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> Procedures > Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure > Heart Arrest, Induced

Heart Arrest, Induced

Induced heart arrest, also known as controlled cardiac arrest, is a medical intervention where the heart's activity is temporarily stopped or slowed down, usually in preparation for a surgical procedure.
This technique is commonly used in cardiac surgeries, allowing surgeons to operate on a still and bloodless heart, improving visibility and precision.
The process typically involves the administration of cardioplegic solutions or other pharmacological agents to induce a state of reversible cardiac arrest.
Proper management of induced heart arrest is crucial to ensure patient safety and successful surgical outcomes.
Researchers studying this procedure can leverage PubCompare.ai, an AI-driven platform, to optimize their research by easily locating the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, and leveraging AI-driven insights to identify the most efective products and procedures.
Experiance the power of PubCompare.ai for your induced heart arrest research needs.

Most cited protocols related to «Heart Arrest, Induced»

1
Optical Mapping of Cardiac Electrophysiology
Cited 21 times
After 20–30 minutes of washout, gradual warming after cold cardioplegia to 37°C, tissue recovery, and stabilization, the wedges were stained with 4 μM di-4-ANEPPS (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR), a membrane potential-sensitive fluorescent dye having no known electrophysiological effects and used widely in optical mapping studies in hearts of many species.
We immobilized the wedges with 10 μM Blebbistatin (Tocris Bioscience, Ellisville, MO) which inhibits the adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) associated with class II myosin isoforms in an actin-detached state, and thus successfully blocks cardiac contraction without any effect on electrical activity, including ECG parameters, atrial and ventricular effective refractory periods, and atrial and ventricular activation patterns in many mammalian species.21 (link), 22 (link) We used microelectrode recordings to validate the effect of Blebbistatin in the human ventricle (see Online Supplement).
The wedges were paced at the endocardium by 5–10 ms pulses at 2 × diastolic current thresholds at a pacing cycle length (CL) ranging from 4,000ms to the ventricular functional refractory period. Two Ag/AgCl electrodes were immersed into the superfusion solution, one at the epicardial and the other at the endocardial side, to document the transmural pseudo-ECG (Fig. 1C).
An optical mapping system23 with a 100×100 pixels resolution MiCAM Ultima-L CMOS camera (SciMedia, USA Ltd., CA) collected the fluorescent light from an area of 2–3 cm by 2–3 cm (Fig. 1B) on the cut-exposed transmural surface of the wedge. Optical action potentials (APs) were recorded from the transmural optical field of view (20×20 to 30×30 mm2) with a spatial resolution of 200–300 μm/pixel at a rate of 1,000 frames/s (Fig. 1C). The fluorescent signals were amplified, digitized, and visualized during experiment using specialized software (SciMedia, USA Ltd., CA)
Glukhov A.V., Fedorov V.V., Lou Q., Ravikumar V.K., Kalish P.W., Schuessler R.B., Moazami N, & Efimov I.R. (2010). Transmural Dispersion of Repolarization in Failing and Non Failing Human Ventricle. Circulation research, 106(5), 981-991.
Publication 2010
1-(3-sulfonatopropyl)-4-(beta)(2-(di-n-butylamino)-6-naphthylvinyl)pyridinium betaine Actins Action Potentials Adenosine Triphosphatases blebbistatin Cerebral Ventricles Chronic multifocal osteomyelitis CM 2-3 Cold Temperature Diastole Dietary Supplements Electricity Endocardium Fluorescent Dyes Heart Heart Arrest, Induced Heart Atrium Heart Ventricle Homo sapiens Light Mammals Membrane Potentials Microelectrodes Molecular Probes Myocardial Contraction Myosin Type II Protein Isoforms Pulse Rate Reading Frames Tissues Vision
2
Canine Model of Dyssynchronous Heart Failure
Cited 7 times
Details of the canine model were recently reported19 (link). Briefly, dogs (n=32) were subjected to left bundle radiofrequency ablation followed by 6-wks of atrial tachypacing (~200 bpm, dyssynchronous heart failure, DHF) or 3-wks atrial pacing (dyssynchrony) and then 3 weeks bi-ventricular pacing (LV lateral and RV antero-apical epiardium) at the same rapid rate (CRT). Sham DHF dogs (n=3) with both surgical ventricular leads placed but not utilized were also studied. Non-instrumented dogs (n=13) served as controls. Echo and tissue Doppler studies were performed at 3 and 6 weeks in conscious animals to assess LV dysynchrony19 (link), chamber dimensions, and ejection fraction.
