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Bronchography

Bronchography is a radiographic imaging technique used to visualize the bronchial tree.
It involves the instillation of a contrast medium into the airways, allowing for detailed examination of the bronchi and their structure.
This procedure can be used to diagnose various respiratory conditions, such as airway obstructions, bronchial tumors, and congenital abnormalities.
Bronchography provides valuable information to guide treatment pplanning and monitor disease progression.
However, optimization of bronchography protocols is crucial to ensure patient safety and high-quality imaging results.
PubCompare.ai's AI-powered platform can help researchers streamline their bronchography studies by easily locating and comparing the latest protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, using intelligent analysis to identify the best approaches.
This can help researchers enhance their bronchography research and optimize their protocols for improved diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes.

Most cited protocols related to «Bronchography»

1
CT Imaging Characteristics of COVID-19 Pneumonia
Image analysis was performed using the institutional digital database system (Neusoft V5.5.4.50720). All CT images were reviewed by two radiologists with 5 and 3 years of experience in imaging (Y.F. and W.L.). Imaging was reviewed independently and final decisions reached by consensus. For disagreement between the two primary radiologist interpretations, a third experienced thoracic radiologist with 17 years of experience (K.L.) adjudicated a final decision. No negative control cases were examined.
For each of the 78 patients, the CT scan was evaluated for the following characteristics: (1) distribution: presence of peripheral or peribronchovascular; (2) density: presence of ground-glass opacities, mixed ground-glass opacities, or consolidation; (3) internal structures: presence of air bronchogram, interlobular septal thickening, cavitation; (4) number of lobes affected by ground-glass or consolidative opacities; (5) presence of fibrotic lesions; (6) presence of centrilobular nodules; (7) presence of a pleural effusion; (8) presence of thoracic lymphadenopathy (defined as lymph node size of ≥ 10 mm in short-axis dimension); and (9) presence of underlying lung disease such as tuberculosis, emphysema, or interstitial lung disease were noted. Ground-glass opacification was defined as hazy increased lung attenuation with preservation of bronchial and vascular margins and consolidation was defined as opacification with obscuration of margins of vessels and airway walls [14 (link)].
Li K., Fang Y., Li W., Pan C., Qin P., Zhong Y., Liu X., Huang M., Liao Y, & Li S. (2020). CT image visual quantitative evaluation and clinical classification of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). European Radiology, 30(8), 4407-4416.
Publication 2020
Biologic Preservation Blood Vessel Bronchi Bronchography Epistropheus Fibrosis Lung Lung Diseases Lung Diseases, Interstitial Lymphadenopathy Nodes, Lymph Patients Pleural Effusion Pulmonary Emphysema Radiologist Tuberculosis X-Ray Computed Tomography
2
Quantitative CT Assessment of COVID-19 Lung Involvement
Two experienced pulmonologists (YML, YW) reviewed the images independently, with a final finding reached by consensus when there was a discrepancy. CT findings included ground glass opacity, consolidation, air bronchogram and nodular opacities. Ground glass opacity (GGO) was defined as hazy areas of increased opacity or attenuation without concealing the underlying vessels. Consolidation was defined as homogeneous opacification of the parenchyma obscuring the underlying vessels. Air bronchogram was defined as a pattern of air-filled (low-attenuation) bronchi on a background of opaque (high-attenuation) airless lung. Nodular opacities were defined as focal round opacities either solid nodules or GGOs (diameter ≤ 3 cm). The presence of lymphadenopathy was defined as a lymph node ≥ 1 cm in short-axis diameter.
The CT scans were scored on the axial images referring to the method described previously [9 (link)]. The extent of involvement of each abnormality was assessed independently for each of 3 zones: upper (above the carina), middle (below the carina and above the inferior pulmonary vein), and lower (below the inferior pulmonary vein). The location of the lesion was defined as peripheral if it was in the outer one-third of the lung, or as central otherwise. The CT findings were graded on a 3-point scale: 1 as normal attenuation, 2 as ground-glass attenuation, and 3 as consolidation. Each lung zone, with a total of six lung zones in each patient, was assigned a following scale according to distribution of the affected lung parenchyma: 0 as normal, 1 as < 25% abnormality, 2 as 25–50% abnormality, 3 as 50–75% abnormality, and 4 as > 75% abnormality. The four-point scale of the lung parenchyma distribution was then multiplied by the radiologic scale described above. Points from all zones were added for a final total cumulative score, with value ranging from 0 to72 (Fig 1).
Yuan M., Yin W., Tao Z., Tan W, & Hu Y. (2020). Association of radiologic findings with mortality of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. PLoS ONE, 15(3), e0230548.
Publication 2020
Blood Vessel Bronchi Bronchography Epistropheus Lung Lymphadenopathy Nodes, Lymph Patients Pulmonologists Veins, Pulmonary X-Ray Computed Tomography
3
CT Imaging Features of COVID-19 Pneumonia
