We created a matched sample by matching treated and untreated subjects on the logit of the propensity score using calipers of width equal to 0.2 of the standard deviation of the logit of the propensity score [3 (link), 17 (link), 18 (link)]. A greedy, nearest-neighbour matching algorithm was employed to form pairs of treated and untreated subjects.
Prescriptions
They play a crucial role in ensuring patients receive the appropriate drugs or therapies to manage their health conditions.
Prescriptions outline the drug name, dosage, frequency, and administration method, helping to promote safe and effective medication use.
Understanding the significance of prescriptions is essential for healthcare providers, pharmacists, and patients to optimize treatment outcomes and enhance patient safety.
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We created a matched sample by matching treated and untreated subjects on the logit of the propensity score using calipers of width equal to 0.2 of the standard deviation of the logit of the propensity score [3 (link), 17 (link), 18 (link)]. A greedy, nearest-neighbour matching algorithm was employed to form pairs of treated and untreated subjects.
The prescriptions were collected mainly through text mining from books and published articles. Information for herbs was mainly extracted from TCM-ID database and referred to a book—Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicines (15 ). The data field about herbal ingredients, such as name and structure, was inputted by combining information from
The main goal of our system is to build the connections between the herbal ingredients and diseases through disease genes/proteins, which could also be potential drug targets. To this end, we applied three different methods as follows:
First, we used the information supplied by STITCH (17 (link)), an aggregated database of interactions connecting >300 000 chemicals and 2.6 million proteins. We used the herbal ingredients’ general names and other alternative names to search STITCH and retrieved the related targets (protein); we then converted the corresponding target’s id into UniProt AC for unification purpose.
Second, the information from Herb Ingredients' Targets (HIT), which is extracted from published articles, was collected and integrated into our database.
Finally, as the information from HIT is mainly extracted from articles published in English, while the major TCM researches are in China, and the related research results are mainly published in Chinese, we collected these related articles published in Chinese and manually extracted the related information of ingredients and their targets from them. We used those herb names we collected and one of the following keywords ‘target’, ‘mechanism’, ‘pharmacology’ and ‘pharmacological’ to search Weipu database, which is like PubMed and is a system to host abstracts for the published articles in Chinese. Totally, we manually collected 680 herbal targets from >4500 articles. We also recorded the descriptions for the related experimental evidences and related URL or title for each article.
The six data fields in our database system are connected with their intrinsic relations (
Database structure.
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Diagnoses of long-term or costly conditions (Affections de Longue Durée, ALD). Patients with specific long-term or costly conditions may require full coverage for all their condition-related health expenditures upon request by their family doctor and after approval by a health insurance fund medical officer (médecin-conseil) [18 ].
Data from national hospital claims (Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d’Information, PMSI) for all inpatient and day-case admissions in public and private general and psychiatric hospitals, containing medical diagnoses defined as ICD-10 codes. In both general and psychiatric hospitals, a principal diagnosis is defined as the main reason for admission, while associated diagnoses provide information about conditions that significantly influenced care during the hospital stay [19 ].
Data concerning all national health insurance reimbursements for drugs, laboratory tests and outpatient medical procedures. Individuals receiving reimbursements for antidepressants (N06A section of the ATC classification except for oxitriptan) can be identified. However, these databases do not contain direct information about the diagnosis justifying the prescription, and these drugs are not specific for depression, as they can also be prescribed for other conditions (bipolar disorders, anxiety or chronic pain). An antidepressant prescription is typically valid 1 month.
Accordingly, five estimation methods with decreasing order of reliability were defined. ICD-10 codes F32 to F39 were used in all estimation methods to identify depression (either as a full health coverage code or as a principal or associated diagnosis). At least three reimbursements for antidepressants were used to identify treatment by antidepressant. Hospital stays in the last 5 years with a principal or associated diagnosis of depression were used to identify principal diagnosis history and associated diagnosis history of depression respectively.
