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Microdialysis

Microdialysis is a minimally invasive sampling technique used to continuously monitor the concentrations of small molecules, peptides, and proteins in the extracellular space of tissues.
It involves the implantation of a semipermeable membrane-tipped probe into the tissue of interest, allowing for the diffusion of analytes across the membrane and their collection in the perfusing fluid.
Microdialysis has been widely applied in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies, as well as in the investigation of neurochemistry, metabolism, and tissue physiology.
This technique offers the advantage of sampling without disturbing the local environment, enabling real-time monitoring of dynamic changes in the extracellular milieu.
Microdialysis has become an invaluable tool for researchers and clinicians, providing insights into physiological and pathological processes at the tissue level.

Most cited protocols related to «Microdialysis»

1
Consensus Guidelines for Microdialysis Monitoring
Cited 26 times
The senior authors selected specific ‘key speakers’ to review a particular area of the literature. These individuals were selected based on their experience and contribution to the literature on a particular aspect of microdialysis monitoring. See Appendix 1 in the supplementary material for a list of key speakers and for the topics they each reviewed. The other participants of the meeting were identified through literature review and by correspondence with the key speakers who were able to identify other clinicians and scientists active in using microdialysis in neurocritical care patients. At the meeting, the literature was presented to the whole group followed by discussion to allow consensus generation. After the meeting, the recommendations were circulated to all participants allowing further discussion and revision.
In addition, for the purposes of the consensus statement, we performed a PubMed database search using the term microdialysis plus one of the following terms: ‘traumatic brain injury’, ‘brain injury’, ‘trauma’, ‘subarachnoid hemorrhage’, ‘stroke’, ‘epilepsy’, ‘intracerebral hematoma’ and ‘cost effectiveness’. We restricted our review to using articles published in the English language. Where recommendations are based on published observational data, the relevant references are given although formal grading was not performed. Where references are not provided, the recommendations are based on expert opinion.
Hutchinson P.J., Jalloh I., Helmy A., Carpenter K.L., Rostami E., Bellander B.M., Boutelle M.G., Chen J.W., Claassen J., Dahyot-Fizelier C., Enblad P., Gallagher C.N., Helbok R., Hillered L., Le Roux P.D., Magnoni S., Mangat H.S., Menon D.K., Nordström C.H., O’Phelan K.H., Oddo M., Perez Barcena J., Robertson C., Ronne-Engström E., Sahuquillo J., Smith M., Stocchetti N., Belli A., Carpenter T.A., Coles J.P., Czosnyka M., Dizdar N., Goodman J.C., Gupta A.K., Nielsen T.H., Marklund N., Montcriol A., O’Connell M.T., Poca M.A., Sarrafzadeh A., Shannon R.J., Skjøth-Rasmussen J., Smielewski P., Stover J.F., Timofeev I., Vespa P., Zavala E, & Ungerstedt U. (2015). Consensus statement from the 2014 International Microdialysis Forum. Intensive Care Medicine, 41, 1517-1528.
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Publication 2015
Brain Injuries Cerebral Hemorrhage Cerebrovascular Accident Epilepsy Microdialysis Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Traumatic Brain Injury Wounds and Injuries
2
Methamphetamine Addiction Vulnerability in Mice
Cited 24 times

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Publication 2016
Addictive Behavior Dopamine Genetic Predisposition to Disease Glutamate Locomotion Microdialysis Mus Pharmaceutical Preparations Proteins Reinforcement, Psychological Short Hairpin RNA Transcription, Genetic Transmission, Communicable Disease Treatment Protocols
3
Quantifying Aβ and ApoE Levels
Cited 14 times

