For each alignment, BWA calculates a mapping quality score, which is the Phred-scaled probability of the alignment being incorrect. The algorithm is similar to MAQ's except that in BWA we assume the true hit can always be found. We made this modification because we are aware that MAQ's formula overestimates the probability of missing the true hit, which leads to underestimated mapping quality. Simulation reveals that BWA may overestimate mapping quality due to this modification, but the deviation is relatively small. For example, BWA wrongly aligns 11 reads out of 1 569 108 simulated 70 bp reads mapped with mapping quality 60. The error rate 7 × 10−6 (= 11/1 569 108) for these Q60 mappings is higher than the theoretical expectation 10−6.
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Procedures
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Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure
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Diet, Formula
Diet, Formula
Diet, Formula: The use of specially formulated food products for nutritional intake and dietary management.
These include infant formulas, nutritional supplements, and other specialized food products designed to provide specific nutritional requirements or to address particular health conditions.
Effective research and optimization of these dietary protocols can be facilitated through AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai, which help identify the most effective products and streamline the decision-making process.
These include infant formulas, nutritional supplements, and other specialized food products designed to provide specific nutritional requirements or to address particular health conditions.
Effective research and optimization of these dietary protocols can be facilitated through AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai, which help identify the most effective products and streamline the decision-making process.
Most cited protocols related to «Diet, Formula»
The basic principle of meta-analysis is to combine the evidence for association from individual studies, using appropriate weights. METAL implements two approaches. The first approach converts the direction of effect and P-value observed in each study into a signed Z-score such that very negative Z-scores indicate a small P-value and an allele associated with lower disease risk or quantitative trait levels, whereas large positive Z-scores indicate a small P-value and an allele associated with higher disease risk or quantitative trait levels. Z-scores for each allele are combined across samples in a weighted sum, with weights proportional to the square-root of the sample size for each study (Stouffer et al., 1949 ). In a study with unequal numbers of cases and controls, we recommend that the effective sample size be provided in the input file, where Neff = 4/(1/Ncases+1/Nctrls). This approach is very flexible and allows results to be combined even when effect size estimates are not available or the β-coefficients and standard errors from individual studies are in different units. The second approach implemented in METAL weights the effect size estimates, or β-coefficients, by their estimated standard errors. This second approach requires effect size estimates and their standard errors to be in consistent units across studies. Asymptotically, the two approaches are equivalent when the trait distribution is identical across samples (such that standard errors are a predictable function of sample size). Key formulae for both approaches are in Table 1 .
Formulae for meta-analysis
| Analytical strategy | ||
|---|---|---|
| Sample size based | Inverse variance based | |
| Inputs | Ni - sample size for study i | βi- effect size estimate for study i |
| Pi−P-value for study i | ||
| Δi - direction of effect for study i | sei - standard error for study i | |
| Intermediate Statistics | Zi = Φ−1(Pi/2) * sign(Δi) | wi = 1/SEi2 |
| Overall Z-Score | Z=β/SE | |
| Overall P-value | P=2Φ(|−Z|) | |
Alleles
Metals
Plant Roots
ESTIMATE outputs stromal, immune and ESTIMATE scores by performing ssGSEA13 (link)23 (link)37 (link). For a given sample, gene expression values were rank-normalized and rank-ordered. The empirical cumulative distribution functions of the genes in the signature and the remaining genes were calculated. A statistic was calculated by an integration of the difference between the empirical cumulative distribution function, which is similar to the one used in gene set-enrichment analysis but based on absolute expression rather than differential expression.