At terminal study, dogs were anesthetized with pentobarbital, pacing suspended, and a micromanometer (Millar, Houston, TX) advanced to record LV pressures. The chest was opened, hearts rapidly harvested under cold cardioplegia and myocardium frozen for tissue analysis (endocardial and mid/epicardial segments from septum and LV lateral) or for myocyte isolation from anterior-septum and lateral walls. Details of these procedures have been reported20 (link),21 (link) and are also provided in supplemental online methods.
Eight additional animals were chronically instrumented with sonomicrometers to derive left ventricular volume (Sonometrics, WA) and micromanometer (Konigsberg, CA) to measure LV pressure, assigned to CRT or DHF groups, and LV function assessed in the conscious state at both 3 and 6 weeks to obtain paired invasive hemodynamic data.
Chakir K., Daya S.K., Aiba T., Tunin R.S., Dimaano V.L., Abraham T.P., Jacques K., Lai E.W., Pacak K., Zhu W.Z., Xiao R.P., Tomaselli G.F, & Kass D.A. (2009). Mechanisms of Enhanced Beta-adrenergic Reserve From Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Circulation, 119(9), 1231-1240.
Publication 2009
Animals Canis familiaris Chest Common Cold Congestive Heart Failure Consciousness Echocardiography, Doppler ECHO protocol Endocardium Freezing Heart Heart Arrest, Induced Heart Atrium Heart Ventricle Hemodynamics isolation Left Ventricles Muscle Cells Myocardium Operative Surgical Procedures Pentobarbital Pressure Radiofrequency Ablation Tissues
3
Cardiac Tissue Harvesting and Analysis
Cited 6 times

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Publication 2009
Abdominal Cavity Ascending Aorta Biopsy Cold Temperature epoxomicin Freezing Heart Heart Arrest, Induced Heparin Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Isoflurane Left Ventricles Males Normal Saline Rattus norvegicus Thoracotomy Tissues Vena Cavas, Inferior Venae Cavae Viaspan
4
Atrial Appendage Harvesting and Analysis
Cited 6 times
Samples of right atrial appendage were harvested from clinically similar patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery before and after exposure of the heart to blood CP and short-term reperfusion under conditions of cardiopulmonary bypass. Samples were harvested with cold sharp dissection and handled in a nontraumatic fashion. Double 3-0 polypropylene pursestring sutures (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ) were placed in the atrial appendage. During placement of the venous cannula, the first sample of atrial appendage was harvested before cardioplegia and reperfusion (pre-CP Rep). The superior suture was tightened to secure the venous cannula. The inferior suture remained loose to allow this portion of the atrium to be perfused with blood, exposed to blood CP, and reperfused (post-CP Rep) after removal of the aortic crossclamp. An initial 800 to 1000 mL of cold-blood (0°C to 4°C) hyperkalemic (15 mmol/L K+) cardioplegic solution was delivered antegrade into the aortic root. This was followed at 8- to 15-minute intervals with 250 to 300 mL of cold CP solution (15 mmol/L K+). The CP solutions consisted of a mixture of oxygenated blood with crystalloid solution of the following final composition (in mmol/L): 15 KCl, 3.5 MgSO4, 135NaCl, 1.0 CaCl2, 11 glucose, 11 mannitol, and 4 tromethamine.
The second sample of atrial appendage was harvested during removal of the venous cannula. Tissue samples for immunoblot analysis assay were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. Tissue for immunofluorescent staining was fixed in 10% formalin-buffered solution for 24 hours followed by paraffin mounting and sectioning into 5-μm slices. Tissue for microvascular studies was placed in cold (5° to 10°C) Krebs buffer solution. All procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, and informed consent was obtained from all enrolled patients required by the Institutional Review Board.
