Socialization

A systematic search of English-language literature using MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane, LLBA (Linguistics and Language Behaviour Abstract), Web of Science, Scopus and PsychINFO (January 1980 to May 2015) was performed along with a manual search of the cited references of the selected articles and the search cited features of PubMed. Appendix 1 lists the search strategy performed on MEDLINE as an example of the literature search performed in each database. The search was limited to comparative analyses between individuals who had a TBI and non-injured individuals (control). This study was not registered with PROSPERO.
The review includes studies assessing prosodic processing outcomes after the following procedures: traumatic brain injury, subdural hematomas, cerebral aneurysms, craniotomy (for glioma and meningioma), craniotomy for subdural hematoma, burr hole(s) for subdural hematoma, cerebral aneurysm repair by craniotomy and endovascular technique, ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion and revision, endoscopic third ventriculostomy, surgical treatment of epilepsy, temporal lobectomy, amygdalohippocampectomy, hemispherectomy, callosotomy and other procedure for seizures, or other neurosurgical cranial procedures for brain tumors, and epilepsy.
Articles that discussed the following outcomes: communication disorders, prosodic impairments, aphasia, and recognition of various aspects of prosody, were included and were examined for assessments and reports of prosodic processing impairments. Methods of summary included study characteristics, sample characteristics, demographics, auditory processing task, age at injury, brain localization of the injury, time elapsed since TBI, reports between TBI and mental health, socialization and employment difficulties in studies assessing TBI and auditory processing evaluations. There were no limitations to the population size, age or gender.
We collected the electronic records in an Endnote data file. Titles and abstracts of the electronic search results were screened by one of the authors (WL) to identify the relevant studies. One of the authors (WL) and an undergraduate student (SW) independently evaluated the quality of the articles in the search and extracted data using data abstraction forms. The STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) criteria for quality assessment were applied to evaluate each article on study quality and external and internal validity [31 (link)]. Agreement between the two raters was very high (Cohen’s kappa = .89, P < 0.001). Results are reported according to the PRISMA guidelines [32 (link)].
Information was extracted primarily from the “Results”, “Discussion” and “Methods” sections with some input from the “Background” section. Information that was extracted included study characteristics, participant characteristics, localization and mechanisms of brain injury, severity of TBI, time-elapsed since injury, methods and results pertaining to prosodic processing post-TBI, author’s interpretation of results and conclusions. Internal validity was evaluated by examining the study design (blinding, statistical tests, reliability, participant recruitment, validity and biases) and external validity was based on whether or not the sample was representative of the entire population. Please note that the localization of brain injuries was reported based on the damage to the brain, not of the skull and surrounding protective tissues. However, localization was reported if damage to the surrounding tissue damaged the brain.

The attention control waitlist condition involves a comparable amount of phone contact to the intervention condition, with roughly 20 minutes of companionship calls per week. However, in the attention control, participants will not be exposed to CBT-related content. The purpose of companionship calls is to provide socialization and contact with supportive individuals without introducing structured therapeutic content.

Forty healthy, adult dogs, twenty-two males and eighteen females of three breeds (17 Labrador Retrievers, 8 Beagles, and 15 Norfolk Terriers), with a mean age of 4.1 years (ranging from 1.2 to 9.4 years) participated in the study. All dogs were housed in pairs within kennels at the Waltham Petcare Science Institute (Leicestershire, UK) with free access to indoor and outdoor environments. Dogs were provided with comprehensive training and socialization programs, adjusted to the needs of the individual dogs as per the Institute's pet keeping requirements. Prior to the study, dogs were habituated to the testing environments and associated equipment and underwent appropriate training to facilitate sample collections (e.g., blood samples). Dogs were weighed to establish an accurate dose of CBD relative to individual bodyweight. The targeted oral dose for each dog was 4 mg/kg bodyweight with an acceptable range of 3.38–4.44 mg/kg bodyweight (40 (link)). This study was approved by the Waltham Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body (80265) and conducted under the authority of the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986.