Method A (Full coverage for depression): Selection of individuals with full coverage for depression as a specific long-term or costly condition during the study (source 1);
Method B (Hospitalisation for depression): Selection of individuals with depression as principal or associated diagnosis in a psychiatric hospital stay or as principal diagnosis in a general hospital stay using two timeframes: (a) the current calendar year and (b) the last two calendar years (source 2). Calendar years were used for technical reasons.
Method C (Current antidepressant treatment + History of hospitalisation during the past 5 years): Selection of individuals treated by antidepressant and with a general hospital principal diagnosis history of depression or a psychiatric hospital principal or associated diagnosis history of depression (combination of sources 2 and 3);
Method D (Hospitalisation in a general hospital with an associated diagnosis of depression): Selection of individuals with depression as associated diagnosis in a general hospital stay using two timeframes: (a) the current calendar year and (b) the last two calendar years (source 2);
Method E (Current antidepressant treatment + History of hospitalisation in a general hospital with an associated diagnosis of depression during the past 5 years): Selection of individuals treated by antidepressant and with a general hospital associated diagnosis history of depression (combination of sources 2 and 3).
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Example 24
In this example, an alternate method of correction of the exemplary −2D myopic model eye is provided using two pairs of spectacle lenses (
Other exemplary embodiments are set forth in the following examples.
Example 4
an optic zone comprising:
a primary area 301 having a primary optical power;
a central portion 311;
a first secondary area 302 within the central portion 311 having a first secondary optical power;
a first power transition area 304 having a first power transition from the primary area 301 to the first secondary area 302;
a peripheral portion 310;
a second secondary area 303 within the peripheral portion 310 having a second secondary optical power; and
a second power transition area 305 having a second power transition from the primary area 301 to the second secondary area 303;
wherein the primary optical power is selected according to a prescription for refractive correction, the first secondary optical power is more positive than the primary optical power and the second secondary optical power is more positive than the primary optical power;
wherein the first power transition comprises: at least a first step 306 in the first power transition area 304 in which the rate of change in power, from the first secondary optical power in the first secondary area 302 to the primary optical power in the primary area 301, changes at a first junction 313 between a first transition region 312 within the first power transition 304 and the first step 306 followed by a change in the rate of change in power at a second junction 314 between a second transition region 315 within the first power transition 304 and the first step 306, and
at least a second step 307 and a third step 308,
wherein the second step 307 lies within the second power transition area 305 in which the rate of change in power, from the second secondary optical power in the second secondary area 303 to the primary optical power in the primary area 301, changes at a third junction 318 between a third transition region 319 within the second power transition 305 and the second step 307 followed by a change in the rate of change in power at a fourth junction 317 between a fourth transition region 316 within the second power transition 305 and the second step 307, and the third step 308 lies within the second power transition area 305 in which the rate of change in power, from the second secondary optical power in the second secondary area 303 to the primary optical power in the primary area 301, changes at a fifth junction 321 between a fifth transition region 321 within the second power transition 305 and the third step 308 followed by a change in the rate of change in power at a sixth junction 320 between the third transition region 319 within the second power transition 305 and the third step 308.
In the exemplary embodiment of
In certain embodiments, the power of a primary area may be constant, substantially constant, progressively increasing, progressively decreasing, modulated (i.e. undulating along its power profile), possess an aberration profile (e.g. spherical aberration) or combinations thereof.
In the exemplary embodiment of
In certain embodiments, the power profile within a step may be constant, or substantially constant, or progressively changing. In certain embodiments in which the power of a step is progressively changing, the change in power across the width of the step may be between 0 and 0.2 D, 0 and 0.15 D or 0 and 0.1 D. In certain embodiments in which two or more steps have progressively changing power profiles, the rate of change of the power profiles between the two or more steps may be equal or unequal.
