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Coombs Test

The Coombs test, also known as the antiglobulin test, is a laboratory procedure used to detect antibodies bound to the surface of red blood cells.
It is commonly employed in the diagnosis of various hemolytic anemias, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia and hemolytic disease of the newborn.
The test involves exposing the patient's red blood cells to an antiglobulin serum, which binds to any antibodies present on the cell surface, causing agglutination or clumping.
This reaction indicates the presence of antibodies, providing crucial information for clinical management.
Researchers can optimize their Coombs test protocols by leveraging the AI-driven platform PubCompare.ai, which helps identify the most robust procedures and products from literature, preprints, and patents.
By streamlining their workflow and accessing reliable results, researchers can enhance the accuracy and efficiency of their Coombs test investigations.

Most cited protocols related to «Coombs Test»

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Cohort Characteristics

A total of 243 patients with established (84%) or recent-onset (16%) SLE (213 women and 30 men; mean age in January 2014 was 52.8 years, ranging from ages 20 to 92) were consecutively recruited to the prospective follow-up programme KLURING (a Swedish acronym for ‘Clinical Lupus Register in Northeastern Gothia’) at the Rheumatology Clinic, Linköping University Hospital, Sweden, between September 2008 and January 2014. The patient material has previously been described in detail [11 (link),12 (link)]. The following criteria were used for entry into KLURING: (1) a clinical SLE diagnosis based on a history of abnormal ANA titres and at least two defined organ manifestations at the time of diagnosis (Fries) and/or (2) meeting the ACR-82 criteria [6 (link),7 ]. Of the 58 patients who met the ACR-82 item for ‘renal disorder’, 48 (83%) had undergone renal biopsy for confirmation of suspected LN. Further characteristics of the patients with SLE are given in Table 1.Table 1

Characteristics of the 243 included patients with confirmed systemic lupus erythematosus^a

Characteristics	All confirmed SLE cases (N = 243)		ACR-82 (n = 197)		Fries only (n = 46)		ACR-82 vs. FriesP-values
Characteristics	Mean	(Range)	Mean	(Range)	Mean	(Range)
Fulfilled ACR-82 criteria, n	4.6	(3 to 9)	5.0	(4 to 9)	3.0	(3 to 3)	<0.0001^b
SLICC/ACR damage index	1.6	(0 to 9)	1.7	(0 to 9)	1.2	(0 to 7)	0.25^b
Disease duration, yr	15.1	(0 to 52)	15.6	(0 to 52)	12.9	(1 to 40)	0.18^b
Age, yr	52.8	(20 to 92)	52.2	(20 to 92)	55.6	(20 to 82)	0.20^b
Female sex, %	87.7		87.5		89.1		0.74^b
Caucasians, %	92.2		91.4		95.7		0.33^b
Clinical manifestations (%)
Acute cutaneous lupus	65.8		71.6		41.3		<0.0001^c
Chronic cutaneous lupus	15.2		17.8		4.3		0.023^c
Photosensitivity	50.6		56.3		26.1		0.0002^c
Nonscarring alopecia	21.4		22.3		17.4		0.46^c
Oral ulcers	11.1		12.7		4.3		0.11^c
Arthritis	75.7		76.1		73.9		0.75^c
Pleuritis	37.9		39.1		32.6		0.41^c
Pericarditis	14.8		15.2		13.0		0.71^c
Renal disorder	23.9		28.9		2.2		<0.0001^c
Biopsy-proven lupus nephritis	19.8		23.9		2.2		0.0009^c
Neurologic disorder (ACR-82)	4.9		5.6		2.2		0.34^c
Neurologic disorder (SLICC-12)	10.7		12.7		2.2		0.038^c
Haemolytic anaemia	4.9		6.1		0		0.086^c
Leukopenia	29.2		33.0		13.0		0.0074^c
Lymphopenia	29.2		34.0		8.7		0.0007^c
Thrombocytopenia	11.5		12.7		6.5		0.24^c
Immunologic criteria (%)
Antinuclear antibody	98.8		98.5		100.0		0.40^c
Anti-dsDNA	45.3		53.3		10.9		<0.0001^c
Anti-Sm	8.2		9.1		4.3		0.29^c
Lupus anticoagulant^d	36.3		34.3		43.6		0.097^c
Anti-cardiolipin^e	28.5		30.7		19.5		0.23^c
Anti-β₂-glycoprotein-1^f	29.2		30.0		25.9		0.80^c
Low complement	47.3		51.3		30.4		0.011^c
Direct Coombs test^g	51.3		58.1		29.6		0.25^c