All the patients underwent thin-section CT. The median duration from illness onset to CT scan was 4 days, ranging from 1 to 14 days. All CT examinations were performed with a 64-section scanner (Scenaria 64 CT; Hitachi Medical, Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture, Japan) without the use of contrast material. The CT protocol was as follows: tube voltage, 120 kV; automatic tube current (180 mA–400 mA); iterative reconstruction technique; detector, 64 mm; rotation time, 0.35 second; section thickness, 5 mm; collimation, 0.625 mm; pitch, 1.5; matrix, 512 × 512; and breath hold at full inspiration. Reconstruction kernel used was lung smooth with a thickness of 1 mm and an interval of 0.8 mm. The following windows were used: a mediastinal window with a window width of 350 HU and a window level of 40 HU, and a lung window with a width of 1200 HU and a level of −600 HU.
Three chest radiologists (F.Song, N.S., and Y.S., with approximately 6–32 years of experience in thoracic imaging, especially in the setting of viral pneumonias such as H1N1 and H7N9 pneumonia) reviewed the images independently, with a final finding reached by consensus when there was a discrepancy.
CT images were assessed for the presence and distribution of parenchymal abnormalities including pure ground-glass opacity (GGO), which were defined as a hazy increase in lung attenuation with no obscuration of the underlying vessels; GGO with interlobular septal thickening or reticulation, or intralobular networks in GGO; GGO with consolidation, which was defined as an area of opacification obscuring the underlying vessels in GGO; consolidation; air bronchogram(s); reticulation; lymphadenopathy, which was defined as a lymph node greater than 1 cm in short-axis diameter; and pleural effusion. On the axial CT images, we drew a horizontal line across the axillary midline to divide anterior and posterior parts of the lungs. The outer one-third of the lung was defined as peripheral, and the rest was defined as central.
Chest CT lesions in each patient were identified by the readers. A lesion occupying only one lung segment was counted as one lesion. When a large lesion or fused lesion involved more than one lung segment, the lesion number was recorded as the number of the involved lung segments. For example, a large lesion involving three lung segments was counted as three lesions. Each side of the chest containing pleural fluid was counted as one lesion. A pericardial effusion was counted as one lesion.
Song F., Shi N., Shan F., Zhang Z., Shen J., Lu H., Ling Y., Jiang Y, & Shi Y. (2020). Emerging 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Pneumonia. Radiology.
Publication 2020
Axilla Blood Vessel Bronchography Chest Congenital Abnormality Contrast Media CT protocol Effusion, Pericardial Epistropheus Influenza in Birds Inhalation Lung Lymphadenopathy Mediastinum Microtomy Nodes, Lymph Patients Physical Examination Pleura Pleural Effusion Pneumonia Pneumonia, Viral Radiologist Reconstructive Surgical Procedures Reticulum X-Ray Computed Tomography
4
Radiographic Criteria for Pneumonia Diagnosis
Initial enrollment was based on the clinical interpretation of chest radiographs that were obtained at admission. Inclusion in the final study analyses required independent confirmation by a board-certified chest radiologist who reviewed all the chest radiographs and computed tomographic scans obtained within 48 hours before or after admission; these radiologists, who are coauthors of the study, were unaware of the clinical data. Radiographic evidence of pneumonia was defined as the presence of consolidation (a dense or fluffy opacity with or without air bronchograms), other infiltrate (linear and patchy alveolar or interstitial densities), or pleural effusion.5 (link),15 (link),16 (link)
Jain S., Self W.H., Wunderink R.G., Fakhran S., Balk R., Bramley A.M., Reed C., Grijalva C.G., Anderson E.J., Courtney D.M., Chappell J.D., Qi C., Hart E.M., Carroll F., Trabue C., Donnelly H.K., Williams D.J., Zhu Y., Arnold S.R., Ampofo K., Waterer G.W., Levine M., Lindstrom S., Winchell J.M., Katz J.M., Erdman D., Schneider E., Hicks L.A., McCullers J.A., Pavia A.T., Edwards K.M, & Finelli L. (2015). Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization among U.S. Adults. The New England journal of medicine, 373(5), 415-427.
Publication 2015
Bronchography Chest Pleural Effusion Pneumonia Radiography, Thoracic Radiologist Radionuclide Imaging X-Ray Computed Tomography X-Rays, Diagnostic
5
Standardized Lung Ultrasound Assessment Protocol
We used reliable techniques based on the international evidence-based recommendations for point-of-care lung ultrasound [19 (link)] that recommended using a complete eight-zone lung ultrasound examination to evaluate the LUSS [12 (link)]. The anterior and lateral chest wall were divided into eight areas. Areas 1 and 2 denote the upper anterior and lower anterior chest areas, respectively, and areas 3 and 4 denote the upper lateral and basal lateral chest areas, respectively. For clinical practicability, we adopted the eight-zone examination in the study. Each zone was scored according to the lung ultrasound pattern as follows [10 (link)–12 (link)] (Fig. 1): the presence of lung sliding with A-lines or fewer than two isolated B-lines, scored 0; when multiple well-defined B-lines (B1-lines) presented, scored 1; the presence of multiple coalescent B-lines (B2-lines), scored 2; and when presented with a tissue pattern characterized by dynamic air bronchograms (lung consolidation), scored 3. The worst ultrasound pattern observed in each zone was recorded and used to calculate the sum of the scores (total score = 24).