We defined ssGSEA based on the signatures related to stromal tissue and immune cell infiltration as stromal and immune scores and combined the stromal and immune scores as the ‘ESTIMATE score’. The formula for calculating ESTIMATE-based tumour purity was developed in TCGA Affymetrix data (n=1,001) including both the ESTIMATE score and ABSOLUTE-based tumour purity. To develop a precise prediction model for tumour purity, we excluded six outliers from all Affymetrix data by computing a multivariate outlier criterion based on the generalized extreme studentized deviate test57 58 using the Bioconductor Parametric and Resistant Outlier Detection (PARODY) package (Supplementary Fig. S8a ). Next, we entered both the ESTIMATE score and tumour purity to Eureqa Formuliza 0.97 Beta using the default setting59 . Eureqa attempts to design a mathematical formula that fits observed data employing an evolutionary algorithm60 (link). We obtained a fitted formula to predict tumour purity based on the ESTIMATE score. Finally, we applied this formula to the nonlinear least squares method (nls function for stats package) to determine the final formula for predicting tumour purity, as follows:
Tumour purity=cos (0.6049872018+0.0001467884 × ESTIMATE score). (1)
We defined ssGSEA based on the signatures related to stromal tissue and immune cell infiltration as stromal and immune scores and combined the stromal and immune scores as the ‘ESTIMATE score’. The formula for calculating ESTIMATE-based tumour purity was developed in TCGA Affymetrix data (n=1,001) including both the ESTIMATE score and ABSOLUTE-based tumour purity. To develop a precise prediction model for tumour purity, we excluded six outliers from all Affymetrix data by computing a multivariate outlier criterion based on the generalized extreme studentized deviate test57 58 using the Bioconductor Parametric and Resistant Outlier Detection (PARODY) package (
Tumour purity=cos (0.6049872018+0.0001467884 × ESTIMATE score). (1)
Biological Evolution
Gene Expression
Genes
Neoplasms
Operator, Genetic
Stromal Cells
Tissues
RNA-Seq profiles are formed from n RNA samples. Let πgi be the fraction of all cDNA fragments in the i-th sample that originate from gene g. Let G denote the total number of genes, so for each sample. Let denote the coefficient of variation (CV) (standard deviation divided by mean) of πgi between the replicates i. We denote the total number of mapped reads in library i by Ni and the number that map to the g-th gene by ygi. Then
Assuming that the count ygi follows a Poisson distribution for repeated sequencing runs of the same RNA sample, a well known formula for the variance of a mixture distribution implies:
Dividing both sides by gives
The first term 1/μgi is the squared CV for the Poisson distribution and the second is the squared CV of the unobserved expression values. The total CV2 therefore is the technical CV2 with which πgi is measured plus the biological CV2 of the true πgi. In this article, we call ϕg the dispersion and the biological CV although, strictly speaking, it captures all sources of the inter-library variation between replicates, including perhaps contributions from technical causes such as library preparation as well as true biological variation between samples.
Assuming that the count ygi follows a Poisson distribution for repeated sequencing runs of the same RNA sample, a well known formula for the variance of a mixture distribution implies:
Dividing both sides by gives
The first term 1/μgi is the squared CV for the Poisson distribution and the second is the squared CV of the unobserved expression values. The total CV2 therefore is the technical CV2 with which πgi is measured plus the biological CV2 of the true πgi. In this article, we call ϕg the dispersion and the biological CV although, strictly speaking, it captures all sources of the inter-library variation between replicates, including perhaps contributions from technical causes such as library preparation as well as true biological variation between samples.
Biopharmaceuticals
Chromosome Mapping
DNA, Complementary
DNA Library
Genes
RNA-Seq
With a single genetic variant j, the causal effect of the exposure on the outcome can be estimated using the ratio method (or Wald method17 ) as the coefficient from regression of the outcome on the genetic variant (denoted by ) divided by the coefficient from regression of the exposure on the variant (denoted ).18 (link) The reduced-form equation relating the outcome to the genetic variant j can be written as:
If the genetic variant is a valid IV, and the ratio method estimand (the quantity that is being estimated, denoted by ) is .
With multiple genetic variants, the causal effect of the exposure on the outcome can be estimated using the TSLS method.19 The TSLS estimate is a weighted average of the ratio estimates calculated using each genetic variant in turn.20 If the genetic variants are uncorrelated (in linkage equilibrium), then the causal effect can be estimated from summarized data on the genetic associations with the exposure and with the outcome as:21
where is the ratio method estimate for variant j, and is the standard error in the regression of the outcome on the jth genetic variant, assumed to be known. This same weighted average formula is used in a fixed-effect meta-analysis, where the IV-specific causal estimates are the study-specific estimates, and the weights are the inverse-variance weights.22 This summarized estimate, which we refer to as an inverse-variance weighted (IVW) estimate, will differ slightly from the TSLS estimate in finite samples, as the correlation between independent genetic variants will not exactly equal zero,23 (link) but the two estimates will be equal asymptotically (that is, they both tend towards the same quantity as their sample sizes increase towards infinity). However, an advantage of the IVW estimate is that it can be calculated from summarized data, whereas the TSLS estimate requires individual-level data. We assume for the remainder of the manuscript that the genetic variants are uncorrelated in their distributions (that is, knowledge of one does not help to predict the value of any other), as typically in Mendelian randomization one variant is taken from each gene region. Distantly located variants are usually uncorrelated; correlations between variants that are physically close can be found using an online tool such as [http://www.broadinstitute.org/mpg/snap/ldsearchpw.php ].