^aACR-82, American College of Rheumatology 1982 criteria; Anti-dsDNA, Antibodies to double-stranded DNA; Anti-Sm, Anti-Smith antibody; Fries, Fries and Holman’s diagnostic principle [7 ]; SLE, Systemic lupus erythematosus; SLICC-12, 2012 Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics criteria. ^bP-values based on Mann–Whitney U test. ^cP-values based on χ² test. Criteria were tested on any occasion in ^d182 of 243 patients, ^e207 of 243 patients, ^f137 of 243 patients and ^g113 of 243 patients.

Ighe A., Dahlström Ö., Skogh T, & Sjöwall C. (2015). Application of the 2012 Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria to patients in a regional Swedish systemic lupus erythematosus register. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 17(1), 3.

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Publication 2015

Antibodies Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic Biopsy Coombs Test Diagnosis DNA, Double-Stranded Kidney Kidney Diseases LDL-Receptor Related Protein 2 Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic Lupus Vulgaris Patients Woman

SMI32 Antibody for Neurofilament Immunostaining

A mouse monoclonal antibody (SMI32 Lot#17; Sternberger Monoclonals Incorporated, Luthersville, MD), was raised against the non-phosphorylated epitopes on the medium and heavy molecular weight subunits of neurofilament H (NFH) in immunoblots of mammalian brainstem and spinal cord tissue [(Sternberger and Sternberger, 1983 (link)); manufacturer’s datasheet]. On conventional immunoblots, the SMI-32 antibody identifies two bands (200 and 180 kDa), which merge into a single NFH line on two-dimensional blots (Sternberger and Sternberger, 1983 (link); Goldstein et al., 1987 (link)). The SMI-32 antibody immunostains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites and thick axons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems (Sternberger and Sternberger, 1983 (link)) whereas other cells and tissues are not immunostained (manufacturer’s datasheet). In the retina, this antibody immunostains the cytoskeleton of medium and large ganglion cells, as well as ganglion cell axons of mouse, rat and cat retina (Wässle et al., 1981 (link); Lin et al., 2004 (link); Coombs et al., 2006 (link)).

Rodriguez A.R., de Sevilla Müller L.P, & Brecha N.C. (2014). The RNA binding protein RBPMS is a selective marker of ganglion cells in the mammalian retina. The Journal of comparative neurology, 522(6), 1411-1443.

Publication 2014

Axon Brain Stem Cell Body Cells Coombs Test Cytoskeleton Dendrites Epitopes Ganglia Immunoblotting Immunoglobulins Mammals Monoclonal Antibodies Mus NEFH protein, human Neurons Peripheral Nervous System Protein Subunits Retina Spinal Cord Tissues

Simulating Microbial Spatiotemporal Dynamics

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Publication 2014

Agar Carbon Cells Comet Assay Coombs Test Diffusion Escherichia coli Glucose Metals Methionine Oxygen Protoplasm Sepharose Sugars