Feng J., Liu Y., Clements R.T., Sodha N.R., Khabbaz K.R., Senthilnathan V., Nishimura K.K., Alper S.L, & Sellke F.W. (2008). Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels Contribute to Human Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction After Cardioplegic Arrest. Circulation, 118(14 Suppl), S46-S51.
Publication 2008
Aorta Aortic Root Atrium, Right Auricular Appendage Biological Assay BLOOD Buffers Cannula Cannulation Cardioplegic Solutions Cardiopulmonary Bypass Cold Temperature Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Dissection Ethics Committees, Research Fluorescent Antibody Technique Formalin Freezing Glucose Heart Heart Arrest, Induced Heart Atrium Immunoblotting Krebs-Ringer solution Mannitol Nitrogen Paraffin Patients Polypropylenes Reperfusion Solutions, Crystalloid Sulfate, Magnesium Sutures Tissues Tissue Stains Tromethamine Veins
5
Mitral Annulus Marker Implantation in Sheep
Cited 5 times

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Publication 2009
Adult Cardiopulmonary Bypass Heart Heart Arrest, Induced Hybrids Inhalation Isoflurane Ketamine Males Pericardium Radio-Opaque acrylic resin Sheep Thiopental Sodium Thoracotomy

Most recents protocols related to «Heart Arrest, Induced»

1
Donor Heart Preservation Strategies
The donor hearts preserved by ESMP were predominantly transplanted in the UK, with 19 of the 21 cases performed in the Royal Papworth Hospital, UK. The additional 2 hearts were from UNMC, US. In the UK, it was policy to preserve all hearts with ESMP. However, 4 hearts were preserved with CS due to the fact that the donors were in the same hospital as the recipient and therefore there was no need for the use of ESMP, due to the short ischaemic times. In UNMC the 2 hearts were preserved with ESMP because of the expected cold ischemia time greater than 4 h (distance between recovery and implant centre greater than 1000 nautical miles). All hearts from Belgium, Spain and Vanderbilt, US, NYU, US and the remaining 10 hearts from UNMC were preserved with CS. This decision was made in part for financial reasons. At NYU all donors and recipients were co-located and the heart was briefly placed in CS. It is worth noting that the taNRP protocol is the same between ESMP and CS groups. It is only after cardiac function has been restored and assessed, that the heart is then procured and subsequently either placed on ice (i.e. CS) or onto a machine to perfuse the heart (i.e., ESMP).
FTIT – Functional Total Ischaemic Time - Time of ischaemia from systolic blood pressure <50 mmHg until reperfusion.
FWIT – Functional Warm Ischaemic Time - Time of ischaemia from systolic blood pressure <50 mmHg until cold cardioplegia.
FCIT – Functional Cold Ischaemic Time - time of cold cardioplegia until reperfusion ex-situ.
Cold Ischaemic Time – Time of donor cross-clamp to reperfusion in the recipient. This only applies to hearts preserved with CS after recovery.
Therefore, in taNRP FWIT is the same as FTIT.
Additional information on the centres involved, the definition of high-volume centres and method of cannulation can be found in the supplementary information.
Louca J., Öchsner M., Shah A., Hoffman J., Vilchez F.G., Garrido I., Royo-Villanova M., Domínguez-Gil B., Smith D., James L., Moazami N., Rega F., Brouckaert J., Van Cleemput J., Vandendriessche K., Tchana-Sato V., Bandiougou D., Urban M., Manara A., Berman M., Messer S, & Large S. (2023). The international experience of in-situ recovery of the DCD heart: a multicentre retrospective observational study. eClinicalMedicine, 58, 101887.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Cannulation Donors Heart Heart Arrest, Induced Ischemia Reperfusion Systolic Pressure
2
Isolated Swine Kidney Perfusion
Healthy male Yorkshire swine (80–90 kg) were used following approval from the University of Minnesota's Animal Care and Use Committee. Telazol (≤500 mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly, and intravenous access was obtained through an ear vein for volume administration and delivery of Methohexital (≤50 mg/kg) and other medication(s) as needed. The animal was then intubated, and isoflurane was continuously administered to maintain a 1‐to‐1.5 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC). Once under a full plane of anesthesia, a medial sternotomy was performed to access the heart to allow for a standard cardioplegia protocol using a St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution (NaCl 110.0 mM, NaHCO3 10.0 mM, KCl 16.0 mM, MgCl2 16.0 mM, CaCl2 1.2 mM, pH 7.8). Immediately postheart recovery, a laparotomy was performed to expose the abdominal cavity and abdominal organs. The peritoneal lining, and all the organs within, were carefully dissected away to access the retroperitoneal space. From there, a tissue block including the dorsal muscles, aorta, inferior vena cava (IVC), bilateral kidneys, renal arteries, renal veins, and ureters were extracted to ensure anatomical integrity. Once extracted, the kidney block was carefully prepared for isolated ex vivo perfusion.