Eight-zone lung ultrasound examination protocol and lung ultrasound pattern. A: Each hemithorax is separated into four quadrants: anterior and lateral zones (separated by the anterior axillary lines) with each one divided into upper and lower portions. AAL indicates the anterior axillary line. B: Lung ultrasound pattern. (a): A pattern; (b): B1 pattern; (c): B2 pattern; (d): C pattern (lung consolidation).

Yin W., Zou T., Qin Y., Yang J., Li Y., Zeng X, & Kang Y. (2019). Poor lung ultrasound score in shock patients admitted to the ICU is associated with worse outcome. BMC Pulmonary Medicine, 19, 1.
Publication 2019
Axilla Bronchography Chest Lung Point-of-Care Systems Tissues Ultrasonics Wall, Chest

Most recents protocols related to «Bronchography»

1
Radiological Findings Structured Reporting
The structured report was composed of ten questions concerning the radiological findings: five concerning lesion analysis and five concerning lesion distribution, eliciting the following binary (yes/no) responses:
Analysis:

A1: Predominant ground-glass opacity with a rounded morphology.

A2: Ground-glass opacities with superimposed interlobular septal thickening and intralobular septal thickening (crazy-paving pattern).

A3: Ground-glass opacity and pulmonary consolidation.

A4: Pulmonary consolidation with air bronchograms.

A5: Reversed halo sign or cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP).

Distribution:

D1: Bilateral and multifocal.

D2: Peripheral distribution.

D3: Prevalent in lower lobes and dorsal region.

D4: Peribronchovascular opacities and peripheral distribution.

D5: Diffuse opacities.

