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> Procedures > Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure > Carbon Ion Radiotherapy

Carbon Ion Radiotherapy

Carbon ion radiotherapy is an advanced form of radiation therapy that uses accelerated carbon ions to precisely target and destroy cancer cells.
This technique offers enhanced tumor targeting and reduced radiation exposure to surrounding healthy tissues, potentially improving outcomes for patients with challenging-to-treat cancers.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven protocol comparison and optimization tool can help researchers efficiently identify the best treatment strategies and products from literature, preprints, and patents, leveraging data-driven insights to optimize carbon ion radiotherapy research.

Most cited protocols related to «Carbon Ion Radiotherapy»

1
DIA Data Analysis Using OpenSWATH and TRIC
Cited 4 times
Briefly, DIA raw data files were converted in profile mode to mzXML using msconvert and analyzed using OpenSWATH (2.0.0) [14] (link) as described previously [13] (link). Retention time extraction window was set as 600 s (for 60 min LC) or 350 s (for 20 min LC), and m/z extraction was performed with 0.03 Da tolerance. Retention time was then calibrated using both SiRT and CiRT peptides. Peptide precursors that were identified by OpenSWATH and pyprophet with d_score > 0.01 were used as inputs for TRIC [52] (link). For each protein, the median MS2 intensity value of peptide precursor fragments that were detected to belong to the protein was used to represent the protein abundance.
Zhu T., Zhu Y., Xuan Y., Gao H., Cai X., Piersma S.R., Pham T.V., Schelfhorst T., Haas R.R., Bijnsdorp I.V., Sun R., Yue L., Ruan G., Zhang Q., Hu M., Zhou Y., Van Houdt W.J., Le Large T.Y., Cloos J., Wojtuszkiewicz A., Koppers-Lalic D., Böttger F., Scheepbouwer C., Brakenhoff R.H., van Leenders G.J., Ijzermans J.N., Martens J.W., Steenbergen R.D., Grieken N.C., Selvarajan S., Mantoo S., Lee S.S., Yeow S.J., Alkaff S.M., Xiang N., Sun Y., Yi X., Dai S., Liu W., Lu T., Wu Z., Liang X., Wang M., Shao Y., Zheng X., Xu K., Yang Q., Meng Y., Lu C., Zhu J., Zheng J., Wang B., Lou S., Dai Y., Xu C., Yu C., Ying H., Lim T.K., Wu J., Gao X., Luan Z., Teng X., Wu P., Huang S., Tao Z., Iyer N.G., Zhou S., Shao W., Lam H., Ma D., Ji J., Kon O.L., Zheng S., Aebersold R., Jimenez C.R, & Guo T. (2020). DPHL: A DIA Pan-human Protein Mass Spectrometry Library for Robust Biomarker Discovery. Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics, 18(2), 104-119.
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Publication 2020
Carbon Ion Radiotherapy Immune Tolerance Peptides Proteins Retention (Psychology) Sirtuins
2
Region-specific microbeam irradiation of C. elegans
Cited 4 times
We investigated the effects of region-specific microbeam irradiation using carbon ion (12C5+) particles accelerated by an azimuthally varying field cyclotron installed at the Takasaki Ion Accelerators for Advanced Radiation Application (TIARA) facility of QST-Takasaki. We delivered region-specific microbeam irradiation using a collimating microbeam system [7 (link)] (Fig. 2). The microfluidic chip enclosing an individual C. elegans placed on a custom-made aluminum frame (Fig. 1C) was located on the sample stage of the collimating microbeam system (Fig. 2). The animal was then moved up to immediately under the micro-aperture (beam exit) using the movable frame, and irradiated with a carbon-ion microbeam from the micro-aperture. The incident energy of the carbon ions delivered was 18.3 MeV/u. The theoretical energy loss of carbon ion particles and the linear energy transfer (LET) in C. elegans were calculated