Valenzuela T.F., Schinstock E., Kohnle S., Latib A., Bliagos D., Tunev S, & Iaizzo P.A. (2023). Preclinical research performed on reanimated/perfused swine kidneys: The Visible Kidney™ methodologies. Physiological Reports, 11(5), e15630.
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Publication 2023
Abdomen Abdominal Cavity Anesthesia Animals Aorta Bicarbonate, Sodium Heart Heart Arrest, Induced Isoflurane Kidney Laparotomy Magnesium Chloride Males Methohexital Muscle, Back Obstetric Delivery Perfusion Peritoneum Pharmaceutical Preparations Pigs Renal Artery Retroperitoneal Space Sodium Chloride Sternotomy Telazol Thomas' solution Tissues Ureter Vein, Renal Veins Vena Cavas, Inferior
3
Cardiac Trabecular Muscle Ischemia-Reperfusion
Fresh control hearts were perfused with cardioplegic solution (Plegisol®, Medline, Arnhem, Holland, modified with increased KCl to 23 mM) in anesthetized animals. The hearts were exercised and cooled (4°C) in cold cardioplegia for 30 min before further preparation. Trabecular muscles, free from side branches, were identified in the right ventricular wall, and carefully dissected. Sutures (6/0 silk) were tied at each end, and the preparations were transferred to 50 ml open organ glass baths filled with Krebs’ solution at 37°C gassed with 95/5% O2/CO2 giving a pH of 7.4. The muscles were mounted vertically, with one end attached to a fixed pin in the bath, and the other connected to a Grass FT03 force transducer. Stimulation was applied using a Grass S48 stimulator at 0.5 Hz, 0.5 ms pulse duration and supramaximal voltage. The muscles were allowed to accommodate for about 20 min. When stable contractions could be elicited, the preparations were stretched to a length giving maximal force (about 1.3 × slack length). Initial maximal force responses were recorded on all preparations. The trabecular preparations varied in absolute active force generation between 3 and 10 mN depending on size. Preparations giving less than 3 mN or having increased basal tone during accommodation were excluded. Ischemia/hypoxia was induced by transfer to Krebs’ solution made without glucose, and with the bath gassed with 95/5% N2/CO2. Using a polarographic O2 electrode (MLT1120, ADInstruments), the O2 pressure in the bath was monitored. With N2/CO2 gassing, PO2 reached below 7 mmHg in about 4 min. The ischemia/hypoxia was maintained for 30 min during which stimulation was continued. Thereafter, normal Krebs’ solution and O2 were reintroduced, and the recovery phase of the muscles was followed for 30 min. Samples for ATP/PCr measurements were taken after accommodation and at the end of the ischemia/hypoxia period.
Different solutions were examined during the hypoxia period: glucose-free Krebs’, modified Plegisol®, glucose-free Krebs’ with 23 mM KCl or 16 mM MgCl2. To examine the effect of MYK-461, the compound was introduced 20 min prior to, and maintained during the hypoxia/ischemia period in the Krebs’ solution. DMSO (<0.1%) was used as a solvent control for the MYK-461 experiments.
Li M., Qin Z., Steen E., Terry A., Wang B., Wohlfart B., Steen S, & Arner A. (2023). Development and prevention of ischemic contracture (“stone heart”) in the pig heart. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 10, 1105257.
