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> Procedures > Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure > Orchiectomy

Orchiectomy

Orchiectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of one or both testicles.
This procedure may be performed for a variety of reasons, including the treatment of testicular cancer, gender affirming care, or the management of certain medical conditions.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can help researchers discover the best orchiectomy protocols by easily locating and comparing procotols from literature, pre-prints, and patents.
This intelligent system can identify the most reproducible and accurate findings to help optimize orchiectomy research and support informed decision-making.
Whether you're a clinician, researcher, or patient, PubCompare.ai can provide valuable insights to enhance your understanding and management of orchiectomy.

Most cited protocols related to «Orchiectomy»

1
Fracture Risk Assessment Using FRAX
Cited 26 times
Individual patient details comprise age (50 to 90 years), sex, weight (in kg) and height (in cm). BMI is automatically computed from height and weight. Dichotomised risk variables are then entered:

A prior fragility fracture (yes/no)

Parental history of hip fracture (yes/no)

Current tobacco smoking (yes/no)

Ever long-term use of oral glucocorticoids (yes/no)

Rheumatoid arthritis (yes/no)

Other causes of secondary osteoporosis (yes/no)

Daily alcohol consumption of three or more units daily (yes/no)

A distinction is made between rheumatoid arthritis and other secondary causes of osteoporosis. Rheumatoid arthritis carries a fracture risk over and above that provided by BMD [11 (link)]. Whereas this may hold true for other secondary causes of osteoporosis, the evidence base is weak. Of the many secondary causes of osteoporosis, the following have been consistently documented to be associated with a significant increase in fracture risk:

Untreated hypogonadism in men and women, e.g., bilateral oophorectomy or orchidectomy, anorexia nervosa, chemotherapy for breast cancer, hypopituitarism [33 (link)–40 (link)]

Inflammatory bowel disease, e.g., Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis [41 (link)–43 (link)]. It should be noted that the risk is in part dependent on the use of glucocorticoids, but an independent risk remains after adjustment for glucocorticoid exposure [44 (link)].

Prolonged immobility, e.g., spinal cord injury, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, muscular dystrophy, ankylosing spondylitis [45 (link)–50 (link)]

Organ transplantation [51 –54 (link)]

Type I diabetes [55 (link)–58 (link)]

Thyroid disorders, e.g., untreated hyperthyroidism, over-treated hypothyroidism [59 (link)–63 (link)]

Whereas there is strong evidence for the association of these disorders and fracture risk, the independence of these risk factors from BMD is uncertain. It was conservatively assumed, therefore, that the fracture risk was mediated via low BMD, but with a risk ratio similar to that noted in rheumatoid arthritis. From an operational view, where the field for rheumatoid arthritis is entered as ‘yes’, a risk is computed with and without BMD. If the field for other secondary osteoporosis is also filled as ‘yes’ this does not contribute to the calculation of fracture probability. Conversely, where the field for rheumatoid arthritis entered as ‘no’, and the field for secondary osteoporosis is ‘yes’, the same β coefficients as used for rheumatoid arthritis contribute to the computation of probability where BMD is not entered. In the presence of BMD, however, no additional risk is assumed in the presence of secondary osteoporosis, since its independence of BMD is uncertain.
If any of the fields for dichotomous variables is not completed, a negative response is assumed. Fractures probability can then be calculated. The output (without BMD) comprises the 10-year probability of hip, clinical spine, shoulder or wrist fracture and the 10-year probability of hip fracture (Fig. 1).