Comparative Evaluation of Direct Antiglobulin Tests

If not already included with the shipped, received samples, blood smears were prepared and stained with Wright Giemsa^a on arrival for manual microscopic examination. Spherocytosis was recorded, if there were at least 20 spherocytes per 100X microscopic field (all others had <2 per 100X field).^{11 (link)}Autoagglutination was assessed first by visual examination of the EDTA tube and by microscopy of the blood smear; if positive, saline agglutination of EDTA blood was performed by adding a drop of physiological saline (0.9% NaCl) to a drop of blood on a slide.^{11 (link), 14} Finally, after washing the RBC pellet 3 times by adding 4–6 parts phosphate buffered saline (PBS^b) to 1 part of packed RBCs, mixing, centrifuging for 5 min at 1000 g^c and each time discarding the supernatant to remove any remaining plasma proteins; agglutination was evaluated macro- and microscopically. The washed packed RBC samples that retained aggregates were said to exhibit persistent or true agglutination.^{9 , 10 , 18 (link)} The PCV of EDTA blood samples was determined by standard microcentrifugation; whole blood and plasma hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations were measured by HemoCue^d; DEA 1.1 blood type was determined by the immunochromatographic strip method.^{19 (link)}To technically validate various antiglobulin tests for this study, conditions for positive and negative reactions were established (Supplement). For this prospective study 3 DAT methods based on RBC agglutination were compared: microtiter^e plate (Microtiter) using canine antiglobulin reagent M^f (raised in rabbit) and reagent V^g (goat), capillary^h tube (Capillary, Fig. 1A) and gelⁱ microcolumn (Gel) technique. Additionally, all samples were tested using a novel immunochromatographic strip^j method (Strip, Fig. 1B), where antibody coated RBCs migrate and bind to a band impregnated with antiglobulin.
For the various DAT methods, washed RBC suspensions were stored at 4°C for <2 hours, microscopically examined for autoagglutination, and tested according the manufacturers’ instructions and as published and briefly described in Supplement. A DAT+ result indicates the presence of erythrocytic autoantibodies and was used as a criterion for immune-related erythrocyte destruction. A standard OFT was performed, as described in Supplement.

Caviezel L.L., Raj K, & Giger U. (2014). Comparison of 4 Direct Coombs' Test Methods with Polyclonal Antiglobulins in Anemic and Nonanemic Dogs for In‐Clinic or Laboratory Use. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 28(2), 583-591.

Publication 2014

Agglutination Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic Autoantibodies BLOOD Canis familiaris Capillaries Coombs Test Dietary Supplements Edetic Acid Erythrocytes Goat Hemoglobin Immunochromatography Immunoglobulins Microscopy Normal Saline Phosphates physiology Plasma Plasma Proteins Rabbits Saline Solution Spherocytes

Serological Diagnosis of Brucellosis

For RBT, 30 µL of plain serum were dispensed on a white glossy ceramic tile and mixed with an equal volume of RBT antigen (Veterinary Laboratory Agency; England, United Kingdom; http://www.defra.gov.uk/vla/) (previously equilibrated at room temperature and shaken to resuspend any bacterial sediment) using a toothpick. The tile was then rocked at room temperature for 8 minutes (instead of the 4 minutes recommended for animal brucellosis [23] ), and any visible agglutination and/or the appearance of a typical rim [23] (Figure S1) was taken as a positive result. Positive sera were tested further as follows. Eight 30 µL drops of saline were dispensed on the tile and the first one mixed with an equal volume of the positive plain serum (1/2 serum dilution). Then, 30 µL of this first dilution were transferred to the second drop with the help of a micropipette and mixed to obtain the 1/4 dilution. From this, the 1/8 to 1/128 dilutions were obtained by successive transfers and mixings taking care of rinsing the pipette tip between transfers. Finally, each drop was tested with an equal volume (30 µL) of the RBT reagent, so that the final dilutions ranged from 1/4 to 1/256. The SAT and Coombs test in microtitter plates, Brucellacapt (Vircell S.L, Santa Fe, Granada, Spain) and LFiC (kindly provided by Dr. H. Smits, KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute/Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) were performed as described before [24] (link), [25] (link). For the Coombs test, a titer ≥ two times the SAT titer in the same serum was considered as positive. In some cases (see Results), SAT was also performed in the citrate buffer (pH 5) provided as diluent in the Brucellacapt kit. To this end, the bacteria in a volume of the SAT suspension were collected by centrifugation, washed with citrate buffer and resuspended in an equal volume of the same buffer. cELISA was performed according to the instructions of the manufacturer (Svanova Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden). Antibodies to Brucella proteins were detected by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) using an S-LPS free extract obtained from a B. melitensis rough mutant [26] (link).

Díaz R., Casanova A., Ariza J, & Moriyón I. (2011). The Rose Bengal Test in Human Brucellosis: A Neglected Test for the Diagnosis of a Neglected Disease. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 5(4), e950.

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Publication 2011

Agglutination Animals Antibodies Antigens Bacteria Brucella Brucellosis Buffers Centrifugation Citrates Coombs Test Counterimmunoelectrophoresis Proteins Saline Solution Serum Technique, Dilution

Most recents protocols related to «Coombs Test»

Antibody Identification and RBC Typing

Antibody identification and RBC typing were performed by indirect antiglobulin gel‐test (ID‐Card LISS/Coombs; DiaMed, Bio‐Rad). The serum of proband 1 containing anti‐RIF was used to screen compatible subjects from cryopreserved RBCs lacking a high‐prevalence antigen of unknown specificity.