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Publication 2023
Animals Bath Cancellous Bone Cardioplegic Solutions Cold Temperature Glucose Heart Heart Arrest, Induced Hypoxia Ischemia Krebs-Ringer solution Magnesium Chloride Muscle Tissue MYK-461 Ocular Accommodation Plegisol Poaceae Polarography Pressure Pulse Rate Silk Solvents Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Sutures Transducers Ventricles, Right
4
Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Surgery: Patient Selection and Procedural Techniques
Patients were operated in 30° right supine position as described previously [22 (link)]. From 2017 onwards, all patients underwent preoperative computer tomography (CT) scan to exclude severe atherosclerosis or kinking of the femoro-iliac vessels and the aorta as well as major mitral annular calcifications. Cardiopulmonary bypass was installed via femoro-femoral cannulation. Femoral cannulation is performed in our centre routinely via a surgical approach. An additional distal leg perfusion was used in a standardized fashion since 2013 to avoid ischaemic complications of the leg. An additional venous cannula was inserted in the right jugular vein in case of right heart surgery or patients with increased body surface area to allow total cardiopulmonary bypass and optimal drainage. A periareolar or a 4- to 5-cm-long skin-cut lateral to the nipple or a similar incision in the submammary fold in female patients was made to allow access to the 4th intercostal space. The 3rd intercostal space on the anterior axillary line was used for the endoscope and the transthoracic clamp. A 30° 2D scope was used until 2014 and a 3D scope (Einstein-Vision, Aesculap, Tuttlingen, Germany) was introduced thereafter. Since 2015 a typical procedure has been performed by 3D endoscopy and a soft tissue retractor (Alexis Wound-protector, Applied Medical, Santa Margarita, CA) without the use of a rib retractor. After pericardial incision, the cardioplegia line was inserted in the ascending aorta and externalized in the 3rd intercostal space. The same incision was used for the atrial retractor (Geister, Tuttlingen, Germany). Common mitral repair techniques including chordal replacement (single PTFE chords, secondary chord transfer or pre-fabricated PTFE loops), leaflet resection, sliding plasty or indentation closure were applied. A semi-rigid complete annuloplasty ring was used in all procedures. When indicated, concomitant left atrial or bi-atrial ablation was performed for atrial fibrillation in addition to closure of the left atrial appendage. Older patients with long persistent atrial fibrillation and enlarged left atria were not deemed to be good candidates for rhythm correction therapy. All patients with an indication for left atrial appendage (LAA) closure receive external atrial clipping in our current practice. The LAA was closed by a double layer of endocardial suture or atrial clipping, according to the surgeons’ preference. Moreover, a tricuspid valve repair was performed in all patients with severe tricuspid valve regurgitation or annular dilatation above 21 mm/m2 BSA. The types of procedures performed are shown in Table 2. Six main surgeons performed the procedures which in the frame of a university hospital also included many teaching cases. The main reasons for non-eligibility for MIMVS were either concomitant coronary/other valve disease or calcifications of the iliac artery/abdominal aorta precluding retrograde perfusion as described previously [22 (link)]. The allocation of the patient to conventional or MIMVS was dictated by institutional protocols. During the program development (2001–2006), patients with complex mitral pathology, concomitant tricuspid disease, need for left atrial ablation, pulmonary hypertension > moderate, impaired left ventricular or renal function and older age (>80) were not deemed as candidates for MIMVS. This decision was made to keep the risk of the procedure predictable and to minimize the risk of technical failures due to the limited experience.
Gollmann-Tepeköylü C., Nägele F., Höfer D., Holfeld J., Hirsch J., Oezpeker C.U., Ruttmann-Ulmer E., Kilo J., Hangler H., Müller L., Grimm M, & Bonaros N. (2023). A qualitative improvement program for minimally invasive mitral surgery: technical advancements ameliorate outcome and operative times. Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, 36(3), ivad030.