Input and output for the FRAX™ model

Femoral neck BMD can additionally be entered either as a Z-score or a T-score. The transformation of Z- to T-score and vice versa is derived for the NHANES III database for female Caucasians aged 20–29 years [64 (link)]. When entered, calculations give the 10-year probabilities as defined above with or without the inclusion of BMD.
Kanis J.A., Johnell O., Oden A., Johansson H, & McCloskey E. (2008). FRAX™ and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK. Osteoporosis International, 19(4), 385-397.
Publication 2008
Ankylosing Spondylitis Anorexia Nervosa Caucasoid Races Cerebrovascular Accident Crohn Disease Debility Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent Female Castrations Fracture, Bone Fracture, Wrist Glucocorticoids Hip Fractures Hyperthyroidism Hypogonadism Hypopituitarism Hypothyroidism Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Malignant Neoplasm of Breast Muscular Dystrophy Neck Orchiectomy Organ Transplantation Osteoporosis Parent Patients Pharmacotherapy Rheumatoid Arthritis Shoulder Spinal Cord Injuries Thyroid Diseases Ulcerative Colitis Vertebral Column Woman
2
Prostate stem cell lineage tracing
Cited 25 times
The Nkx3.1CreERT2/+ allele was generated by gene targeting using standard techniques; the Nkx3.1 null mutant mice have been previously described21 (link). R26R-lacZ and Pten conditional mutant mice were obtained from the Jackson Laboratory Induced Mutant Resource; the R26R-YFP mice were provided by Dr. Frank Costantini. All lines were maintained on a hybrid C57BL/6-129/Sv strain background.
Castration of adult male mice was performed using standard techniques. For tamoxifen induction of Cre activity in mice containing Nkx3.1CreERT2/+, mice were administered 9 mg/40 g tamoxifen for 4 consecutive days. For prostate regeneration, physiological levels of testosterone (1.875 µg/hr) were administered for four weeks by subcutaneous implantation of mini-osmotic pumps (Alzet)45 (link). When included, BrdU (100 mg/kg) was administered once daily during the first three days of regeneration. For single-cell transplantation, single YFP+ cells were isolated by mouth-pipetting under epifluorescence illumination from a dissociated prostate cell suspension obtained from castrated and tamoxifen-induced Nkx3.1CreERT2/+; R26R-YFP/+ mice. A single YFP+ cell (or YFP− cell as a control) was recombined with 2.5 × 105 rat urogenital sinus mesenchyme cells in a 10 µl collagen pad, followed by transplantation under the kidney capsule of nude mice and harvesting after 10–12 weeks.
Cryosections were stained with primary antibodies as listed in Supp. Table 5, and counterstained with TOPRO3 or DAPI (Invitrogen/Molecular Probes). Secondary antibodies were labeled with Alexa Fluor 488 , 555, or 594 (Invitrogen/Molecular Probes). Immunofluorescence staining was imaged using a Leica TCS5 spectral confocal microscope. Cell counting was performed manually using confocal photomicrographs with at least three animals for each experiment or genotype analyzed.
Wang X., Kruithof-de Julio M., Economides K.D., Walker D., Yu H., Halili M.V., Hu Y.P., Price S.M., Abate-Shen C, & Shen M.M. (2009). A luminal epithelial stem cell that is a cell of origin for prostate cancer. Nature, 461(7263), 495-500.
Publication 2009
Adult alexa fluor 488 Alleles Animals Antibodies Bromodeoxyuridine Capsule Cells Cell Transplantation Collagen Cryoultramicrotomy DAPI Fluorescent Antibody Technique Genotype Hybrids Kidney LacZ Genes Light Male Castration Mesenchyma Mice, Knockout Mice, Nude Microscopy, Confocal Molecular Probes Mus Oral Cavity Orchiectomy Osmosis Ovum Implantation Photomicrography physiology Prostate PTEN protein, human Regeneration Sinuses, Nasal Strains System, Genitourinary Tamoxifen Testosterone Transplantation
3
Modeling Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Cited 19 times

