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Diagnosis
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Most cited protocols related to «Diagnosis»
Figure
In addition to small data sets, we used the last version of Multi Experiment Matrix—MEM (18 (link)). MEM contains a very large collection of public gene expression matrices from ArrayExpress (5 (link)), together with annotation tracks where available. Genetic pathways were downloaded from g:Profiler web tool (12 (link)). From Gene Ontology, only biological processes were included. Microarray platforms and genetic pathways cover currently 17 species.
Propensity score matching, stratification on the propensity score, and IPTW differ from covariate adjustment using the propensity score in that the three former methods separate the design of the study from the analysis of the study; this separation does not occur when covariate adjustment using the propensity score is used. Appropriate diagnostics exist for each of the four propensity score methods to assess whether the propensity score model has been adequately specified. However, with propensity score matching, stratification on the propensity score, and IPTW, once one is satisfied with the specification of the propensity score model, one can directly estimate the effect of treatment on outcomes in the matched, stratified, or weighted sample. Specification of a regression model relating the outcome to treatment is not necessary. In contrast, when using covariate adjustment using the propensity score, once one is satisfied that the propensity score model has been adequately specified, one must fit a regression model relating the outcome to an indicator variable denoting treatment status and to the propensity score. In specifying the regression model, one must correctly model the relationship between the propensity score and the outcome (e.g., specifying whether the relationship is linear or nonlinear). In doing so, the outcome is always in sight because the outcome model contains both the propensity score and the outcome. As Rubin (2001) notes, when using regression modeling, the temptation to work toward the desired or anticipated result is always present. Another difference between the four propensity score approaches is that covariate adjustment using the propensity score and IPTW may be more sensitive to whether the propensity score has been accurately estimated (Rubin, 2004 ).
The reader is referred elsewhere to empirical studies comparing the results of analyses using the different propensity score methods on the same data set (Austin & Mamdani, 2006 (link); Kurth et al., 2006 (link)). Prior Monte Carlo studies have compared the relative performance of the different propensity score methods for estimating risk differences, relative risks, and marginal and conditional odds ratios (Austin, 2007b (link), 2008c (link), 2010 (link); Austin, Grootendorst, Normand, & Anderson, 2007 (link)). It is important to note that two of these studies found that stratification, matching, and covariate adjustment using the propensity score resulted in biased estimation of both conditional and marginal odds ratios.
Most recents protocols related to «Diagnosis»
Example 1
Cell-free fractions were prepared as previously described (25). Briefly, Lactobacillus acidophilus strain La-5 was grown overnight in modified DeMann, Rogosa and Sharpe medium. (mMRS; 10 g peptone from casein, 8 g meat extract, 4 g yeast extract, 8 g D(+)-glucose, 2 g dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, 2 g di-ammonium hydrogen citrate, 5 g sodium acetate, 0.2 g magnesium sulfate, 0.04 g manganese sulfate in 1 L distilled water) (MRS; BD Diagnostic Systems, Sparks, MD). The overnight culture was diluted 1:100 in fresh medium. When the culture grew to an optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of 1.6 (1.2×108 cells/ml), the cells were harvested by centrifugation at 6,000×g for 10 min at 4° C. The supernatant was sterilized by filtering through a 0.2-μm-pore-size filter (Millipore, Bioscience Division, Mississauga, ON, Canada) and will be referred to as cell-free spent medium (CFSM). Two litres of L. acidophilus La-5 CFSM was collected and freeze-dried (Unitop 600 SL, VirTis Co., Inc. Gardiner, NY., USA). The freeze-dried CFSM was reconstituted with 200 ml of 18-Ω water. The total protein content of the reconstituted CFSM was quantified using the BioRad DC protein assay kit II (Bio-Rad Laboratories Ltd., Mississauga, ON, Canada). Freeze-dried CFSM was stored at −20° C. prior to the assays.
Example 1
The MCA-miner method disclosed herein in
The performance and computational efficiency of the new MCA-miner is benchmarked against the “Titanic” dataset, as well as the following five (5) datasets available in the UCI Machine Learning Repository: “Adult,” “Autism Screening Adult,” “Breast Cancer Wisconsin (Diagnostic),” “Heart Disease,” and “HIV-1 protease cleavage,” which are designated as Adult, ASD, Cancer, Heart, and HIV, respectively. These datasets represent a wide variety of real-world experiments and observations, thus enabling the improvements described herein to be compared against the original BRL implementation using the FP-Growth miner.
All six benchmark datasets correspond to binary classification tasks. The experiments were conducted using the same set up in each of the benchmarks. First, the dataset is transformed into a format that is compatible with the disclosed BRL implementation. Second, all continuous attributes are quantized into either two (2) or three (3) categories, while keeping the original categories of all other variables. It is worth noting that depending on the dataset and how its data was originally collected, the existing taxonomy and expert domain knowledge are prioritized in some instances to generate the continuous variable quantization. A balanced quantization is generated when no other information was available. Third, a model is trained and tested using 5-fold cross-validations, reporting the average accuracy and Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) as model performance measurements.