using the Energy Loss Modify (ELOSSM) code, part of the Induced Radioactivity Analysis Code System (IRACM) [23 ]. The LETs of the carbon-ion microbeam passing through the C. elegans were 105.5 keV/μm at the surface of the microfluidic chip (depth from the surface of a sample = 100 μm) and 107.4 keV/μm at the bottom of the microfluidic channel (depth from the surface of a sample = 140 μm) (Fig. 3). We used a track-averaged LET of 106.4 keV/μm in the animal in a microfluidic channel, and converted particle fluence to dose in Gy using the following relationship: Dose [Gy] = 1.6 × 10−9 × LET [keV/μm] × Fluence [particle/cm2] [15 (link)]. Because the thickness of the microfluidic chip enclosing the animal was thicker than the range of the carbon ions (~1 mm), the ions could not pass through it and therefore did not reach the ion counter located under the sample stage. We therefore evaluated the distribution and fluence rate of the collimated carbon-ion beam in advance by irradiating an ion-track detector CR-39 (Solid State Nuclear Track Detector (TNF-1), Fukuvi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd, Fukui, Japan), as described previously [7 (link)], with slight modifications. As described previously [15 (link)], ~75% of the particles hit within a diameter of φ20 μm, and most of the remainder hit within a diameter of φ20–φ50 μm. The head region, including the nerve ring as the central nervous system, the mid region around the intestine and uterus, and the tail region were targeted independently and irradiated with 12 000 carbon ions, corresponding to a dose of 500 Gy at φ20 μm micro-aperture region (Fig. 1D). The irradiation time with 12 000 ions was set based on the fluence rate, and was ~2 s. Five animals were independently irradiated in each region (head, mid and tail).
For comparison, we also conducted whole-body broad-beam irradiation. The track-averaged LET of the carbon-ion broad beam passing through the C. elegans was 111.5 keV/μm. The microfluidic chip enclosing the animal was located on a 6-cm non-treated petri plate, and the entire plate was irradiated with a scan beam at a dose of 500 Gy. It took ~50 s to irradiate a plate. For all irradiation experiments, non-irradiated control animals were handled in parallel with irradiated animals, except in terms of carbon-ion irradiation.
Suzuki M., Hattori Y., Sakashita T., Yokota Y., Kobayashi Y, & Funayama T. (2017). Region-specific irradiation system with heavy-ion microbeam for active individuals of Caenorhabditis elegans. Journal of Radiation Research, 58(6), 881-886.
Publication 2017
Aluminum Animals Caenorhabditis elegans Carbon Carbon Ion Radiotherapy CR 39 Cyclotrons DNA Chips Electromagnetic Radiation Fatigue Head Intestines Linear Energy Transfer Radioactivity Radionuclide Imaging Reading Frames Systems, Nervous Tail Uterus Whole-Body Irradiation
3
Carbon Ion Radiotherapy for Nasopharyngeal Cancer
Cited 4 times
Patients will be registered and immobilized using an individual immobilization system for both planning and treatment. Treatment planning will be performed about 10 working days prior to the start of CIRT. Planning CT without contrast will be performed and MRI taken in treatment position will be obtained and fused with planning CT. As all patients included in this study will have completed photon RT of 66 Gy or above, organs at risk such as the brain stem, optic nerve and chiasm, temporal lobes of the brain, and eyes will be contoured. Discount of the doses to the OARs from the initial radiation course was uniformly set at 70%, i.e., 30% residual doses were used to calculate the limiting dose to the OARs. Dose limitations of OARs will be controlled according to Emami et al20 (link).