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Publication 2009
3D6 antibody Antibodies Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic ApoE protein, human Biotin Buffers Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Guanidine Homo sapiens Immunoglobulins Kidney Cortex Microdialysis Mus Plasma Protease Inhibitors Tissues
4
Striatal Dopamine Dynamics with Dexamethasone
Cited 11 times
The Supplementary Information contains full details of the Materials and Methods for this study.
Briefly, we performed microdialysis for 5 days in two groups of rats. The rats underwent aseptic stereotaxic surgery under isoflurane anesthesia to position a microdialysis guide cannula (MD-2251, Bioanalytical Systems, Inc. (BASi), West Lafayette, IN) over the striatum. After a four-day post-operative recovery period, the rats were briefly re-anesthetized with isoflurane and returned to the stereotaxic frame. We slowly (~30 min) lowered a microdialysis probe (BASi MD-2204) through the guide cannula into the striatum using the stereotax carrier arm. The probes were perfused continuously for 5 days at 0.610 µL/min by means of a 1.0-mL gas tight syringe (Hamilton, Inc) and a syringe pump (Harvard Apparatus). In one group of rats the probes were perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) and in the other group the probes were perfused with aCSF containing dexamethasone-21-phosphate. Upon continuous perfusion with 10-µM dexamethasone, the rats eventually became agitated and damaged the probe or its connecting tubing. So, after 24 hrs of perfusion with 10-µM dexamethasone, the concentration was decreased to 2 µM: this dose did not agitate the animals.
On the first (i.e. starting 24 hrs after probe implantation) and fourth day after implantation of the probe we performed dopamine no-net-flux measurements33 (link). The probes were perfused sequentially with 0, 100, 250 and 1000-nM dopamine and 50-µM ascorbic acid as a preservative for 2 hrs each and 1-hr dialysate samples were collected during the second hour. The dopamine concentrations in the dialysate samples were determined in triplicate by capillary HPLC with radial-flow electrochemical detection34 (link)–36 (link) On the fifth day the animals were anesthetized again with isoflurane and were perfused through the heart with saline, paraformaldahyde, and a suspension of fluorescent nanobeads to mark blood vessels 25 (link), 26 (link). The brain tissue was cut horizontally into 30-µm thick sections, labeled with antibody to the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a biomarker for astrocytes, and examined by fluorescence microscopy.
Jaquins-Gerstl A., Shu Z., Zhang J., Liu Y., Weber S.G, & Michael A.C. (2011). The effect of dexamethasone on gliosis, ischemia, and dopamine extraction during microdialysis sampling in brain tissue. Analytical chemistry, 83(20), 7662-7667.
Publication 2011
Anesthesia Animals Ascorbic Acid Asepsis Astrocytes Biological Markers Blood Vessel Brain Cannula Capillaries Cerebrospinal Fluid Dexamethasone dexamethasone phosphate Dialysis Solutions Dopamine Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Heart High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Immunoglobulins Isoflurane Microdialysis Microscopy, Fluorescence Operative Surgical Procedures Ovum Implantation Perfusion Pharmaceutical Preservatives Rattus Reading Frames Saline Solution Striatum, Corpus Syringes Tissues
5
Astroglial Glutamate Release Mechanisms
Cited 10 times
All experiments were designed equal sizes (N = 6) per groups. The microdialysis study was compared with linear mixed effects model (LME) using SPSS for Windows (ver 25, IBM, Armonk, NY). When the F‐value of drug factor was significant, the data were analyzed by Tukey's post hoc test using BellCurve for Excel (Social Survey Research Information Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). To represent the statistical significance of drug factor compared with LME and Tukey's post hoc test, the data (levels of l‐glutamate and GABA) were expressed as the area under the curve (AUC20‐180 min) values.
Concentration‐dependent effects of MK801 and MEM on Sxc activity of primary cultured astrocytes were analyzed by logistic regression analysis (BellCurve for Excel). The effects of MK801 (10 μmol L−1) and MEM (1 μmol L−1) on cysteine‐induced astroglial glutamate release were analyzed by two‐way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post hoc tests using BellCurve for Excel.
The data and statistical analysis comply with the recommendations on experimental design and analysis in pharmacology.30 (link)
Okada M., Fukuyama K., Kawano Y., Shiroyama T, & Ueda Y. (2019). Memantine protects thalamocortical hyper‐glutamatergic transmission induced by NMDA receptor antagonism via activation of system xc−. Pharmacology Research & Perspectives, 7(1), e00457.
Publication 2019
Astrocytes Cysteine F Factor gamma Aminobutyric Acid Glutamate Microdialysis MK-801 Pharmaceutical Preparations

Most recents protocols related to «Microdialysis»