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Publication 2012
Animals bicalutamide BLOOD Cells Fingers Males Mice, Inbred NOD Mus Neoplasms Operative Surgical Procedures Orchiectomy Recurrence Saphenous Vein SCID Mice Serum
4
Long-term Outcomes of Radical Prostatectomy
Cited 12 times
Analyses have been performed every third year according to the protocol. The primary end points were death from any cause, death from prostate cancer (with death from other causes treated as a competing risk), and risk of metastases in bone, outside the pelvic area, or both. Secondary end points included initiation of androgen-deprivation therapy (with death from any cause treated as a competing risk).
We used Gray’s test to assess treatment effects.9 Effect sizes were quantified both by analyzing relative risks with 95% confidence intervals and by determining differences in cumulative incidence (with 95% confidence intervals). Relative risks were estimated with the use of Cox proportional-hazards models in cases in which proportionality was verified by means of visual inspection of the parallelisms of the logarithms of the estimated cumulative incidence. A cumulative incidence approach was used to account for competing risks among various causes of death.10 To assess the possible modification of the treatment effect, analyses were stratified according to the patient’s age at diagnosis (<65 years vs. ≥65 years) and tumor risk. The subgroup analyses were not included in the main protocol but were specified before the data were reviewed. Risk groups were defined with the use of Gleason scores from the pathological review as follows: low risk, PSA level less than 10 and either a Gleason score of less than 7 or WHO grade 1 (on a scale of 1 to 3, with higher grades indicating more aggressive disease) in tumors that were diagnosed only by means of cytologic assessment; high risk, PSA level of 20 or higher or a Gleason score greater than 7; and intermediate risk, all patients who did not fulfill the criteria for low or high risk. The modification of the effect of radical prostatectomy was tested in the Cox proportional-hazards model by including an interaction term between the subgroup category and randomization group.
The prevalence of the use of palliative treatment was calculated at every other year of follow-up, ending at 18 years after randomization. Palliative treatment was androgen-deprivation treatment (antiandrogen therapy or gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues or orchiectomy) in patients with or without verified metastases and in patients with metastases who had received other palliative treatment (external or internal palliative radiation therapy, laminectomy, or chemotherapy drugs).
Bill-Axelson A., Holmberg L., Garmo H., Rider J.R., Taari K., Busch C., Nordling S., Häggman M., Andersson S.O., Spångberg A., Andrén O., Palmgren J., Steineck G., Adami H.O, & Johansson J.E. (2014). Radical Prostatectomy or Watchful Waiting in Early Prostate Cancer. The New England journal of medicine, 370(10), 932-942.
Publication 2014
Androgen Antagonists Androgens Bones Brachytherapy Cytological Techniques Gonadorelin Laminectomy Neoplasm Metastasis Neoplasms Orchiectomy Palliative Care Patients Pelvis Pharmaceutical Preparations Pharmacotherapy Population at Risk Prostate Cancer Prostatectomy Therapeutics
5
Serological Risk Factors for Swine ADV and HEV
Cited 7 times
Individual serological results were encoded as 0 (seronegative) or one (seropositive). We used general linear model with logit link to test the risk factors of seropositivity for swine regarding both ADV and HEV. We also tested general mixed models, accounting for the random effects of farm (for pigs) and hunting sector (for wild boars) (data not shown). Since this approach did not provide any improvement in model fit, we finally selected the simplest general linear model approach.
Model selection was based on the Akaike information criterion corrected for over-dispersion and small sample size (QAICc). We performed a preliminary correlation analysis of explicative factors that revealed an important correlation between sow castration and the management sows during estrus in the first data set, so that we finally only tested the female castration treatment as a risk factor in the first step analysis. Starting from a “complete” model including all the potential explanatory variables for the different datasets (detailed in Table 1), we explored simpler models (using the dredge function of the R package MuMin). Considering the QAICc of all the potential sub-models, we used a model-averaging procedure to account for uncertainty in the model selection, because our data corresponded to a small sample size exposed to uncontrolled sampling processes (at the slaughterhouse or of voluntary farms). That means that we could not necessarily retain a “single best model” but rather, a set of potentially “best models” for which the increase in QAICc (delta-QAICc) was less than 2 (31 ). We finally calculated variable coefficients [i.e., odd ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs)] over this set of “best models” according to the process described by Burnham and Anderson (31 ) (and using the AICmodavg R package). These analyses were performed using R software (32 ), and the MuMin (33 ), and AICmodavg packages (34 ).
Charrier F., Rossi S., Jori F., Maestrini O., Richomme C., Casabianca F., Ducrot C., Jouve J., Pavio N, & Le Potier M.F. (2018). Aujeszky’s Disease and Hepatitis E Viruses Transmission between Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars in Corsica: Evaluating the Importance of Wild/Domestic Interactions and the Efficacy of Management Measures. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 5, 1.
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Publication 2018
Estrus factor A Orchiectomy Ovariectomy Sus scrofa

Most recents protocols related to «Orchiectomy»