Experienced radiologists (one from each hospital) retrieved the corresponding CT images from the hospital PACS and selected the corresponding structured report findings. Only image series with axial slices of the lung were considered. This data was then included in the Nuclearis software (Salvador, Brazil), a web-based radiology information system capable of personalizing standard structured reports. No other information, such as side notes, remarks, additional details, was analyzed.
Machado M.A., Silva R.R., Namias M., Lessa A.S., Neves M.C., Silva C.T., Oliveira D.M., Reina T.R., Lira A.A., Almeida L.M., Zanchettin C, & Netto E.M. (2023). Multi-center Integrating Radiomics, Structured Reports, and Machine Learning Algorithms for Assisted Classification of COVID-19 in Lung Computed Tomography. Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering, 43(2), 156-162.
Publication 2023
Atrial Premature Complexes Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia Bronchography Lung Radiography Radiologist Reversed halo sign
2
Comprehensive Cardio-Pulmonary Ultrasound Protocol
Pneumonia: Four sonographic patterns were assessed to diagnose pneumonia as defined by BLUE protocol [7 (link)]: a. C-profile – shred sign; b. Focal interstitial syndrome; c. B0-profile; d. A-profile with Posterolateral Alveolar and/or Pleural Syndrome (PLAPS).
Acute Exacerbation of COPD: The presence of C-profile or localized B-lines with dilated RA/RV (Right atrial/Right ventricle) with distended IVC with normal LV contractility.
Acute heart failure: The predominance of diffuse B-lines with LV dysfunction.
Hypoxemia is defined as PaO2<60mm Hg on room air, Hypercarbia is defined as PaCO2 >45 mmHg.
Thus on the basis of CCUS plus ABG based algorithm we created five pathophysiological categories (Figure 1). These categories are
Alveolar defect ‐ Lung (B-lines with shred sign, TTE- Normal, IVC- collapse/distended, Hypoxemia on ABG);
Alveolar defect ‐ Cardiac (Bilateral B-lines, TTE-LV dysfunction, IVC distended, Hypoxemia on ABG).
Ventilation and alveolar defect - Acute exacerbation of COPD (focal B lines or C-profile, TTE- RV dilated, IVC distended and Hypoxemia and Hypercarbia on ABG)
Perfusion defect (A- lines, with DVT scan positive and RV dilatation present on Echo and Hypoxemia on ABG)
Metabolic defect (A-lines, TTE- Normal, DVT scan negative and no Hypoxemia on ABG).
Similarly on the basis of X-ray based algorithm patients were classified into one of the five categories (Figure 2): i. Alveolar defect ‐ (Lung) (CxR- Air bronchogram or Air opacity with hypoxia on pulse oximetry); ii. Alveolar defect‐(Cardiac) (Bat wing appearance, cardiomegaly, hilar prominence, hypoxia on pulse oximetry); iii. Ventilation and alveolar defect (COPD) (Tubular heart, hyperinflated lungs, flattened diaphragm, and hypoxia on pulse oximetry); iv. Perfusion defect (Normal Chest X ray with hypoxia on pulse oximetry); v. Metabolic defect (Normal X ray without hypoxia on pulse oximetry).
Panda R., Saigal S., Joshi R., Pakhare A., Joshi A., Sharma J.P, & Tandon S. (2023). Accuracy of Critical Care Ultrasonography Plus Arterial Blood Gas Analysis Based Algorithm in Diagnosing Aetiology of Acute Respiratory Failure. The Journal of Critical Care Medicine, 9(1), 20-29.
Publication 2023
Atrium, Right Bronchography Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease Diagnosis Dilatation ECHO protocol Heart Heart Atrium Heart Failure Heart Ventricle Hypoxia Lung Muscle Contraction Oximetry, Pulse Patients Perfusion Pleura Pneumonia Radiography, Thoracic Radionuclide Imaging Respiratory Diaphragm Shock Syndrome Ultrasonography Ventricles, Right Ventricular Dysfunction, Left X-Rays, Diagnostic
3
Radiographic Grading of Neonatal RDS
