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Characteristics of demographics and the disease. Patients’ demographic characteristics included: age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol intake, marital status, socioeconomic status and highest level of education completed. Disease activity was assessed using the DAS28 (Disease Activity Score using 28 joints)–erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)24 (link) and the C-reactive protein level. Disease severity was evaluated from the history of joint surgery to address structural damage caused by RA (eg, total joint arthroplasty, arthrodesis, metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joint resections). Past and current medications used to treat RA were also recorded, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids and conventional and biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs).
History or current evidence of comorbidities. Ischaemic cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, stroke), cancers (colon, skin, lung, breast and uterus for women, prostate for men) and lymphoma, gastrointestinal diseases (diverticulitis, ulcers), infections (hepatitis), lung disease (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma) and psychiatric disorders (depression).
Coexisting risk factors. Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, family history of myocardial infarction or sudden death), risk factors for infectious diseases and vaccination status, risk factors for cancers (family history of prostate, breast or colon cancer; adenomatosus polyposis and/or personal history of inflammatory bowel disease (for colon cancer) and history of numerous (>40) nevi for skin cancer).
Compliance with current national recommendations regarding management (prevention, detection and treatment) of these comorbidities. For example, annual estimation of cardiovascular risk.
National costs for CHESS resource units
Resource item | Baseline unit price (EUR) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Francea | Germanyb | Italyc | Spaind | UKe | |
Ambulatory care | |||||
Haematologist visit (per visit) | 25.99–45.99 | 20.88 | 27.32–23.17 | 65.69–113.54 | 124.71–228.57 |
Nurse visit (per visit) | 81.74 | 34.28–38.42 | 15.11 | 20.92–37.46 | 19.36 |
Other specialist visit (per visit) | 14.99–45.99 | 7.30–228.88 | 18.21–27.32 | 16.42–160 | 65.91–612.03 |
Blood test (per test) | 1.89–53.96 | 0.50–112.50 | 2.11–17.22 | 4.78–98.37 | 4.29–7.67 |
Other test/examination (per test) | 10.79–69.00 | 5.50–124.60 | 2.19–134.27 | 7.49–249.21 | 1.69–228.24 |
Hospitalisation | |||||
Target joint surgery† (per surgery) | 28.81–534.40 | 12.02–1719.43 | 33.48–1032.91 | 169.75–2156.33 | 1161.93–8397.52 |
Bleed event: ward stay (per day) | 290.85 | 514.29 | 265 | 708.71 | 562.88 |
Bleed event: ICU stay (per day) | 1174.60 | 1265 | 366 | 1559.24 | 1056.82 |
Professional caregiver (per hour) | 8.30 | 27.43 | 7.39 | 13.66 | 24.56 |
Note. Ranges presented where more than one price is possible; ICU: intensive care unit; IU: International Units
†Arthrocentesis, arthrodesis, arthroplasty, arthroscopy, synovectomy
aSources: Ameli, sante.gouv, ViDAL.fr, Catalogue Commun des actes médicaux
bSources: Kbv.de, meinpharmaversand.de, Einheitlicher Bewertungsmaßstab, rote-liste service
cSources: AIFA,
dSources: Oblikue e-salud, Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios
eSources: National Schedule of Reference Costs, Electronic Medicines Compendium
This figure shows the number of patients included in this study