1
Early-life Testicular Manipulation in Rats
Pregnant dams were monitored daily for the appearance of pups. Within eight hrs. of birth, a total of male pups from different litters were removed from their homecage and anesthetized by hypothermia. Once pups were deeply anesthetized (on average 5 minutes), a single incision was made in the lower abdominal cavity to visualize the gonads. Animals were randomly assigned to either the sham or castrated groups. In the orchiectomy group, a ventral incision in the lower abdominal area was made through the skin and then the abdomen, after which testes were located on each side of the rat and removed. Sham surgery males received the same treatment for the same duration as castrated males, but the testes were left intact. Each surgery lasted an average of 10 minutes from induction to completion. A single suture was placed to close the abdominal cavity, and Vetbond glue was used to close the skin incision. Upon completion of the surgery, animals were placed on a heating pad and massaged until warm, and the righting reflex was restored. Once the animals were pink and moving, they were placed in a separate cage that contained bedding from their homecage. This was done to obscure the scent of the Vetbond glue, which dams appear to find aversive before the pups were brought back to their homepage (initial surgeries resulted in several pups not surviving the first post-surgical week due to rejection from the dam). All pups were removed from their mothers for a maximum of 2 hours. Post-surgical checks were performed daily for seven days. Rats were weaned on P21 with sham and orchiectomy surgery rats separately pair housed.
Colón L., Peru E., Zuloaga D.G, & Poulos A.M. (2023). Contributions of gonadal hormones in the sex-specific organization of context fear learning. PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0282293.
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Publication 2023
Abdomen Abdominal Cavity Animals Birth Gonads Males Mothers Operative Surgical Procedures Orchiectomy Patient Holding Stretchers Pheromone Rattus norvegicus Reflex, Righting Skin Sutures Testis
2
Gonadectomy and Sham Surgery in Rats
On P21, rats from separate breeding pairs were weaned from their mothers and pair housed by sex. On P28, males and females were removed from the vivarium for surgery. Using 2.5% isoflurane gas anesthesia, each gonadectomy, and sham surgery was completed with an average duration of 25 minutes from induction to completion. Both ovariectomies and orchiectomies were performed with a ventral incision in the lower abdominal area through the skin and then another through the muscle wall, after which testes or ovaries were located on each side of the rat, ligated with absorbable surgical thread, and removed. The muscle incision was closed using absorbable sutures, and the skin incision was closed using both sutures and Vetbond surgical glue. Animals were then placed in separate cages until they fully recovered from anesthesia before being placed back with their littermate. Identical skin and abdominal incisions were made on sham animals, but the gonads remained intact; the duration of isoflurane exposure was equal to that of castrated animals. Rats were returned to the vivarium after the restoration of the righting reflex. Following surgery, all rats were administered Carprofen (5 mg/kg) subcutaneously for two consecutive days and monitored for seven days. Post-surgery sham and gonadectomized rats were separately pair-housed.
Colón L., Peru E., Zuloaga D.G, & Poulos A.M. (2023). Contributions of gonadal hormones in the sex-specific organization of context fear learning. PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0282293.
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Publication 2023
Abdomen Anesthesia Animals carprofen Castration Females Gonads Isoflurane Males Mothers Muscle Tissue Myotomy Operative Surgical Procedures Orchiectomy Ovariectomy Ovary Rattus norvegicus Reflex, Righting Skin Sutures Testis
3
Castration and Intracardiac Injection in Mice

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Publication 2023
Abdominal Cavity Animals Blood Vessel Ductus Deferens Forceps Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Males Mice, House Operative Surgical Procedures Orchiectomy Scrotum Skin Spastic ataxia Charlevoix-Saguenay type Stainless Steel Testis Wounds
4
Prostate Cancer Cell Line Characterization