1
Microdialysis-Guided Hippocampus and Cortex Study
After fixation of mice, the microdialysis-guided cannula was inserted into the hippocampus (coordinate: A, −1.8; L, +1.5; H, −1.0 mm from bregma) and the cortex (coordinate: A, +1.5; L, +1.5; H, −1.0 mm from bregma) of mice. Microdialysis studies were conducted 7 days later. CMA 7 Metal Free probe (CMA, Sweden) with a 1-mm and 6-kDa-cutoff regenerated cellulose membrane was inserted gently through the CMA 7 guide cannula. The probe was equilibrated with artificial cerebrospinal fluid at a flow rate of 1 μL/min for 1 h prior to initiation of dialysis. After that, baseline samples were collected into vials for 30 min, then mice were injected with tutin and dialysates were collected every 30 min for 1 h. Microdialysis samples were dried under vacuum centrifugation, and re-dissolved with deionized water. After benzoylation reaction, the standard or samples were analyzed by LC-MS.
Han Q.T., Yang W.Q., Zang C., Zhou L., Zhang C.J., Bao X., Cai J., Li F., Shi Q., Wang X.L., Qu J., Zhang D, & Yu S.S. (2023). The toxic natural product tutin causes epileptic seizures in mice by activating calcineurin. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 8, 101.
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Publication 2023
Cannula Centrifugation Cerebrospinal Fluid Cortex, Cerebral Dialysis Dialysis Solutions Metals Mice, House Microdialysis regenerated cellulose Seahorses Tissue, Membrane tutin Vacuum
2
Microdialysis to Monitor Brain Metabolism
cMD was performed as part of the clinical routine at the Neurointensive Care Unit of the Department of Neurosurgery at the Karolinska Hospital to monitor brain metabolism.7–9 (link),26–28 (link) A 0.6-mm-wide microdialysis catheter with a 10-mm dialysis membrane at its tip (100-kDa cutoff) was surgically introduced into the brain tissue of interest (in the border zone close to the injury). A pump perfused the interior of the catheter with a perfusion fluid, which equilibrated with the interstitial tissue surrounding the catheter. Equilibration occurred by diffusion of chemicals over the dialysis membrane. Using a perfusion flow of 0.3 μL/min, the recovery of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, and glutamate in the dialysate was ∼70% of the concentration in the interstitial fluid.29 (link) Samples were continuously collected into microvials analyzed at bedside by a CMA 600 microdialysis analyzer every hour for changes in glucose, pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and glutamate. In the same area, a similar catheter with a 100-kDa cutoff was introduced to collect proteins. The perfusion fluid was the same as for the 20-kDa catheter, but samples were collected every sixth hour and frozen at −70°C. The final collection tubes contained a protease and phosphatase inhibitor cocktail.30 (link),31 (link)Because of the low protein concentrations of bECF samples, we needed to combine four consecutive collections (e.g., 6, 12, 18, and 24 h) to be able to assay them using WES (see Table 2). To match the bECF samples, we also pooled equal volumes of CSF samples collected at time points matching the bECF collections. The final, combined bECF and CSF samples represent three post-injury time points: days 1, 3, and 5 (Table 2).
Lin I.H., Kamnaksh A., Aniceto R., McCullough J., Bekdash R., Eklund M., Ghatan P.H., Risling M., Svensson M., Bellander B.M., Nelson D.W., Thelin E.P, & Agoston D.V. (2023). Time-Dependent Changes in the Biofluid Levels of Neural Injury Markers in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Patients–Cerebrospinal Fluid and Cerebral Microdialysates: A Longitudinal Prospective Pilot Study. Neurotrauma Reports, 4(1), 107-117.
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Publication 2023
Biological Assay Brain Catheters Dialysis Dialysis Solutions Diet, Protein-Restricted Diffusion Freezing Glucose Glutamate Glycerin Injuries Interstitial Fluid Lactates Metabolism Microdialysis Neurosurgical Procedures Operative Surgical Procedures Peptide Hydrolases Perfusion Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases Proteins Pyruvates Tissue, Membrane Tissues
3
Intrahippocampal Infusion of MPEP and CHX
2-methyl-6-phenylethynyl-pyridine(MPEP, CAS: 96206-92-7, Aladdin®) was dissolved in saline at 0.016 mg/ml. Cannula dummies were removed from guide cannulas and replaced with 26-gauge injectors, which were connected by polyethylene tubing (RWD Life) to 1000-ul microliter syringes mounted in a CMA 402 Microdialysis Syringe Pump. Saline or MPEP was infused 30 min before CFC training at a rate of 0.1 μl/min for 2 min. Cycloheximide (CHX) was dissolved in saline at 50 μg/μl (Quadagno, 1976 (link)). 200 nl solution or saline was injected as described above.
Xuan S.M., Su Y.W., Liang Y.M., Gao Z.J., Liu C.Y., Fan B.F., Shi Y.W., Wang X.G, & Zhao H. (2023). mGluR5 in amygdala modulates fear memory generalization. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 17, 1072642.
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Publication 2023
2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine Cannula Cycloheximide Microdialysis Polyethylene, High-Density Saline Solution Syringes
4
Acupuncture Effects on Neurotransmitter Metabolism
First, the rats were anesthetized with 2% isoflurane. Subsequently, a needle was inserted into ST36 or PC6, and a microdialysis probe (Eicom, Japan) was implanted between ST36 and ST37 or between PC6 and PC7. The samples were collected 30 min after the implantation of the probe (baseline, preacupuncture period). Then, acupuncture needles were inserted into bilateral ST36 and ST37 or PC6 and PC7 (ipsilateral as a pair), and 2 Hz EA was applied for 30 min. The samples were collected simultaneously during the EA period (acupuncture period). EA stimulation was stopped, and the needles were removed. Subsequently, the samples were collected for 30 min (postacupuncture period). The perfusion rate was set at 1.5 μL/min. The samples were placed in a box with ice cubes to prevent protease activation and then stored at −80°C until they were used for the metabolomic analysis of neurotransmitters (Figures 1(a) and 1(b)).
Finally, the rats were deeply anesthetized with 5% isoflurane, and the microdialysis probe was removed. A blood sample was collected from the heart, and a CSF sample was collected from the cisterna magna for the metabolomic analysis of neurotransmitters. Furthermore, samples of muscles surrounding the acupoints were collected for Western blot analysis (Figure 2).
Nguyen H.T., Lee D.Y., Liu C.H, & Hsieh C.L. (2023). Changes in Acupuncture-Induced Specific Acupoint Neurotransmitters are Possibly Related to Their Physiological Functions in Rats. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, 2023, 4849528.
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Publication 2023
Acupuncture Points BLOOD Heart Isoflurane Magna, Cisterna Microdialysis Muscle Tissue Needles Neurotransmitters Ovum Implantation Peptide Hydrolases Perfusion Rattus Therapy, Acupuncture Western Blot
5
Microdialysis of Arterial Glucose
24 h following recovery, mice were anaesthetized using isoflurane, and another microdialysis probes were implanted into the femoral artery. Then microdialysis probes were continuously perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF, 147 mM NaCl, 3 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl2·6H2O, 0.787 mM CaCl2·6H2O, 186 μM Ascorbate, 3.52 mM NaH2PO4·H2O, pH 7.4) at the work flow-rate of 1 μL/min (CMA/400 microdialysis pump, Solna, Sweden) [43 (link)]. The microdialysis aliquots were collected during the final 60 min of the 2-h study period when the experiment had reached steady-state concentrations of the substrates. Dialysate glucose was measured by the glucose oxidase method.
Li J., Xu S., Wang L, & Wang X. (2023). PHPB Attenuated Cognitive Impairment in Type 2 Diabetic KK-Ay Mice by Modulating SIRT1/Insulin Signaling Pathway and Inhibiting Generation of AGEs. Pharmaceuticals, 16(2), 305.
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Publication 2023
Cerebrospinal Fluid Dialysis Solutions Femoral Artery Glucose Isoflurane Magnesium Chloride Mice, House Microdialysis Oxidase, Glucose Sodium Chloride