If genetic variant j is not a valid IV, in particular because it has a direct effect on the outcome ( ), then we have . The ratio estimate based on genetic variant j in an infinite sample will equal the true causal effect β plus an error term . In the same way, the TSLS and IVW estimates will tend towards:
This implies that the TSLS estimate is consistent when the assumption IV3 is true and all the parameters are zero. It is also consistent if the pleiotropic effects happen to cancel out, such that the bias term is equal to zero.24 (link) Although this will not be universally plausible, we explore the condition that the correlation between the genetic associations with the exposure (the parameters) and the direct effects of the genetic variants on the outcome (the parameters) is zero. We refer to the condition that the distributions of these parameters are independent as InSIDE (Instrument Strength Independent of Direct Effect). It can be viewed as a weaker version of the exclusion restriction assumption. This relaxation of the IV assumptions was recently investigated by Kolesár et al.,25 although their work differs from ours and is not presented within the context of Mendelian randomization.
If the genetic variant is a valid IV, and the ratio method estimand (the quantity that is being estimated, denoted by ) is .
With multiple genetic variants, the causal effect of the exposure on the outcome can be estimated using the TSLS method.19 The TSLS estimate is a weighted average of the ratio estimates calculated using each genetic variant in turn.20 If the genetic variants are uncorrelated (in linkage equilibrium), then the causal effect can be estimated from summarized data on the genetic associations with the exposure and with the outcome as:21
where is the ratio method estimate for variant j, and is the standard error in the regression of the outcome on the jth genetic variant, assumed to be known. This same weighted average formula is used in a fixed-effect meta-analysis, where the IV-specific causal estimates are the study-specific estimates, and the weights are the inverse-variance weights.22 This summarized estimate, which we refer to as an inverse-variance weighted (IVW) estimate, will differ slightly from the TSLS estimate in finite samples, as the correlation between independent genetic variants will not exactly equal zero,23 (link) but the two estimates will be equal asymptotically (that is, they both tend towards the same quantity as their sample sizes increase towards infinity). However, an advantage of the IVW estimate is that it can be calculated from summarized data, whereas the TSLS estimate requires individual-level data. We assume for the remainder of the manuscript that the genetic variants are uncorrelated in their distributions (that is, knowledge of one does not help to predict the value of any other), as typically in Mendelian randomization one variant is taken from each gene region. Distantly located variants are usually uncorrelated; correlations between variants that are physically close can be found using an online tool such as [
If genetic variant j is not a valid IV, in particular because it has a direct effect on the outcome ( ), then we have . The ratio estimate based on genetic variant j in an infinite sample will equal the true causal effect β plus an error term . In the same way, the TSLS and IVW estimates will tend towards:
This implies that the TSLS estimate is consistent when the assumption IV3 is true and all the parameters are zero. It is also consistent if the pleiotropic effects happen to cancel out, such that the bias term is equal to zero.24 (link) Although this will not be universally plausible, we explore the condition that the correlation between the genetic associations with the exposure (the parameters) and the direct effects of the genetic variants on the outcome (the parameters) is zero. We refer to the condition that the distributions of these parameters are independent as InSIDE (Instrument Strength Independent of Direct Effect). It can be viewed as a weaker version of the exclusion restriction assumption. This relaxation of the IV assumptions was recently investigated by Kolesár et al.,25 although their work differs from ours and is not presented within the context of Mendelian randomization.