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Publication 2023
Atmosphere Biological Assay Cells Charcoal CHOP regimen Circulating Neoplastic Cells Culture Media Dextran Docetaxel Genes, vif HEK293 Cells Orchiectomy Patients PDX1 protein, human Penicillins Pharmacotherapy Phenotype Population Group Prostate Cancer Short Tandem Repeat Steroids Streptomycin Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Therapeutics Xenografting
5
Cattle Orchiectomy Pain Assessment Protocol
Pain severity was scored using the UNESP-Botucatu scale, a unidimensional composite pain scale previously validated for cattle undergoing orchiectomy (30 (link)). The UNESP-Botucatu scale is reported in detail in Supplementary Table S1. Briefly, five behaviors were monitored by an ordinal scale, ranging from 0 (normal) to 2 (totally abnormal), and applied to each parameter. Sedation was subjectively scored with a simple 0–3 sedation scale (0, fully alert or walking; 1, mildly sedated; 2, moderately sedated; 3, asleep) to be accounted for in the analysis.
Micieli F., Guccione J., Della Valle G., Alterisio M.C., Ciaramella P., Vesce G, & Chiavaccini L. (2023). Clinical efficacy of an ultrasound-guided bilateral rectus sheath block for umbilical hernia repair in calves: A prospective randomized trial. Frontiers in Pain Research, 4, 1051504.
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Publication 2023
Cattle Orchiectomy Pain Sedatives Severity, Pain

Top products related to «Orchiectomy»

1
Matrigel by BD
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Matrigel is a solubilized basement membrane preparation extracted from the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) mouse sarcoma, a tumor rich in extracellular matrix proteins. It is widely used as a substrate for the in vitro cultivation of cells, particularly those that require a more physiologically relevant microenvironment for growth and differentiation.
2
Lncap by American Type Culture Collection
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, France, China, Canada, Denmark, Switzerland, Spain, Australia
The LNCaP cell line is a human prostate adenocarcinoma cell line. It is a well-characterized in vitro model system for the study of prostate cancer.
3
Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
4
Tamoxifen by Merck Group
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Tamoxifen is a drug used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, primarily breast cancer. It is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that can act as both an agonist and antagonist of the estrogen receptor. Tamoxifen is used to treat and prevent breast cancer in both men and women.
5
Cb17 scid mice by Charles River Laboratories
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CB17 SCID mice are a type of immunodeficient mouse model developed and characterized by Charles River Laboratories. These mice have a severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mutation, which results in the absence of functional T and B cells. This model is commonly used in biomedical research to study various disease processes and evaluate the efficacy of novel therapies.
6
Du145 by American Type Culture Collection
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The DU145 is a laboratory cell line derived from a human prostate carcinoma. It is widely used in cancer research for the study of cell biology and the development of potential therapies.
7
Lncap by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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The LNCaP is a cell line derived from a human prostate cancer metastatic site. It is a commonly used model for studying prostate cancer biology and testing potential therapeutic agents.
8
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9
Penicillin streptomycin by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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Penicillin/streptomycin is a commonly used antibiotic solution for cell culture applications. It contains a combination of penicillin and streptomycin, which are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
10
Sas version 9 by SAS Institute
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SAS version 9.4 is a statistical software package. It provides tools for data management, analysis, and reporting. The software is designed to help users extract insights from data and make informed decisions.

More about "Orchiectomy"

Orchiectomy, also known as orchidectomy or castration, is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of one or both testicles (testes).
This procedure may be performed for various reasons, including the treatment of testicular cancer, gender-affirming care, or the management of certain medical conditions such as prostate cancer or benign prostatic hyperplasia.
In the context of cancer research, orchiectomy is often used in combination with other treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
Researchers may use cell lines like LNCaP and DU145, as well as animal models like CB17 SCID mice, to study the effects of orchiectomy and other therapies on tumor growth and progression.
The procedure typically involves an incision in the scrotum, and the testicle(s) are removed.
In some cases, the surgeon may also remove the spermatic cord, which contains the blood vessels and nerves that supply the testicle.
The removed tissue may be sent for further analysis, such as pathological examination.
Recovery from orchiectomy can vary, but patients are often advised to avoid strenuous activity for a period of time.
Medications like Tamoxifen may be prescribed to help manage any side effects or complications.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can assist researchers in discovering the best orchiectomy protocols by easily locating and comparing protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents.
This intelligent system can identify the most reproducible and accurate findings to help optimize orchiectomy research and support informed decision-making.
Whether you're a clinician, researcher, or patient, PubCompare.ai can provide valuable insights to enhance your understanding and management of orchiectomy.