Koehl B., Vrignaud C., Mikdar M., Nair T.S., Yang L., Landry S., Laiguillon G., Giroux‐Lathuile C., Anselme‐Martin S., El Kenz H., Hermine O., Mohandas N., Cartron J.P., Colin Y., Detante O., Marlu R., Le Van Kim C., Carey T.E., Azouzi S, & Peyrard T. (2023). Lack of the human choline transporter‐like protein SLC44A2 causes hearing impairment and a rare red blood phenotype. EMBO Molecular Medicine, 15(3), e16320.

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Publication 2023

Antigenic Specificity Coombs Test Erythrocytes Immunoglobulins Indirect Coombs Test Serum

Carfilzomib-induced Thrombotic Microangiopathy

We identified ten consecutive patients who developed TMA between 2005-2020, while receiving treatment with carfilzomib at the University of Athens in Greece or at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute in the United States. A clinical diagnosis of carfilzomib-induced TMA was made based on the fulfillment of the following criteria: active carfilzomib treatment; new onset of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia with decreased haptoglobin, thrombocytopenia and evidence of schistocytes on peripheral blood smear; oliguric, acute kidney injury network (AKI), AKIN ≥I (defined as a rise in serum creatinine relative to baseline of at least 1.5 times or 0.3 mg/dl and reduced urine output to less than 0.5 mL/kg/h within 48 h); in the absence of an acute infectious process, decreased ADAMTS13 activity and positive Coombs test. The control group included 10 patients treated with carfilzomib at the same institutions during 2015–2021 and who did not develop TMA. Controls were matched to the patient cohort based on age, gender, carfilzomib dose/duration and use/type of anti-platelet/anticoagulant agent. All subjects in the study were enrolled in IRB-approved protocols at the respective institutions. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Moscvin M., Liacos C.I., Chen T., Theodorakakou F., Fotiou D., Hossain S., Rowell S., Leblebjian H., Regan E., Czarnecki P., Bagnoli F., Bolli N., Richardson P., Rennke H.G., Dimopoulos M.A., Kastritis E, & Bianchi G. (2023). Mutations in the alternative complement pathway in multiple myeloma patients with carfilzomib-induced thrombotic microangiopathy. Blood Cancer Journal, 13(1), 31.

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Publication 2023

ADAMTS13 protein, human Anticoagulants BLOOD Blood Platelets carfilzomib Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Coombs Test Creatinine Diagnosis Haptoglobins Infection Kidney Failure, Acute Malignant Neoplasms Oliguria Patients Satisfaction Serum Thrombocytopenia