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Genes
Genetic Diversity
Most recents protocols related to «Diet, Formula»
Example 49
The functional activity of compounds was determined in a cell line where p70S6K is constitutively activated. Test article was dissolved in DMSO to make a 10 μM stock. PathScan® Phospho-S6 Ribosomal Protein (Ser235/236) Sandwich ELISA Kit was purchased from Cell Signaling Technology. A549 lung cancer cell line, was purchased from American Type Culture Collection. A549 cells were grown in F-12K Medium supplemented with 10% FBS. 100 μg/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin were added to the culture media. Cultures were maintained at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 95% air. 2.0×105 cells were seeded in each well of 12-well tissue culture plates for overnight. Cells were treated with DMSO or test article (starting at 100 μM, 10-dose with 3 fold dilution) for 3 hours. The cells were washed once with ice cold PBS and lysed with 1× cell lysis buffer. Cell lysates were collected and samples were added to the appropriate wells of the ELISA plate. Plate was incubated for overnight at 4° C. 100 μL of reconstituted Phospho-S6 Ribosomal Protein (Ser235/236) Detection Antibody was added to each well and the plate was incubated at 37° C. for 1 hour. Wells were washed and 100 μl of reconstituted HRP-Linked secondary antibody was added to each well. The plate was incubated for 30 minutes at 37° C. Wash procedure was repeated and 100 μL of TMB Substrate was added to each well. The plate was incubated for 10 minutes at 37° C. 100 μL of STOP Solution was added to each well and the absorbance was read at 460 nm using Envision 2104 Multilabel Reader (PerkinElmer, Santa Clara, CA). IC50 curves were plotted and IC50 values were calculated using the GraphPad Prism 4 program based on a sigmoidal dose-response equation.
Unless otherwise noted, compounds that were tested had an IC50 of less than 50 μM in the S6K Binding assay. A=less than 0.05 μM; B=greater than 0.05 μM and less than 0.5 μM; C=greater than 0.5 μM and less than 10 μM;
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A549 Cells
Atmosphere
Biological Assay
Biopharmaceuticals
Buffers
Cell Lines
Cells
Cold Temperature
Culture Media
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Immunoglobulins
Lung Cancer
Penicillins
prisma
Psychological Inhibition
Ribosomal Proteins
Ribosomal Protein S6
Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa
Streptomycin
Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
Technique, Dilution
Tissues
EXAMPLE 1
In an AISI 316 steel vertical autoclave, equipped with baffles and a stirrer working at 570 rpm, 3.5 liter of demineralized water were introduced. The temperature was then brought to reaction temperature of 80° C. and the selected amount of 34% w/w aqueous solution of cyclic surfactant of formula (VI) as defined above, with Xa=NH4, was added. VDF and ethane were introduced to the selected pressure variation reported in Table 1. A gaseous mixture of TFE-VDF in the molar nominal ratio reported in Table 1 was subsequently added via a compressor until reaching a pressure of 20 bar. Then, the selected amount of a 3% by weight water solution of sodium persulfate (NaPS) as initiator was fed. The polymerization pressure was maintained constant by feeding the above mentioned TFE-VDF while adding the PPVE monomer at regular intervals until reaching the total amount indicated in the table 1.
When 1000 g of the mixture were fed, the reactor was cooled at room temperature, the latex was discharged, frozen for 48 hours and, once unfrozen, the coagulated polymer was washed with demineralized water and dried at 160° C. for 24 hours.
The composition of the obtained polymer F-1, as measured by NMR, was Polymer (F-1)(693/99): TFE (69.6% mol)—VDF (27.3% mol)—PPVE (2.1% mol), having melting point Tm=218° C. and MFI=5 g/10′.
The procedure of example 1 was repeated, by introducing the amount of ingredients indicated in the third column of Table 1.
The composition of the obtained polymer P-1, as measured by NMR, was Polymer (C-1)(693/67): TFE (71% mol)—VDF (28.5% mol)—PPVE (0.5% mol), having melting point Tm=249° C. and MFI=5 g/10′.
EXAMPLE 2
The procedure of example 1 was repeated, by introducing the amount of ingredients indicated in the second column of Table 1.
The composition of the obtained polymer F-2, as measured by NMR, was Polymer (F-1)(693/100): TFE (68% mol)—VDF (29.8% mol)—PPVE (2.2% mol), having melting point Tm=219° C. and MFI=1.5 g/10′.
In an AISI 316 steel horizontal reactor, equipped with a stirrer working at 42 rpm, 56 liter of demineralized water were introduced. The temperature was then brought to reaction temperature of 65° C. and the selected amount of 40% w/w aqueous solution of cyclic surfactant of formula (VI) as defined above, with X1=NH4, was added. VDF and ethane were introduced to the selected pressure variation reported in Table 1.
A gaseous mixture of TFE-VDF in the molar nominal ratio reported in Table 1 was subsequently added via a compressor until reaching a pressure of 20 bar.
Then, the selected amount of a 0.25% by weight water solution of sodium persulfate (NaPS) as initiator was fed. The polymerization pressure was maintained constant by feeding the above mentioned TFE-VDF while adding the PPVE monomer at regular intervals until reaching the total amount indicated in the table 1.
