
Autopsy Biological Markers Brain Diagnosis Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Movement Disorders Neurodegenerative Disorders Patients

Most recents protocols related to «Autopsy»

1
Canine Respiratory Pathology in Viral Infection
Not available on PMC !

Example 14

In contrast to the previous experimental infection using specific pathogen-free Beagles (Crawford et al., 2005), the virus-inoculated mongrel dogs had pneumonia as evidenced by gross and histological analyses of the lungs from days 1 to 6 p.i. In addition to pneumonia, the dogs had rhinitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis similar to that described in naturally infected dogs (Crawford et al., 2005). There was epithelial necrosis and erosion of the lining of the airways and bronchial glands with neutrophil and macrophage infiltration of the submucosal tissues (FIG. 5, upper panels). Immunohistochemistry detected viral H3 antigen in the epithelial cells of bronchi, bronchioles, and bronchial glands (FIG. 5, lower panels). No bacterial superinfection was present. The respiratory tissues from the 2 sham-inoculated dogs were normal.

US11865172B2. Materials and methods for respiratory disease control in canines (2024-01-09). UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC. [US], CORNELL RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC. [US], The Government of The United States of America as represented by The Secretary of the Department of [US]. Inventors: Patti Cynthia Crawford [US], Paul J. Gibbs [US], Edward J. Dubovi [US], Ruben Omar Donis [US], Jacqueline Katz [US], Alexander I. Klimov [US], Nallakannu P. Lakshmanan [US], Melissa Anne Lum [US], Daniel Ghislena Emiel Goovaerts [NL], Mark William Mellencamp [US], Nancy J. Cox [US], William L. Castleman [US].
Patent 2024
Antigens, Viral Autopsy Bacteria Bronchi Bronchioles Bronchiolitis Bronchitis Canis familiaris Epithelial Cells Immunohistochemistry Infection Lung Macrophage Necrosis Neutrophil Pneumonia Respiratory Rate Rhinitis Specific Pathogen Free Superinfection Tissues Tracheitis Virus
2
Evaluating Tucaresol and Checkpoint Inhibitors in Xenograft Models
Not available on PMC !

Example 7

Five groups including tucaresol, tucaresol plus PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody, tucaresol plus CTLA-4 antibody, CTLA-4 antibody plus PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody, and tucaresol plus plinabulin are tested to determine their effect in an animal xenograft model.

The combined treatment with tucaresol and the checkpoint inhibitor(s) is tested in comparison with the treatment with tucaresol alone, the treatment with checkpoint inhibitor alone, or combination of checkpoint inhibitors. The tests are performed using seven to ten-week old athymic (nu/nu) mice that were injected subcutaneously with human tumor cell lines (of either solid or liquid tumor origin, for example of breast, lung, colon, brain, liver, leukemia, myeloma, lymphoma, sarcoma, pancreatic or renal origin). Six to ten testing groups are prepared, and each group includes 10 mice.

Each treatment starts at tumor size between 40-150 mm3 and continues until Day 24-56, when the animals are necropsied. To determine the efficacy of each treatment, the following data are collected: mortality; the body weight of the mice assessed twice weekly both prior to treatments; the rate of tumor growth as determined by the tumor size measurement (twice every week); the tumor growth index; overall survival rate; the tumor weight at necropsy; and the time required to increase tumor size 10 fold.

US11857522B2. Compositions containing tucaresol or its analogs (2024-01-02). BeyondSpring Pharmaceuticals, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Ramon Mohanlal [US], Lan Huang [US], George Kenneth Lloyd [US].
Patent 2024
Animal Model Animals Autopsy Body Weight Brain Breast CD274 protein, human Cell Cycle Checkpoints Cell Line, Tumor Colon Combined Modality Therapy CTLA4 protein, human Genes, Neoplasm GZMB protein, human Heterografts Homo sapiens Immunoglobulins inhibitors Kidney Leukemia Liver Lung Lymphoma Mice, Nude Multiple Myeloma Mus Neoplasms Pancreas plinabulin Sarcoma Thymic aplasia tucaresol
3
In Vivo Imaging of Soft Tissue Infection
Not available on PMC !

Example 4

Initial in vivo studies focused on soft tissue models of MSSA infection. This included a mouse thigh infection model and rat triceps model. FIG. 2 shows data for the accumulation of [18F]F-PABA in the triceps of an infected rat. Fifty μL of 109 CFU of Newman S. aureus BHI culture was injected into the right triceps of a rat. After 10-15 hr the rats were imaged following iv administration of 0.8-1.2 mCi of [18F]F-PABA. The images clearly show the accumulation of radioactivity in the right but not the left triceps. In addition to monitoring the time course of [18F]F-PABA biodistribution, we also quantified tracer levels by postmortem ex vivo counting. While the [18F]F-PABA distributed to all tissues and organs with the exception of the brain, significant tracer accumulation was only observed in the right triceps, as well as the kidney, bladder and GI tracts due to tracer clearance. At 60 min tracer levels were 5.4× higher in the infected right triceps compared to the uninfected left triceps. This compares favorably with other tracers.