Gross Tumor Volume (GTV) - will be defined as the gross disease seen on the planning CT, area of contrast enhancement on T1-weighted MRI, and lesion(s) with high SUV uptake observed on FDG-PET/CT (optional)

Clinical Target Volume (CTV) - CTV for gross tumor will be defined as the GTV + 3~5mm margin; the CTV for subclinical disease will be defined based on the clinical judgment for potential subclinical disease.

Planning Target Volume (PTV) - will be added depending on individual factors such as patient positioning or beam angles chosen and will range 3~6 mm

CIRT planning is performed using the Syngo treatment planning system (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) including biologic plan optimization. Biologically effective dose distributions will be calculated using the a/ß ratio of 9 for nasopharyngeal cancer and 3 for late toxicity, respectively.
Kong L., Hu J., Guan X., Gao J., Lu R, & Lu J.J. (2016). Phase I/II Trial Evaluating Carbon Ion Radiotherapy for Salvaging Treatment of Locally Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Journal of Cancer, 7(7), 774-783.
Publication 2016
Biopharmaceuticals Brain Brain Stem Carbon Ion Radiotherapy Clinical Reasoning Eye Immobilization Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Optic Chiasms Optic Nerve Patients Radiotherapy Scan, CT PET Temporal Lobe Vision
4
Prostate Cancer Radiotherapy Protocols: Comparison and Insights
Cited 3 times
The treatment planning and setup methods in both protocols have been described previously.14 (link), 15 (link), 16 (link), 17 (link) The clinical target volume (CTV) was defined as the whole prostate and proximal one‐third of the seminal vesicles. In T3b cases, all seminal vesicles were included in the CTV. The planning target volume (PTV) 1 was defined as the CTV plus 5‐mm margins in the cranial, caudal, and posterior directions and 10‐mm margins in the right, left, and anterior directions. The PTV2 was created by adding 2‐3‐mm margins to the CTV in the dorsal direction but was identical to the CTV in the cranial and caudal directions and to the PTV1 in the right, left, and anterior directions; PTV2 was used for the last four times of the treatment course. The prophylactic area of the pelvic lymph nodes was not included in the PTV. Purgatives or enemas were used for rectal reproducibility in the CT simulation and as necessary during treatment. There was no use of metallic markers in the prostate to improve reproducibility or SpaceOAR to decrease the rectum dose in either CPaI or SScI. All patients were treated using resinous shells and an image‐guided irradiation system, and the images were compared with reference images and confirmed for bone matching with the digitally reconstructed radiographs, under shallow natural breathing. The treatment couch was moved to the matching position until the largest deviation of all measured points was less than 1 mm. The two‐fields technique (opposing lateral fields) was routinely used for CIRT planning in CPaI and SScI (Figure 1).
In both CPaI and SScI, the dose prescription and dose constraints were the same. The irradiation dose is expressed as Gy (RBE; physical carbon ion dose [Gy] × RBE). The RBE value for CIRT was estimated to be 3.0 at the distal part of the spread‐out Bragg peak based on previous experience at our institution.22 CIRT was given once a day, 4 days a week (generally, Tuesday to Friday). The prescribed dose for all patients in this study was 51.6 Gy (RBE) administered in 12 fractions, and >95% of the dose was prescribed to the PTV2. The recommended dose constraints for the rectum are as follows: the rectal volume prescribed 53 Gy (RBE), 50 Gy (RBE), and 40 Gy (RBE) = 0%, ≤7%, and ≤16%, respectively. The dose constraints to other organs at risk were not defined.
The beam technique used for CIRT differed between CPaI and SScI. Compensators and multileaf collimators were used for each port individually in all patients enrolled in CPaI,18 (link) whereas these devices were not needed in any of the patients in SScI.19 (link)
Sato H., Kasuya G., Ishikawa H., Nomoto A., Ono T., Nakajima M., Isozaki Y., Yamamoto N., Iwai Y., Nemoto K., Ichikawa T, & Tsuji H. (2021). Long‐term clinical outcomes after 12‐fractionated carbon‐ion radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. Cancer Science, 112(9), 3598-3606.
Publication 2021
Bones Carbon Carbon Ion Radiotherapy Cathartics Condoms Cranium Enema Medical Devices Metals Nodes, Lymph Patients Pelvis Physical Examination Prostate Radiotherapy Rectum Resins, Plant Seminal Vesicles X-Rays, Diagnostic
5
Carbon Ion Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer
Cited 3 times
A similar technique of CIRT for prostate cancer, which has been reported from NIRS, was used in the present study [7 (link)]. The feet of patients were positioned in a customized cradle (Moldcare; Alocare, Tokyo, Japan) and the pelvis was immobilized with a low-temperature thermoplastic sheet (Shellfitter; Kuraray, Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan). At CT simulation, the bladder was filled with 100 mL sterilized saline and the rectum was emptied using an enema.
Treatment planning was performed using CT images of 2 mm thickness with fused MRI images with Xio-N (Elekta, Stockholm, Sweden and Mitsubishi Electric, Tokyo, Japan) [8 (link)]. The clinical target volume (CTV) included the prostate and the proximal seminal vesicles (SV). In T3b cases, we include the part of seminal vesicle as CTV where was involved by prostate cancer at diagnosis (pre neoadjuvant hormonal therapy) at least. The initial planning target volume (PTV1) was created by adding the anterior and lateral margins of 10 mm, cranial and caudal margins of 6 mm, and a posterior margin of 5 mm to the CTV, with lateral margins to the SV of 3 mm. According to the protocol from the NIRS, boost therapy was performed using the second PTV (PTV2), in which the posterior edge was set in front of the anterior wall of the rectum after the completion of nine fractions while the other margins remained the same as for PTV1 [9 (link)]. Each field was defined using spread-out Bragg peak and shaped by multi-leaf collimators and compensation bolus for each patient.
CIRT was performed at a total dose of 57.6 Gy (RBE) in 16 fractions over 4 weeks, with a fractional dose of 3.6 Gy (RBE) at four fractions a week. One field was used for each session, including one anterior field and a pair of lateral ports for PTV1 and another pair of lateral ports for PTV2. The bladder was also filled with 100 mL sterilized saline at each treatment session from the anterior direction. Patient positioning was three-dimensionally corrected using the same treatment couch used at the NIRS. All treatment plans were approved by the institutional conference prior to administering treatment.
Kawamura H., Kubo N., Sato H., Mizukami T., Katoh H., Ishikawa H., Ohno T., Matsui H., Ito K., Suzuki K, & Nakano T. (2020). Moderately hypofractionated carbon ion radiotherapy for prostate cancer; a prospective observational study “GUNMA0702”. BMC Cancer, 20, 75.
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Publication 2020
Carbon Ion Radiotherapy Cold Temperature Conferences Cranium Diagnosis Electricity Enema Foot Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy Neoadjuvant Therapy Patients Pelvis Plant Leaves Prostate Prostate Cancer Rectum Saline Solution Seminal Vesicles Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared Urinary Bladder