When 16000 g of the mixture were fed, the reactor was cooled at room temperature, the latex was discharged, frozen for 48 hours and, once unfrozen, the coagulated polymer was washed with demineralized water and dried at 160° C. for 24 hours. The composition of the obtained polymer C-2, as measured by NMR, was Polymer (C-2)(SA1100): TFE (70.4% mol)—VDF (29.2% mol)—PPVE (0.4% mol), having melting point Tm=232° C. and MFI=8 g/10′.
EXAMPLE 3
The procedure of Comparative Example 2 was repeated, by introducing the following changes:
-
- demineralized water introduced into the reactor: 66 litres;
- polymerization temperature of 80° C.
- polymerization pressure: 12 abs bar
- Initiator solution concentration of 6% by weight
- MVE introduced in the amount indicated in table 1
- Overall amount of monomers mixture fed in the reactor: 10 000 g, with molar ratio TFE/VDF as indicated in Table 1.
All the amount of ingredients are indicated in the fifth column of Table 1.
The composition of the obtained polymer (C-3), as measured by NMR, was Polymer (C-3)(693/22): TFE (72.1% mol)—VDF (26% mol)—PMVE (1.9% mol), having melting point Tm=226° C. and MFI=8 g/10′.
The results regarding polymers (F-1), (F-2) of the invention, and comparative (C-1), (C-2) and (C-3) are set forth in Table 2 here below
In particular, the polymer (F) of the present invention as notably represented by the polymers (F-1), (F-2), surprisingly exhibits a higher elongation at break at 200° C. as compared to the polymers (C-1) and (C-2) of the prior art.
Also, the polymer (F) of the present invention as notably represented by the polymers (F-1), (F-2), despite its lower tensile modulus, which remains nevertheless in a range perfectly acceptable for various fields of use, surprisingly exhibits a higher strain hardening rate by plastic deformation as compared to the polymers (C-1) and (C-2) of the prior art.
Finally, the polymer (F) of the present invention as notably represented by the polymers (F-1) and (F-2) surprisingly exhibits higher environmental stress resistance when immersed in fuels as compared to the polymers (C-1) and (C-2) of the prior art.
Yet, comparison of polymer (F) according to the present invention with performances of polymer (C-3) comprising perfluoromethylvinylether (FMVE) as modifying monomer shows the criticality of selecting perfluoropropylvinylether: indeed, FMVE is shown producing at similar monomer amounts, copolymer possessing too high stiffness, and hence low elongation at break, unsuitable for being used e.g. in O&G applications.
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Ethane
Fluorocarbon Polymers
Freezing
G-800
Gases
Latex
Molar
N-(4-aminophenethyl)spiroperidol
Nevus
Partial Pressure
Polymerization
Polymers
Pressure
Sclerosis
sodium persulfate
Steel
Surface-Active Agents
Example 1
The effect of Tu on the electrochemical behavior of a chalcopyrite electrode was studied in a conventional 3-electrode glass-jacketed cell. A CuFeS2 electrode was using as working electrode, a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) was used as reference, and a graphite bar was used as counter-electrode. The CuFeS2 electrode was polished using 600 and 1200 grit carbide paper. All experiments were conducted at 25° C. using a controlled temperature water bath. The electrolyte composition was 500 mM H2SO4, 20 mM Fe2SO4 and 0-100 mM Tu. Before starting any measurement, solutions were bubbled with N2 for 30 minutes to reduce the concentration of dissolved 02. Open circuit potential (OCP) was recorded until changes of no more than 0.1 mV/min were observed. After a steady OCP value was observed, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was conducted at OCP using a 5 mV a.c. sinusoidal perturbation from 10 kHz to 10 mHz. Linear polarization resistance (LPR) tests were also conducted using a scan rate of 0.05 mV/s at ±15 mV from OCP.
Linear potential scans were conducted at electrode potentials ±15 mV from the OCP measured at each Tu concentration. All scans showed a linear behavior within the electrode potential range analyzed. An increase in the slope of the experimental plots was observed with increasing Tu concentration. The slope of these curves was used to estimate the value of the polarization resistance (Ret) at each concentration. These values were then used to estimate the values of the dissolution current density using equation 1:
A column leach of different acid-cured copper ores was conducted with Tu added to the leach solution. A schematic description of the column setup is shown in
The specific mineralogical composition of these ores are provided in Table 1. The Cu contents of Ore A, Ore B, and Ore C were 0.52%, 1.03%, and 1.22% w/w, respectively. Prior to leaching, ore was “acid cured” to neutralize the acid-consuming material present in the ore.