US11857352B2. Positron imaging tomography imaging agent composition and method for bacterial infection (2024-01-02). The Research Foundation for the State University of New York [US]. Inventors: Peter Tonge [US], Zhuo Zhang [US], Peter Smith-Jones [US], Li Liu [US], Hui Wang [US].
Patent 2024
4-Aminobenzoic Acid Autopsy Brain Gastrointestinal Tract Infection Kidney Mus Radioactivity Rattus Thigh Tissues Urinary Bladder
4
Combination Therapy for Tumor Regression
Not available on PMC !

Example 6

The combined treatment with tucaresol and Plinabulin is tested in comparison with the treatment with tucaresol alone and Plinabulin alone. The tests are performed using seven to ten-week old immune competent mice that are injected subcutaneously with MC-38 tumor cells. Seven testing groups are prepared, and each group includes 10 mice.

Group 1 is administered with saline; Group 2 is administered with the tucaresol diluent (in the absence of tucaresol); Group 3 is administered with tucaresol dissolved in diluent at a concentration of 5 mg/kg; Group 4 is administered with tucaresol dissolved in diluent at a concentration of 10 mg/kg; Group 5 is administered with Plinabulin; Group 6 is administered with a tucaresol 5 mg/kg, and Plinabulin; and Group 7 is administered with a tucaresol 10 mg/kg and Plinabulin.

Each treatment starts at tumor size between 40-150 mm3 and continues until Day 24-56. To determine the efficacy of each treatment, the following data are collected: mortality rate; the body weight of the mice assessed twice weekly both prior to treatments; the rate of tumor growth as determined by the tumor size measurement (twice every week); the tumor growth index; overall survival rate; the time required to double tumor size and the tumor weight at necropsy.

US11857522B2. Compositions containing tucaresol or its analogs (2024-01-02). BeyondSpring Pharmaceuticals, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Ramon Mohanlal [US], Lan Huang [US], George Kenneth Lloyd [US].
Patent 2024
Autopsy Body Weight Cells Combined Modality Therapy Mus Neoplasms plinabulin Saline Solution tucaresol
5
Tumor Dissociation and Cell Analysis
Tumors were excised and digested postmortem using a cocktail of 1 mg/ml collagenase type IV (Sigma-Aldrich) and 0.02 mg/mL DNaseI (Sigma-Aldrich). After digestion at 37 °C for 30 min, cells were passed through a 70 μm filter twice. Cells were then analyzed for various functional parameters including cytokine production by flow cytometry directly ex vivo as previously described [41 (link)].
Guo D., Jin C., Gao Y., Lin H., Zhang L., Zhou Y., Yao J., Duan Y., Ren Y., Hui X., Ge Y., Yang R, & Jiang W. (2023). GPR116 receptor regulates the antitumor function of NK cells via Gαq/HIF1α/NF-κB signaling pathway as a potential immune checkpoint. Cell & Bioscience, 13, 51.
Publication 2023
Autopsy Cells Cytokine Digestion Flow Cytometry Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 Neoplasms

Top products related to «Autopsy»

1
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2
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TRIzol is a monophasic solution of phenol and guanidine isothiocyanate that is used for the isolation of total RNA from various biological samples. It is a reagent designed to facilitate the disruption of cells and the subsequent isolation of RNA.
3
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TRIzol reagent is a monophasic solution of phenol, guanidine isothiocyanate, and other proprietary components designed for the isolation of total RNA, DNA, and proteins from a variety of biological samples. The reagent maintains the integrity of the RNA while disrupting cells and dissolving cell components.
4
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More about "Autopsy"

Autopsy is the comprehensive, systematic examination and dissection of a deceased body to determine the cause of death and investigate any underlying medical conditions, injuries, or other factors contributing to an individual's demise.
This vital process provides critical insights that advance medical knowledge, improve patient care, and ensure accurate death certification.
By analyzing the physical evidence from the deceased, healthcare professionals can gain valuable information to enhance diagnostic techniques, refine treatment protocols, and strengthen public health surveillance.
The autopsy workflow, however, can be complex and time-consuming, often requiring the coordination of multiple specialists and the comparison of numerous protocols from various sources.
PubCompare.ai, an AI-powered platform, streamlines this process by enabling users to easily locate relevant autopsy protocols, leverage AI-driven comparisons to identify the best approaches, and optimize the overall autopsy workflow for enhanced reproducibility and research accuracy.
The autopsy process may also involve the use of various biological techniques and tools, such as RNAlater for RNA preservation, TRIzol or TRIzol reagent for RNA extraction, and the RNeasy Mini Kit for purification.
Cell culture media like DMEM, supplemented with FBS and Penicillin/streptomycin, may be used for tissue sample preparation.
The DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit can be utilized for DNA extraction, while the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer can provide valuable insights into the quality and quantity of nucleic acids extracted from the samples.
These techniques and tools play a crucial role in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the autopsy findings, ultimately contributing to the advancement of medical knowledge and patient care.
Whether you're a pathologist, medical researcher, or healthcare professional, understanding the comprehensive autopsy process and the associated techniques can be invaluabel in your work.