Table 1 presents the empirical result of comparing both implementations. The notation in the table follows the definitions above. To strive for a fair comparison between both implementations, the parameters rmax=2 and smin=0:3 are fixed for both methods, and in particular for MCA-miner μmin=0:5 and M=70 are also set. The multi-core implementations for both the new MCA-miner and BRL were executed on six parallel processes, and stopped when the Gelman & Rubin parameter satisfied {circumflex over (R)}≤1.05. All the experiments were run using a single AWS EC2 c5.18×large instance with 72 cores.
It is clear from the experiments in Table 1 that the new MCA-miner matches the performance of FP-Growth in each case, while significantly reducing the computation time required to mine rules and train a BRL model.
Example 4
Syphilis is an STI that can cause long-term complications if not treated correctly. Symptoms in adults are divided into stages. These stages are primary, secondary, latent, and late syphilis. In pregnant women, having syphilis can lead to giving birth to a low birth weight baby. It can also lead to delivering the baby too early or stillborn (CDC fact sheet, 2015).
Although T. pallidum cannot be grown in culture, there are many tests for the direct and indirect diagnosis of syphilis. Still, there is no single optimal test. Direct diagnostic methods include the detection of T. pallidum by microscopic examination of fluid or smears from lesions, histological examination of tissues or nucleic acid amplification methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Indirect diagnosis is based on serological tests for the detection of antibodies (Ratnam S, Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2005). Treatment includes a single dose of intramuscular administration of penicillin (2.4 Million units).
In some embodiments, the disclosed device can be used to detect syphilis infections from menstrual blood or cervicovaginal fluids.
Example 5
Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is an infection caused when too much of certain bacteria change the normal balance of bacteria in the vagina. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is one of the most common lower genital tract conditions, occurring in 35% of women attending sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics, 15% to 20% of pregnant women, and 5% to 15% of women attending gynecology clinics (Eschenbach D A, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993). Pregnant women with BV are more likely to have babies who are born premature (early) or with low birth weight than women who do not have BV while pregnant. Low birth weight means having a baby that weighs less than 5.5 pounds at birth (CDC fact sheet, 2015).
Diagnosis of BV is typically done through a vaginal swab to assess the presence and balance of certain bacteria within the vaginal flora through PCR. A wet mount, whiff test, or pH test can also be performed in order to diagnose a possible bacterial infection.
In some embodiments, the disclosed device can be used to detect bacterial vaginosis from menstrual blood or cervicovaginal fluids.
Example 18
a) During heating at 90° C. of Compound A crystal Form I (crystallized from ethyl acetate) the characteristic peaks of Form I decreased (particularly noticeable in solid-state CP/MAS 13C NMR spectrum in the regions 14-15, 26-29, 44-46 and 63-66 ppm), whereas those of Compound A crystal Form II increased [diagnostic peaks (15.4, 14.7), (29.1, 25.9), (64.0, 65.7) ppm]. Compound A crystal Form I was completely converted to Compound A crystal Form II in 4 hrs.
b) Crystalline Form I/III Compound A, crystallized from water, was heated at 90° C. for 75 min. Solid-state CP/MAS 13C NMR of the product confirmed that crystalline Form I/III was transformed to crystalline Form II (re
c) Crystalline Form II Compound A was heated at 70° C. for 10 h, then left at room temperature overnight. Solid-state CP/MAS 13C NMR of the product confirmed that crystalline Form II was unchanged.
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More about "Diagnosis"
Effective diagnosis is essential for making informed decisions and optimizing treatment outcomes.
Leveraging advanced AI-powered platforms like PubCompare.ai can enhance diagnosis accuracy by helping researchers and clinicians easily locate the best diagnostic protocols from literature, preprints, and patents using sophisticated AI comparisons.
Diagnosis encompasses a range of related terms and subtopics, including disease identification, condition assessment, injury recognition, symptom analysis, and clinical decision-making.
Accurate diagnosis relies on a thorough examination of the patient, consideration of medical history, and interpretation of diagnostic tests and imaging results.
Cutting-edge tools and techniques like TRIzol reagent, LightCycler 480, SAS version 9.4, Protease inhibitor cocktail, RNeasy Mini Kit, In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit, and Prism 8 can be utilized to support the diagnostic process and gather critical data.
By integrating these advanced methods with AI-powered platforms like PubCompare.ai, healthcare professionals can make more informed, data-driven decisions to improve patient outcomes.
Whether you're a researcher, clinician, or healthcare provider, leveraging the power of PubCompare.ai can be a game-changer in enhancing your diagnosis accuracy and effectiveness.
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