That is, the ore was mixed with a concentrated sulfuric acid solution composed of 80% concentrated sulfuric acid and 20% de-ionized water and allowed to sit for 72 hours. For one treatment using Ore C, Tu was added to the sulfuric acid curing solutions.
The initial composition of the leaching solutions included 2.2 g/L Fe (i.e. 40 mM, provided as ferric sulfate) and pH 2 for the control experiment, with or without 0.76 g/L Tu (i.e. 10 mM). The initial load of mineral in each column was 1.6 to 1.8 kg of ore. The superficial velocity of solution through the ore column was 7.4 L m−2 h−1. The pH was adjusted using diluted sulfuric acid. These two columns were maintained in an open-loop or open cycle configuration (i.e. no solution recycle) for the entire leaching period.
The results of leaching tests on the Ore A, Ore B and Ore C are shown in
Referring to
The averages for the last 7 days reported in
“Bottle roll” leaching experiments in the presence of various concentrations of Tu were conducted for coarse Ore A and Ore B. The tests were conducted using coarsely crushed (100% passing ½ inch) ore.
Prior to leaching, the ore was cured using a procedure similar to what was performed on the ore used in the column leaching experiments. The ore was mixed with a concentrated sulfuric acid solution composed of 80% concentrated sulfuric acid and 20% de-ionized water and allowed to settle for 72 hours to neutralize the acid-consuming material present in the ore. For several experiments, different concentrations of Tu were added to the ore using the sulfuric acid curing solutions.
The bottles used for the experiments were 20 cm long and 12.5 cm in diameter. Each bottle was loaded with 180 g of cured ore and 420 g of leaching solution, filling up to around one third of the bottle's volume.
The leaching solution from each bottle was sampled at 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours, and then every 24 hours thereafter. Samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) for their copper content.
The conditions for the bottle roll experiments are listed in Table 2. Experiments #1 to #6 were conducted using only the original addition of Tu into the bottles. For experiments #7 to #11, Tu was added every 24 hours to re-establish the Tu concentration.
A positive effect of Tu on copper leaching was observed. For the coarse ore experiments, a plateau was not observed until after 80 to 120 hours. Tu was added periodically to the coarse ore experiments, yielding positive results on copper dissolution.
The effect of different concentrations of Tu in the leach solution on the leaching of coarse ore (experiments #1 to #11 as described in Table 2) is shown in
For ore B, Tu was periodically added every 24 hours to re-establish the thioruea concentration in the system and thus better emulate the conditions in the column leach experiments. As may be observed from
As may be observed from
Interestingly, solutions containing 100 mM Tu did not appear to be much more effective on copper extraction than those containing no Tu, and even worse at some time points. This is consistent with the results of Deschenes and Ghali, which reported that solutions containing 200 mM Tu (i.e. 15 g/L) did not improve copper extraction from chalcopyrite. Tu is less stable at high concentrations and decomposes. Accordingly, it is possible that, when initial Tu concentrations are somewhat higher than 30 mM, sufficient elemental sulfur may be produced by decomposition of Tu to form a film on the chalcopyrite mineral and thereby assist in its passivation. It is also possible that, at high Tu dosages, some copper precipitates from solution (e.g. see
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Acids
actinolite
Bath
biotite
Calcite
calomel
Carbonate, Calcium
Cells
chalcopyrite
Chemoradiotherapy
Copper
Dielectric Spectroscopy
diopside
Electrolytes
factor A
feldspar
ferric sulfate
ferrous disulfide
galena
Graphite
Gypsum
hematite
Kaolinite
Magnetite
Minerals
muscovite
Oxide, Ferrosoferric
plagioclase
Quartz
Radionuclide Imaging
Recycling
rutile
siderite
Sinusoidal Beds
Spectrophotometry, Atomic Absorption
Suby's G solution
Sulfur
sulfuric acid
TU-100
Example 22