Publication 2023
Aorta Aortas, Abdominal Ascending Aorta Atherosclerosis Atrial Fibrillation Atrium, Left Auricular Appendage Axilla Blood Vessel Body Surface Area Cannula Cannulation Cardiopulmonary Bypass concomitant disease Dilatation Drainage Eligibility Determination Endocardium Endoscopes Endoscopy Femur Heart Heart Arrest, Induced Heart Atrium Iliac Artery Ilium Jugular Vein Kidney Left Ventricles Muscle Rigidity Nipples Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Perfusion Pericardium Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Physiologic Calcification Polytetrafluoroethylene Program Development Pulmonary Hypertension Radionuclide Imaging Reading Frames Skin Surgeons Surgical Procedure, Cardiac Sutures Therapeutics Tissues Tomography Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency Valves, Tricuspid Veins Vision Woman Wounds
5
Perioperative Anesthesia Management for Cardiac Surgery
Patients were premedicated with 1–2 mg lorazepam orally 1 h before surgery and received 0.1 mg kg−1 morphine intramuscularly before entering the operating room where midazolam was given (0.01–0.05 mg kg−1 intravenously) as needed for patient comfort. Usual monitoring was installed, including a 5-lead electrocardiogram, pulse oximeter, peripheral venous line, radial arterial line, 3-lm catheter, and fast-response thermodilution pulmonary artery catheter. Anesthesia was induced with 1 μg kg−1 sufentanil and 0.04 mg kg−1 midazolam, and muscle relaxation achieved with 0.1 mg kg−1 pancuronium. After tracheal intubation, anesthesia was maintained with 1 μg kg−1 h−1 sufentanil and 0.04 mg kg−1 h−1 midazolam. Intravenous fluids (0.9% normal saline) were administered (7 cc kg−1 h−1) during surgery and titrated according to blood pressure and central venous pressure. A transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) omniplane probe was inserted. Institution of CPB was performed using ascending aortic cannulation and bi-caval or double stage cannulation of the right atrium. Intermittent (4:1) blood cardioplegia was administered during CPB; induction and temperatures ranged from 15 to 29 °C. For coronary revascularizations, systemic temperature was allowed to drift to 34 °C, valvular surgeries and complex procedures to 32–34 °C. Weaning from CPB was undertaken after rewarming to a systemic temperature > 36 °C.
Nguyen A.Q., Denault A.Y., Théoret Y, & Varin F. (2023). Inhaled milrinone in cardiac surgical patients: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic exploration. Scientific Reports, 13, 3557.
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Publication 2023
Anesthesia Arterial Lines Ascending Aorta Atrium, Right BLOOD Blood Pressure Cannulation Catheters Echocardiography, Transesophageal Electrocardiography Heart Heart Arrest, Induced Intubation, Intratracheal Lorazepam Midazolam Morphine Normal Saline Operative Surgical Procedures Pancuronium Patients Pulmonary Artery Pulse Rate Relaxations, Muscle Sufentanil Thermodilution Veins Venae Cavae Venous Pressure, Central

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2
Plegisol by Pfizer
Sourced in United States
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The CAPIOX® FX05 is a blood oxygenator and heat exchanger designed for use in extracorporeal circulation. It is a core component of the cardiopulmonary bypass system used during cardiac surgery.
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Cell saver elite by Haemonetics
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More about "Heart Arrest, Induced"

Induced cardiac arrest, controlled heart stoppage, cardioplegia, surgical heart preparation, cardiac surgery, bloodless heart procedures, reversible heart arrest, cardioprotective solutions, heart preservation techniques, cardiac surgical interventions, cardioplegia solutions, cardiac arrest induction, heart standstill, myocardial protection, cardiac surgery optimization, Plegisol, RNAlater, CAPIOX® FX05, Prolene, Mannitol, Quadrox D, Duran AnCore Band, Contegra, Cell Saver Elite.
Induced heart arrest, also known as controlled cardiac arrest, is a medical intervention where the heart's activity is temporarily stopped or slowed down, usually in preparation for a surgical procedure.
This technique is commonly used in cardiac surgeries, allowing surgeons to operate on a still and bloodless heart, improving visibility and precision.
The process typically involves the administration of cardioplegic solutions or other pharmacological agents to induce a state of reversible cardiac arrest.
Proper management of induced heart arrest is crucial to ensure patient safety and successful surgical outcomes.
Reserchers studying this procedure can leverage PubCompare.ai, an AI-driven platform, to optimize their research by easily locating the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, and leveraging AI-driven insights to identify the most efective products and procedures.
Experrience the power of PubCompare.ai for your induced heart arrest research needs.