Comprehensive Diagnostic Workup for Canine Anaplasmosis

Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection was excluded in all dogs by PCR testing (Laboklin, Bad Kissingen, Germany). Dogs that had left the Berlin/Brandenburg region in the past were thoroughly tested for pathogens that are endemic to the respective regions. Such was the case in 3 dogs that were tested for Ehrlichia canis (EDTA blood PCR, serum immunofluorescence antigen test [IFAT]), Leishmania infantum (EDTA blood PCR, serum IFAT), Dirofilaria immitis (serum antigen enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA, Knott test) in addition (Laboklin, Bad Kissingen, Germany, Institute for Experimental Parasitology LMU Munich, Germany). Hematology (Sysmex XT2000i, Sysmex Deutschland GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany) and biochemistry (Konelab 60i, Thermo Electron GmbH, Dreieich, Germany) were performed in all dogs, as well as a manual differential blood count in most dogs. Thrombocytopenia was confirmed by manual counting (Thrombo Plus, Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany). Coagulation times activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT; C.K. Prest, Diagnostica Stago, S.A.S., Asnieres sur Seine, France) and prothrombin time (PT; ThromborelS, Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany) were measured in most dogs (Schnitger‐Gross coagulometer, Amelung, Lemgo, Germany). Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was suspected in the event of prolonged aPTT and PT combined with thrombocytopenia. In most cases, 1,2‐o‐dilauryl‐rac‐glycero‐3‐glutaric acid‐(6′‐methylresorufin) ester lipase (DGGR lipase; Roche, Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany), lactate (GEM Premier 3500, Werfen GmbH, Munich, Germany), C‐reactive protein (CRP; Gentian Canine CRP Reagent Kit, Gentian AS, Moss, Norway), and cardiac troponin I (cTnI; TnI Ultra, Siemens, Frimley, UK) were measured. Coombs' test and platelet‐bound antibody tests were performed at the School of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (Immunology Unit). Radiographs of the thorax and abdomen (DigitalDiagnost, Philips, Hamburg, Germany) as well as sonographic examination (Logic S7, Scil animal care company GmbH, Viernheim, Germany) of the abdomen were performed. Systolic blood pressure was determined by Doppler method (Doppler Eickemeyer, Tuttlingen, Germany). In numerous dogs, an ECG (PC‐EKG 2000, Eickemeyer, Tuttlingen) and echocardiography (Vivid 7 Dimension, Scil animal care company GmbH, Viernheim) were performed. The presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) was determined using SIRS criteria: hypothermia (rectal temperature < 37.8°C), fever (rectal temperature > 39.7°C), heart rate > 160/min, respiratory rate > 40/min, leukopenia (<4 × 10⁹/L), leukocytosis (>12 × 10⁹/L), and presence of >10% immature leukocytes.¹⁵ Systemic inflammatory response syndrome was diagnosed if ≥2 of the above criteria were present.
Descriptive statistics were performed, including determination of median, range, minimum, and maximum (Microsoft Excel, Munich, Germany).

Weingart C., Helm C.S., Müller E., Schäfer I., Skrodzki M., von Samson‐Himmelstjerna G., Krücken J, & Kohn B. (2023). Autochthonous Babesia canis infections in 49 dogs in Germany. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 37(1), 140-149.

Publication 2023

Abdomen Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time Anaplasmosis Animals Antigens BLOOD Blood Platelets Canis familiaris Chest Coagulation, Blood Coombs Test C Reactive Protein Dirofilaria immitis Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Echocardiography Edetic Acid Ehrlichia canis Electrons Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Esters Fever Fluorescent Antibody Technique Gentian glutaric acid Heart Immunoglobulins Lactate Leishmania infantum Leukocytes Leukocytosis Leukopenia Lipase Mosses pathogenesis Pharmaceutical Preparations Rate, Heart Rectum Respiratory Rate Serum Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Systolic Pressure Thrombocytopenia Times, Prothrombin Ultrasonography X-Rays, Diagnostic

Evaluating University COVID-19 Communication

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Publication 2023

Coombs Test COVID 19 Ethnicity Gender Mental Recall Mutualism Satisfaction

Measuring University Crisis Response Strategies

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Publication 2023

Coombs Test Denial, Psychology Ocular Accommodation Student

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Dg gel coombs card by Grifols

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The DG Gel Coombs Card is a laboratory product used for performing serological tests. It is a gel card containing wells filled with anti-human globulin reagents, designed to detect the presence of antibodies or antigens on the surface of red blood cells.

Dg gel system by Grifols

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The DG Gel system is a laboratory equipment used for electrophoresis. It is designed to separate and analyze various biomolecules, such as proteins or nucleic acids, based on their size and charge characteristics.

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Vertrel® XF is a specialty solvent developed by DuPont. It is a non-flammable, low-toxicity fluorinated compound designed for use in various industrial applications. The product's core function is to provide a cleaning and degreasing solution for precision cleaning and other industrial processes.

Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific

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Monoclonal LM59 IgM and 20-175-2 IgG are lab equipment products manufactured by Fujifilm. The LM59 IgM is a monoclonal antibody, and the 20-175-2 IgG is an immunoglobulin G antibody. These products are designed for use in laboratory settings, but their core functions are not specified in this response.

Bioclone anti c by Ortho Clinical Diagnostics

The BioClone anti-C is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Ortho Clinical Diagnostics. It is used for the detection and identification of the C antigen on red blood cells. The product provides a reliable and accurate means for determining the C antigen status of blood samples.

Anti c by Ortho Clinical Diagnostics

Anti-c is a laboratory reagent used for the identification and typing of the c antigen on human red blood cells. It is used as a diagnostic tool in blood banking and transfusion medicine.