To a four-necked flask (1 L volume) equipped with stirring blades, a thermometer, a dropping funnel and a condenser tube, 500 mL of toluene, 30.6 g (0.11 mol) of 4,4′-(propane-2,2-diyl)bis(isocyanate-benzene), and 63.1 mg of p-methoxyphenol were added and dissolved. Next, 14.3 g (0.11 mol) of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate was weighed in a beaker, 150 mL of toluene was added, and the mixture was stirred thoroughly and transferred to a dropping funnel. The four-necked flask was immersed in an oil bath heated to 80° C., and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate was added dropwise with stirring. After completion of the dropwise addition, the reaction was continued while maintaining the temperature of an oil bath for 24 hours, leading to aging. After completion of the aging, the four-necked flask was removed from the oil bath and the reaction product was returned to room temperature, and then HPLC and FT-IR measurements were performed. Analysis conditions of the HPLC measurement are as follows: a column of ZORBAX-ODS, acetonitrile/distilled water of 7/3, a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min, a multi-scanning UV detector, an RI detector and an MS detector. The FT-IR measurement was performed by an ATR method. As a result of the HPLC measurement, the raw materials 4,4′-(propane-2,2-diyl)bis(isocyanate-benzene) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate disappeared and a new peak of 2-(((4-(2-(4-isocyanate-phenyl)propane-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)oxy)ethyl methacrylate (molecular weight 408.45) was confirmed. As a result of FT-IR measurement, a decrease in isocyanate absorption intensity at 2280-2250 cm−1 and a disappearance of hydroxy group absorption near 3300 cm−1 were confirmed, and a new absorption attributed to urethane group at 1250 cm−1 was confirmed. Next, to a toluene solution containing 40.8 g (0.10 mol) of the precursor compound synthesized in the above procedure, 22.2 g (0.10 mol) of 3-(triethoxysilyl)propan-1-ol was added dropwise with stirring. The reaction was performed with the immersion in an oil bath heated to 80° C. in the same way as in the first step. After completion of the dropwise addition, the reaction was continued for 24 hours, leading to aging. After completion of the aging, HPLC and FT-IR measurements were performed. As a result of the HPLC measurement, the peaks of the raw materials 2-(((4-(2-(4-isocyanate-phenyl)propane-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)oxy)ethyl methacrylate and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propan-1-ol disappeared and 2-(((4-(2-(4-(((3-(triethoxysilyl)propoxy)carbonyl)amino)phenyl)propan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)oxy)ethyl methacrylate (molecular weight 630.81) was confirmed. As a result of FT-IR measurement, a disappearance of isocyanate absorption at 2280-2250 cm−1 and a disappearance of hydroxy group absorption near 3300 cm−1 were confirmed. The chemical structure formula of the compound synthesized in this synthetic example are described below.
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2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate
acetonitrile
Anabolism
Bath
Benzene
ethylmethacrylate
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies
Isocyanates
Propane
Silanes
Submersion
Thermometers
Toluene
Urethane
Example 5
In some embodiments, the disclosed ECP has a formula of
The ECP-5 is synthesized by preparing a naphthalene-containing reaction unit and then polymerizing it with an AcDOT unit. The detail method includes the following steps:
Step 5-1: preparing naphthalene-containing reaction unit (compound 10) by two steps.
To a solution of compound 11 in dichloromethane was added dropwise a solution of bromine in dichloromethane over 15 minutes at −78° C. The reaction mixture is stirred for 2 hours at −78° C. and then warmed gradually to room temperature and stay at room temperature for an additional 2 hours. The excess bromine was quenched by saturated aqueous sodium sulfite solution and stirred for 2 hours at room temperature. After extraction with dichloromethane, the combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuum.
Compound 12 is dissolved in DMF under N2, K2CO3 is added to the solution, and the reaction mixture is stirred for 15 minutes, after which 2-ethylexyl bromide is added. The reaction mixture is stirred at 100° C. overnight. The reaction is stopped and cooled down to room temperature. The solvent is removed in vacuum, and the residue is dissolved in diethyl ether. The organic phase is washed with water, and the aqueous phases are extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases are dried by vacuum.
Step 5-2: polymerization: The polymerization method is similar to that in step 1-1, only differs on the reaction units. The reaction units here are the naphthalene-containing reaction unit (compound 10) and AcDOT (compound 8).
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brine
Bromides
Bromine
ethyl acetate
Ethyl Ether
Methylene Chloride
naphthalene
Polymerization
potassium carbonate
sodium sulfate
sodium sulfite
Solvents
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Top products related to «Diet, Formula»
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TRIzol reagent is a monophasic solution of phenol, guanidine isothiocyanate, and other proprietary components designed for the isolation of total RNA, DNA, and proteins from a variety of biological samples. The reagent maintains the integrity of the RNA while disrupting cells and dissolving cell components.