Most recents protocols related to «Carbon Ion Radiotherapy»

1
Comparative Dosimetric Analysis of CIRT-based Prostate Plans
This study compared various dosimetric parameters among CIRT-based prostate plans according to the beam angles. The RBE-weighted dose distributions for the prostate and rectum were calculated and compared with those of each plan. For this purpose, the dose volume histogram (DVH) indices for the clinical target volume (CTV), that is, mean dose (Dmean), the dose covering 90% of the volume (=D90%), the dose covering 99% of the volume (=D99%), D95%, and D2% were compared. For the rectum, dose differences were compared by comparing Dmean, D2%, V53Gy, V50Gy, and V40Gy.
As an index for plan comparison, the dose-average LET value and RBE-weighted dose were compared. The LET distribution was analysed in the same way as the evaluation indices of the RBE-weighted dose. In the case of LET indices for the CTV and rectum, the same indices as those used for RBE-weighted dose indices, that is, the LET covering 90% of the volume (=D90%), Dmean, D99%, D95%, and D2% were compared. However, V53Gy, V50Gy, and V40Gy were excluded from the evaluation indices because there were no prescribed LET values.
Shin H.B., Kim C., Han M.C., Hong C.S., Park S., Koom W.S, & Kim J.S. (2023). Dosimetric comparison of robust angles in carbon-ion radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Frontiers in Oncology, 13, 1054693.
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Publication 2023
Carbon Ion Radiotherapy Prostate Radiometry Rectum
2
Prostate Cancer Radiotherapy Simulation Study
Data for 10 patients, who had undergone treatment for prostate cancer using tomotherapy at Yonsei Cancer Center, were retrospectively applied to simulate CIRT. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Yonsei University Hospital (approval number: 4-2022-0502), and the patient records and information were anonymized prior to analysis. Ten patients in this study whose CT data is used in this study has previously received tomotherapy treatment. Computed tomography (CT) images were acquired within an hour of the start of the patient treatment session. The pixel resolution of scanned images was approximately 1.0 × 1.0 mm2, and the slice thickness of the images was fixed at 2.00 mm. All images were acquired using 16-slice CT scanners, Sensation Open (Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany) and Aquilion LB (Canon Medical Systems, Tokyo, Japan). Table 1 summarizes the attributes of the ten prostate patients included in this study.
Shin H.B., Kim C., Han M.C., Hong C.S., Park S., Koom W.S, & Kim J.S. (2023). Dosimetric comparison of robust angles in carbon-ion radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Frontiers in Oncology, 13, 1054693.
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Publication 2023
Carbon Ion Radiotherapy CAT SCANNERS X RAY Ethics Committees, Research Malignant Neoplasms Patients Prostate Prostate Cancer Tomotherapies, Helical X-Ray Computed Tomography
3
CIRT for Liver and Pancreatic Cancer: CT-MRI Image Datasets
Image datasets were collected from 24 patients affected by liver or pancreatic cancer and treated with CIRT at the National Centre for Oncological Hadrontherapy (CNAO, Pavia, Italy) between 2017 and 2021. Standard clinical workflow comprised the acquisition of a 4DCT followed by a 3D MRI on the same day, for contouring and planning preparation. The same immobilization setup, consisting of customized pillows (MOLDCARE Cushion, QFix, Avondale, PA, USA) and non-perforated body thermoplastic masks (Klarity Medical Products, Heath, OH, USA), was used both for CT and MRI acquisitions and treatment delivery. Acquisition in two different scanners along with re-positioning of the patient with the thermoplastic mask caused inter-acquisition motion. For 15 patients, re-evaluative images (both CT and MRI) were acquired during the treatment course with the same immobilizations setup and were considered independent from the first acquisition, leading to a total of 39 CT-MRI volume pairs collected. The study was approved by the local ethical committee, and all patients signed the informed consent (CNAO 37-2019 4D-MRI).