Anti e by Ortho Clinical Diagnostics

Anti-E is a laboratory equipment used for the detection and identification of the E antigen on the surface of red blood cells. It serves as a reagent to determine the Rh blood group status of an individual.

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D g gel coombs by Grifols

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The D.G. Gel Coombs is a laboratory equipment product designed for performing Coombs tests. It is used to detect the presence of antibodies in a patient's blood that may be directed against red blood cells. The core function of the D.G. Gel Coombs is to facilitate the identification and analysis of these antibodies.

What is the Coombs Test?

The Coombs Test, also known as the antiglobulin test, is a laboratory procedure used to detect antibodies bound to the surface of red blood cells. It is commonly employed in the diagnosis of various hemolytic anemias, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia and hemolytic disease of the newborn. The test involves exposing the patient's red blood cells to an antiglobulin serum, which binds to any antibodies present on the cell surface, causing agglutination or clumping. This reaction indicates the presence of antibodies, providing crucial information for clinical management.

What are the different types of Coombs Test?

There are two main types of Coombs Test: the direct Coombs Test and the indirect Coombs Test. The direct Coombs Test detects antibodies already bound to the patient's red blood cells, while the indirect Coombs Test detects antibodies in the patient's serum that may be reactive with other red blood cells. Each type of Coombs Test has its own specific applications and can provide valuable information for different clinical scenarios.

How can PubCompare.ai help with Coombs Test research?

PubCompare.ai is an AI-driven platform that can assist researchers in optimizing their Coombs Test protocols. The platform allows you to screen protocol literature more efficiently and leverage AI to pinpoint critical insights. By using PubCompare.ai, researchers can identify the most effective protocols related to the Coombs Test for their specific research goals. The platform's AI-driven analysis can highlight key differences in protocol effectiveness, enabling you to choose the best option for reproducibility and accuaracy.

What are some common applications of the Coombs Test?

The Coombs Test has several important applications in clinical practice and research: 1. Diagnosis of autoimmune hemolytic anemia: The direct Coombs Test can detect antibodies bound to the patient's red blood cells, helping diagnose autoimmune hemolytic anemia. 2. Detection of hemolytic disease of the newborn: The indirect Coombs Test can identify maternal antibodies that may cause hemolysis in the fetus or newborn. 3. Cross-matching for blood transfusions: The Coombs Test is used to ensure compatibility between donor and recipient blood to prevent transfusion-related complications. 4. Identification of alloantibodies: The Coombs Test can help identify the presence of alloantibodies, which is crucial for managing certain hematological conditions.

More about "Coombs Test"

The Coombs test, also known as the antiglobulin test, is a critical laboratory procedure used to detect antibodies bound to the surface of red blood cells.
It plays a vital role in the diagnosis of various hemolytic anemias, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia and hemolytic disease of the newborn.
The test involves exposing the patient's red blood cells to an antiglobulin serum, which binds to any antibodies present on the cell surface, causing agglutination or clumping.
This reaction indicates the presence of antibodies, providing crucial information for clinical management.
Researchers can optimize their Coombs test protocols by leveraging the AI-driven platform PubCompare.ai, which helps identify the most robust procedures and products from literature, preprints, and patents.
By streamlining their workflow and accessing reliable results, researchers can enhance the accuracy and efficiency of their Coombs test investigations.
The DG Gel Coombs Card and the DG Gel system are valuable tools in Coombs test research, offering a standardized and automated approach to the procedure.
Vertrel® XF, a specialty solvent, can also be used in conjunction with the Coombs test to improve the detection of antibodies.
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is a common component in Coombs test protocols, providing a source of essential growth factors and nutrients for cell cultures.
Monoclonal antibodies, such as the LM59 IgM and 20-175-2 IgG, can be used to target specific antigens during the Coombs test.
Additionally, BioClone anti-C, Anti-c, and Anti-E are important reagents that can be utilized in the Coombs test to detect the presence of these clinically significant red blood cell antigens.
The DT-Reagent II is another essential component that can be incorporated into Coombs test protocols.
By understanding the various tools, reagents, and techniques available for the Coombs test, researchers can optimize their workflow, enhance the accuracy of their results, and ultimately advance their understanding of hemolytic anemias and other related conditions.