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Matrigel is a solubilized basement membrane preparation extracted from the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) mouse sarcoma, a tumor rich in extracellular matrix proteins. It is widely used as a substrate for the in vitro cultivation of cells, particularly those that require a more physiologically relevant microenvironment for growth and differentiation.
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BALB/c nude mice are an inbred strain of mice that lack a functional immune system due to a genetic mutation. They are athymic, meaning they lack a thymus gland, which is essential for the development of T cells. This results in a severely compromised adaptive immune response. BALB/c nude mice are commonly used in biomedical research for the study of human diseases, the evaluation of new therapies, and the development of xenograft models.
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TRIzol is a monophasic solution of phenol and guanidine isothiocyanate that is used for the isolation of total RNA from various biological samples. It is a reagent designed to facilitate the disruption of cells and the subsequent isolation of RNA.
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The RNeasy Mini Kit is a laboratory equipment designed for the purification of total RNA from a variety of sample types, including animal cells, tissues, and other biological materials. The kit utilizes a silica-based membrane technology to selectively bind and isolate RNA molecules, allowing for efficient extraction and recovery of high-quality RNA.
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Matrigel is a complex mixture of extracellular matrix proteins derived from Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) mouse sarcoma cells. It is widely used as a basement membrane matrix to support the growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis of various cell types in cell culture applications.
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Prism 8 is a data analysis and graphing software developed by GraphPad. It is designed for researchers to visualize, analyze, and present scientific data.
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The High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit is a laboratory tool used to convert RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) molecules. It provides a reliable and efficient method for performing reverse transcription, a fundamental step in various molecular biology applications.
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GraphPad Prism 5 is a data analysis and graphing software. It provides tools for data organization, statistical analysis, and visual representation of results.
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MTT is a colorimetric assay used to measure cell metabolic activity. It is a lab equipment product developed by Merck Group. MTT is a tetrazolium dye that is reduced by metabolically active cells, producing a colored formazan product that can be quantified spectrophotometrically.
More about "Diet, Formula"
Dietary formulations, nutritional supplements, and specialized food products are essential for addressing specific nutritional needs and health conditions.
These include infant formulas, enteral nutrition, and therapeutic diets.
Effective research and optimization of these dietary protocols can be facilitated through AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai, which help identify the most effective products and streamline the decision-making process.
The use of TRIzol reagent, a phenol-based solution, is a common method for extracting high-quality RNA from biological samples.
Similarly, Matrigel, a basement membrane matrix derived from Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) mouse sarcoma cells, is widely used in cell culture and tissue engineering applications.
BALB/c nude mice, a strain of immunodeficient mice, are often employed in preclinical research, particularly for studying tumor growth and evaluating the efficacy of dietary interventions.
Other relevant tools and techniques include the RNeasy Mini Kit for purifying RNA, Prism 8 for data visualization and statistical analysis, the High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit for converting RNA to cDNA, and GraphPad Prism 5 for advanced data analysis and graphing.
The MTT assay is a colorimetric method used to assess cell viability and proliferation, which can be useful in evaluating the impact of dietary supplements or formulations on cell health.
By leveraging these insights and the power of AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai, researchers can streamline their work, optimize dietary protocols, and make more informed decisions in the field of nutrition and health.
These include infant formulas, enteral nutrition, and therapeutic diets.
Effective research and optimization of these dietary protocols can be facilitated through AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai, which help identify the most effective products and streamline the decision-making process.
The use of TRIzol reagent, a phenol-based solution, is a common method for extracting high-quality RNA from biological samples.
Similarly, Matrigel, a basement membrane matrix derived from Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) mouse sarcoma cells, is widely used in cell culture and tissue engineering applications.
BALB/c nude mice, a strain of immunodeficient mice, are often employed in preclinical research, particularly for studying tumor growth and evaluating the efficacy of dietary interventions.
Other relevant tools and techniques include the RNeasy Mini Kit for purifying RNA, Prism 8 for data visualization and statistical analysis, the High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit for converting RNA to cDNA, and GraphPad Prism 5 for advanced data analysis and graphing.
The MTT assay is a colorimetric method used to assess cell viability and proliferation, which can be useful in evaluating the impact of dietary supplements or formulations on cell health.
By leveraging these insights and the power of AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai, researchers can streamline their work, optimize dietary protocols, and make more informed decisions in the field of nutrition and health.