Digitalized X-ray films were analyzed to quantify radiographic severity28 (link),29 (link) of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) up to day of life five. RDS was evaluated as grade I if diffuse, fine-granular densities were present; grade II if additional air bronchograms distal of the cardiac shadow were visible; and grade III if, in addition to the features described in grades I and II, the heart and/or diaphragm were partly not differentiable from the lung parenchyma. Grade IV was defined as diffuse, bilateral atelectasis radiographically appearing as “white lung”. Additionally, lung transparency on day of life 14 was evaluated by grading the transparency of every quadrant of the thorax image from 0 (no shadowing) over 1 (faint shadowing) and 2 (distinct shadowing) to 3 (white lung) and summing up the four individual scores for every quadrant. All radiographic analyses were performed twice in a blinded way. In case of a discrepancy between the first and the second evaluation, and the worse of the two evaluations was used.
Möbius M.A., Seidner S.R., McCurnin D.C., Menschner L., Fürböter-Behnert I., Schönfeld J., Marzahn J., Freund D., Münch N., Hering S., Mustafa S.B., Anzueto D.G., Winter L.A., Blanco C.L., Hanes M.A., Rüdiger M, & Thébaud B. (2023). Prophylactic Administration of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Does Not Prevent Arrested Lung Development in Extremely Premature-Born Non-Human Primates. Stem Cells Translational Medicine, 12(2), 97-111.
Publication 2023
Atelectasis Bronchography Chest Heart Lung Radiography Respiratory Diaphragm Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn Syncope X-Ray Film
4
Radiographic Assessment of Angiostrongylus abstrusus Infection
The clinical presentation of A. abstrusus infection was assessed using a numeric scoring of symptoms (i.e., Cough, Increased vesicular breath sound, Crackles, Wheezing, Dyspnoea, Sneezing, Nasal discharge, Lymph enlargement). Briefly, each sign was assessed independently of the others and classified as 0 absent, 1 slightly manifested, 2 moderately present, and 3 severely shown. Thoracic radiographs in latero-lateral and dorso-ventral views were carried out. X-ray examinations were carried out blindly and separately by two different veterinarians highly trained in imaging to assess possible radiological alterations. Radiological alterations were scored for bronchial, alveolar, and interstitial (i.e., nodular and reticular) patterns [10 (link),22 (link)]. The bronchial pattern was ranked as 0 no changes, 1 mild changes (i.e., first-generation bronchi visible), 2 medium changes (i.e., second-generation bronchi visible), and 3 severe changes (i.e., third-generation bronchi visible). The alveolar pattern was ranked as 0 no changes, 1 mild changes (i.e., isolated fluffy infiltrates), 2 medium changes (i.e., well-defined with air bronchograms), and 3 severe changes (i.e., lobar signs). Reticular and nodular interstitial patterns were classified as 0 no changes, 1 mild changes (i.e., interstitial framework visible but not distinguishable from the bronchial pattern), 2 medium changes (i.e., interstitial framework visible and distinguishable from the bronchial pattern), and 3 severe changes (i.e., reticular interstitial pattern). The vascular pattern was also evaluated as enlargement of pulmonary arteries and/or veins as 0 no changes, 1 mild changes, 2 medium changes, and 3 severe changes.
Napoli E., Pugliese M., Basile A., Passantino A, & Brianti E. (2023). Clinical, Radiological, and Echocardiographic Findings in Cats Infected by Aelurostrongylus abstrusus. Pathogens, 12(2), 273.
Publication 2023
Blood Vessel Bronchi Bronchography Cough Dyspnea Hypertrophy Infection Lymph Physical Examination Pulmonary Artery Radiography Radiography, Thoracic Respiratory Sounds Rhinorrhea Secondary Bronchi Veins Veterinarian X-Rays, Diagnostic
5
Lung Ultrasound Scoring for Neonatal Respiratory Assessment
LUS was systematically performed on all lung fields: Anterior superior, lateral superior, posterior superior, anterior inferior, lateral inferior, and posterior inferior for the right and left sides. The LUS assessment was based on the analysis of the standard artifacts:

A-lines that have horizontal lines arising at regular intervals from the pleural line (Figure 1A). A-lines are reverberating artifacts due to reflections of the ultrasound beam from the normal pleura overlying a normally aerated lung [14 (link)]

B-lines are long, vertical, well-defined, hyperechoic, dynamic lines originating from the pleural line (Figure 1B). The pleura, covering a hyperdense non-consolidated lung, shows a variable number of irregularities and acoustic traps on its surface, generating B-lines at LUS [15 (link)];

The interpretation of LUS artifacts and images generates various LUS patterns.

A- Pattern with normal lung sliding. The A-pattern is characterized by the presence of A-lines and less than 3 isolated B-lines (Figure 1A). This pattern describes the normal lung. The presence of lung sliding, which is the normal movement of the visceral pleura against the motionless parietal pleura, proves the absence of pneumothorax.

B1-pattern. The B1-pattern consists of three or more non-confluent B-lines per scan (Figure 1B) [16 (link),17 (link),18 (link)]. According to the available evidence [19 (link)], we considered this pattern normal lung for newborn infants.

Double lung point. The double lung point represents a sharp sonographic demarcation between the upper and lower lung fields, with less compact B-lines in the former than in the latter, suggesting a gravity-dependent pattern (Figure 1C) [17 (link)]. The presence of the double lung point suggests increased fluid in the interstitial space, due to a decreased clearance of pulmonary fluid during labor and delivery (wet lung) [20 (link)].

B2-pattern. The B2-pattern consists in the confluence of B-lines that occupy the entire intercostal space between two ribs, suggesting a further increase in the interstitial fluid with a gravity-dependent pattern. Pleural line is normal (Figure 1D) [16 (link)]. According to the literature, this was still interpreted as a sign of wet lung [21 (link),22 (link)].

White lung with irregular pleural line. The white lung is characterized by compact B-lines that cause the acoustic shadow of the ribs to disappear within the entire scanning zone, anteriorly and posteriorly without spared areas, with thickened and irregular pleural line (Figure 1E). This pattern is usually accompanied by the ground-glass opacity (GOS) sign, characterized by mild, regularly distributed lung consolidations with no obvious air bronchogram (Figure 1E), or by the snowflake (SFS) sign [21 (link),22 (link)], characterized by regularly distributed lung consolidations with air bronchogram that resembles a snow pattern [23 (link),24 (link)]. This pattern is typical of the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), which is caused by a dysfunction or lack of lung surfactant [21 (link),22 (link)].

Irregular atelectasis. This pattern is characterized by the presence of lung consolidations with irregular margins, along with a few spared areas [25 (link),26 (link)]. The presence of atelectasis is characterized on LUS by tissue-like images with anechogenic borders with or without air bronchogram [27 (link)]. The presence of the atelectasis is irregularly distributed in the lung, may be more evident on one side, and does not follow a gravity-dependent pattern (Figure 1F-H) [24 (link)]. We defined this pattern as pulmonary consolidation.

In addition to the qualitative description of the LUS patterns, we assigned a score in order to standardize the establishment of the LUS diagnosis and statistically compare the various lung fields, which are often different from each other. Score 0 was assigned to the A-pattern, score 1 to the B1-pattern, score 2 to the double lung point, score 3 to the B2-pattern, score 4 to white lung with irregular pleural line +/− GOS or SFS, and score 5 in the case of irregular atelectasis (Table 1). If the lung was not homogeneous (different patterns/scores in the different lung fields), the higher score in any lung field was selected to establish the LUS diagnosis.
Based on the diagnostic score, there were 4 possible LUS diagnoses: (i) Normal lung (score 0–1), (ii) wet lung, suggesting an altered clearance of fetal lung fluid at birth (score 2–3), (iii) RDS, suggesting a surfactant deficiency (score 4), and (iv) atelectasis, suggesting the aspiration of stained amniotic fluid (score 5) (Table 1, Figure 1).
Pierro M., Chioma R., Benincasa C., Gagliardi G., Amabili L., Lelli F., De Luca G, & Storti E. (2023). Cardiopulmonary Ultrasound Patterns of Transient Acute Respiratory Distress of the Newborn: A Retrospective Pilot Study. Children, 10(2), 289.
Publication 2023
Acoustics Amniotic Fluid Atelectasis Birth Bronchography Diagnosis Fetus Gravity Infant, Newborn Interstitial Fluid Lung Movement Obstetric Delivery Obstetric Labor Pleura Pleura, Parietal Pleura, Visceral Pneumothorax Pulmonary Surfactants Reflex Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn Ribs Snow Tissues Ultrasonography

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Bronchial tree, contrast medium, airway obstructions, bronchial tumors, congenital abnormalities, Somatom Sensation 64, Centricity Universal Viewer, Optima CT540, Discovery CT750 HD, Revolution CT, SPSS Statistics, Sensation Cardiac 64, Dual-source CT scanner, Brilliance 16, radiographic imaging, respiratory conditions, diagnostic accuracy, patient outcomes, PubCompare.ai, AI-powered platform, literature, preprints, patents, data analysis, optimization, patient safety, high-quality imaging