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The Stereotaxic frame is a laboratory instrument used to immobilize and position the head of a subject, typically an animal, during surgical or experimental procedures. It provides a secure and reproducible method for aligning the subject's head in a three-dimensional coordinate system to enable precise targeting of specific brain regions.
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Microdialysis probe by Eicom
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More about "Microdialysis"

Microdialysis is a versatile and minimally invasive technique that allows for the continuous monitoring of small molecules, peptides, and proteins in the extracellular space of tissues.
This analytical method involves the implantation of a semipermeable membrane-tipped probe into the tissue of interest, enabling the diffusion of analytes across the membrane and their collection in the perfusing fluid.
Microdialysis has become an invaluable tool for researchers and clinicians, providing real-time insights into physiological and pathological processes at the tissue level.
One of the key advantages of microdialysis is its ability to sample without disturbing the local environment, enabling the investigation of dynamic changes in the extracellular milieu.
This technique has been widely applied in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies, as well as in the exploration of neurochemistry, metabolism, and tissue physiology.
Researchers leveraging microdialysis often utilize specialized equipment and software, such as GraphPad Prism, to analyze the collected data and gain deeper insights.
The HTEC-500 is a commonly used microdialysis system that provides precise control over perfusion flow rates and allows for the collection of samples for analysis.
In some studies, microdialysis probes may be implanted into tissues like the temporalis muscle or the brains of animal models, such as Male Sprague-Dawley rats or Sprague-Dawley rats, to investigate specific physiological or pathological processes.
The use of a stereotaxic frame can assist in the precise placement of these probes.
To enhance the accuracy and reproducibility of microdialysis experiments, researchers may turn to AI-powered tools like PubCompare.ai, which can help identify the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, while providing intelligent comparisons to optimize the experimental design.
This cutting-edge technology represents the future of microdialysis research, empowering scientists to make more informed decisions and obtain reliable, high-quality data.
As the field of microdialysis continues to evolve, researchers can leverage the insights gained from this versatile technique, combined with the latest advancements in analytical tools and software, to unravel the complexities of the extracellular environment and advance our understanding of biological processes at the tissue level.