The 4DCTs were acquired during patient free breathing on a Siemens SOMATOM Sensation Open CT scanner (resolution 0.98 × 0.98 × 2 mm3). Clinical plans were optimized at end-exhale for gated treatments; as such, only this phase was used in this work to derive sCTs. CT acquisitions had a variable number of slices, resulting in a volume size of 512 × 512 × [96 − 145] voxels. MRI acquisitions were performed with a Siemens Magnetom Verio 3T scanner. Three-dimensional breath-hold T1-weighted volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE) sequences were acquired at end-exhale with 1.06 × 1.06 × 3 mm3 resolution (repetition time TR = 3.87 ms, echo time TE = 1.92 ms). For two patients, MRI acquisitions had a voxel size of 1.25 × 1.25 × 3 mm3 and 1.125 × 1.125 × 3 mm3. Most of the MRI acquisitions had 320 × 260 × 64 voxels, except for one having 88 transversal slices. Two CT-MRI volume pairs were discarded from the study because of the low quality of the acquired images. Therefore, 37 volume pairs were used: 32 pairs were exploited for cross-validation (CV) and training, while five pairs were randomly selected and held out for testing (Table 1) for more details on the treatment plans. All treatment plans were optimized with the RayStation (Raysearch Laboratories, Stockholm, Sweden—version 10.B) Treatment Planning System (TPS) on the end-exhale reconstructed CT phase and clinically approved. Corresponding organs at risk (OARs), gross tumor volume (GTV) and clinical target volume (CTV) were segmented by radiation oncologists. The relevant OARs included were kidneys, aorta, colon, duodenum, stomach and spinal cord.
Parrella G., Vai A., Nakas A., Garau N., Meschini G., Camagni F., Molinelli S., Barcellini A., Pella A., Ciocca M., Vitolo V., Orlandi E., Paganelli C, & Baroni G. (2023). Synthetic CT in Carbon Ion Radiotherapy of the Abdominal Site. Bioengineering, 10(2), 250.
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Publication 2023
Aorta ARID1A protein, human Carbon Ion Radiotherapy CAT SCANNERS X RAY Colon Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Duodenum ECHO protocol Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography Human Body Immobilization Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy Kidney Liver Neoplasms Obstetric Delivery Organs at Risk Pancreatic Carcinoma Patients Plan B Positioning, Patient Radiation Oncologists Scott Syndrome Spinal Cord Stomach
4
X-ray and Carbon Ion Irradiation of Cell Lines
Irradiation of cell lines was performed in standard 25 cm2culture flasks (for CII) or 60mm culture dish (for X-rays). A 225 kVp X-ray (13.30 mA) beam filtered with 2 mm AI by a XRAD225 from PXI Precision irradiator (Ge Inspection Technologies Shimadzu, Japan) at a dose rate of 3.2 Gy/min ± 0.02 was used for X-ray irradiation. Carbon Ion Irradiation was done using heavy ion synchrotron accelerator (Siemens, AG) (IONTRIS intensity modulated raster scan system) at SPHIC as described before.33 (link) Briefly, CII was delivered as a homogeneous extended Bragg peak with energy of 333.82 MeV/u. An advanced Markus chamber (TM34045, PTW, Germany) was used to verify the delivered dose at the cell layer. The delivered doses at the cell layer were verified by using an advanced Markus chamber. TRS-398 was used to calibrate the chamber. The dose averaged LET at the cell layer was calculated by using in-house software. The dose averaged linear energy transfer; (LETd) was 56.37 keV/μm on the target. The irradiation was done at room temperature. It has to be emphasized that the accelerator beam time was very limited which restricted the number of independent experiments.
Vashishta M., Kumar V., Guha C., Wu X, & Dwarakanath B.S. (2023). Enhanced Glycolysis Confers Resistance Against Photon but Not Carbon Ion Irradiation in Human Glioma Cell Lines. Cancer Management and Research, 15, 1-16.
Publication 2023
Carbon Ion Radiotherapy Cell Lines Cells Heavy Ions Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Linear Energy Transfer Radiography Radionuclide Imaging Radiotherapy Roentgen Rays
5
Carbon Ion Radiotherapy Protocol for Prostate Cancer
Patients received CIRT at QST Hospital, Japan, according to a comprehensive treatment protocol reported previously [12 (link),13 (link),14 (link),15 (link)]. CIRT targeting the prostate gland and seminal vesicle was administered once a day for 4 days per week. The radiation dose was measured in Gy (RBE) (physical carbon ion dose [Gy] × RBE). The RBE value for CIRT was estimated as 3.0 at the distal portion of the spread-out Bragg peak in prior investigations [12 (link),13 (link),14 (link),15 (link)]. The following dose fractionation scheme was employed in this study: 63.0 Gy (RBE) administered over 20 fractions (77 cases), 57.6 Gy (RBE) administered over 16 fractions (298 cases), and 51.6 Gy (RBE) administered over 12 fractions (295 cases).
Utsumi T., Suzuki H., Ishikawa H., Wakatsuki M., Okonogi N., Harada M., Ichikawa T., Akakura K., Murakami Y., Tsuji H, & Yamada S. (2023). Identification of Early Biochemical Recurrence Predictors in High-Risk Prostate Cancer Patients Treated with Carbon-Ion Radiotherapy and Androgen Deprivation Therapy. Current Oncology, 30(10), 8815-8825.
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Publication 2023
Carbon Carbon Ion Radiotherapy Patients Physical Examination Prostate Radiotherapy Radiotherapy Dose Fractionations Seminal Vesicles Treatment Protocols