In the exemplary embodiment of
Monotonic means that where a power transition decreases from one area to another area (for example, between a first secondary area and a primary area), the power profile is either decreasing or constant or substantially decreasing or substantially constant along the power transition including steps within the power transition. Conversely, where a power transition increases from one area to another area (for example, from a primary area to a second secondary area), monotonic means the power profile is either increasing or constant or substantially increasing or substantially constant along the power transition including steps within the power transition. In certain embodiments, a power transition will have a monotonic power profile.
In the exemplary embodiment of
In certain embodiments, a change in the rate of change in optical powers may be considered “gradual” when the change in rate of change occurs over a junction width of between 0.15 and 1 mm, 0.25 and 0.75 mm or 0.3 and 0.5 mm.
Data extracted from the EMR will include treatment codes from the MDD treatment package, dates for treatment package start and completion, psychiatric comorbidities; and standard clinical blood work (e.g., HBA1c, TSH, CRP, and cholesterol). In addition, hormonal contraceptive and psychotropic medication prescription and usage (from 1995 onward) will be extracted from the Danish National Prescription Registry [55 (link), 56 ]. This information includes prescribed medication and dosage and when the patient redeems a prescription. We will retrieve information on lifetime comorbidity from The Danish National Patient Registry (DNPR) [57 (link)]. From the Medical Birth Registry, we will obtain data on maternal and maternal perinatal health [58 (link)]. We will also collect information on alcohol and drug abuse treatment from the National Registry of Alcohol Treatment and Registry of Drug Abusers Undergoing Treatment. From the social registers in Statistics Denmark, we add data on marital status, occupational history, ethnicity, and educational level [59 (link)].
During the INCREASE study period, the pharmacy team of two BCGPs utilized drug and health information resources (e.g., Lexicomp and UpToDate [Wolters Kluwer Health Inc. Riverwoods, IL]), Beers Criteria [13 ], relevant guidelines (e.g., Diabetes Standards of Care [17 (link)] and Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hypertension [18 (link)]), and clinical judgement to justify their recommendations. Each recommendation was reviewed by both BCGPs and a consensus pharmacy recommendation was decided via discussion. Detailed information for each recommendation was then entered into a series of pre-specified study protocol data collection forms, allowing for systematic categorization of recommendations as either: 1) medication discontinuation with or without tapering; 2) switch to a different medication; 3) dose adjustment (e.g., decrease dose, adjust dose for organ function/tolerability, or increase dose); 4) new medication initiation; 5) drug or disease monitoring recommendation (e.g., vital signs, falls risk, sedation); or 6) a non-pharmacologic recommendation (e.g., sleep hygiene, avoiding gastroesophageal reflux triggers, referral for diagnostic workup). Baseline recommendations were also categorized by pharmacologic class and over the counter (OTC) or supplement status of the medication prompting a baseline MTM recommendation. A full schematic for medication categorization is available in the supplementary material (see Supplementary Table S
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More about "Prescriptions"
These written orders play a vital role in ensuring patients receive the appropriate drugs or therapies to manage their health conditions.
Prescriptions typically outline the drug name, dosage, frequency, and administration method, helping to promote safe and effective medication use.
Understanding the significance of prescriptions is crucial for healthcare providers, pharmacists, and patients to optimize treatment outcomes and enhance patient safety.
Key aspects of prescriptions include the use of drug names, dosages, administration routes, and frequency of use.
Abbreviations like Rx (prescription), Rx (take), and Sig (instructions) are commonly used.
Prescription optimization is an important consideration, with tools like SAS version 9.4, SAS 9.4, SAS v9.4, Stata version 14, Eclipse, SAS software, R version 3.6.1, SAS software version 9.4, Stata 14, and Eclipse treatment planning system offering support.
Whether you're a healthcare professional, researcher, or patient, understanding the nuances of prescriptions is essential for delivering the best possible care and outcomes.
Remember, a single typo can make a big difference, so attention to detail is key.