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1
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More about "Carbon Ion Radiotherapy"

Carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) is an advanced form of radiation therapy that utilizes accelerated carbon ions to precisely target and destroy cancer cells.
This cutting-edge technique offers enhanced tumor targeting and reduced radiation exposure to surrounding healthy tissues, potentially improving outcomes for patients with challenging-to-treat cancers.
CIRT leverages the unique physical and biological properties of carbon ions to deliver a more localized and effective radiation dose to the tumor site.
Unlike traditional photon-based radiation therapy, carbon ions exhibit a characteristic Bragg peak, allowing for precise energy deposition within the target volume while minimizing damage to adjacent healthy tissues.
Research and development in CIRT has been supported by various advanced technologies, such as the RX-650 and X-RAD 320 systems, which provide the necessary infrastructure for particle acceleration and beam delivery.
Additionally, treatment planning tools like TomoTherapy and the TomoTherapy®-Planning Station, along with software like Syngo PT Planning (Version 13) and SAS 9.4, have been instrumental in optimizing CIRT protocols.
Researchers utilizing CIRT often culture cancer cells in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS) and maintain them in T25 flasks, leveraging RStudio under R4.0.0 for data analysis and protocol optimization.
By comparing CIRT protocols from literature, preprints, and patents using AI-driven tools like PubCompare.ai, scientists can efficiently identify the most promising treatment strategies and products, ultimately enhancing the efficacy and precision of carbon ion radiotherapy for challenging cancer cases.