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> Procedures > Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure > Perfusion

Perfusion

Perfusion is the process of delivering and distributing blood or other fluids to the tissues of the body.
It is essential for maintaining the health and function of various organs and systems.
Perfusion can be influenced by factors such as blood pressure, blood flow, and the permeability of blood vessels.
Disruptions in perfusion can lead to various medical conditions, including ischemia, edema, and organ dysfunction.
Understanding and optimizing perfusion is crucial for effective treatment and management of these conditions.
Researchers can leverage AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai to identify the most accruate and reproducible perfusion protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents, empowering them to improve their research and patient outcomes.

Most cited protocols related to «Perfusion»

1
Isolation of Murine Cardiac Myocytes
A schematic overview of the myocyte isolation procedure is shown in Figure 2. An expanded description of the procedure, accompanied with images and videos, and complete materials list is available in the Online Data Supplement, alongside full details of additional methods applied in this study (Appendix A-ix). All animal work was undertaken in accordance with Singapore National Advisory Committee for Laboratory Animal Research guidelines. Relevant national and institutional guidelines and regulations must be consulted before commencement of all animal work.
Buffers and media were prepared as detailed in Appendix D. EDTA, perfusion, and collagenase buffers were apportioned into sterile 10 mL syringes, and sterile 27 G hypodermic needles were attached (Online Figure IA).
C57/BL6J mice aged 8 to 12 weeks were anesthetized, and the chest was opened to expose the heart. Descending aorta was cut, and the heart was immediately flushed by injection of 7 mL EDTA buffer into the right ventricle. Ascending aorta was clamped using Reynolds forceps, and the heart was transferred to a 60-mm dish containing fresh EDTA buffer. Digestion was achieved by sequential injection of 10 mL EDTA buffer, 3 mL perfusion buffer, and 30 to 50 mL collagenase buffer into the left ventricle (LV). Constituent chambers (atria, LV, and right ventricle) were then separated and gently pulled into 1-mm pieces using forceps. Cellular dissociation was completed by gentle trituration, and enzyme activity was inhibited by addition of 5 mL stop buffer.
Cell suspension was passed through a 100-μm filter, and cells underwent 4 sequential rounds of gravity settling, using 3 intermediate calcium reintroduction buffers to gradually restore calcium concentration to physiological levels. The cell pellet in each round was enriched with myocytes and ultimately formed a highly pure myocyte fraction, whereas the supernatant from each round was combined to produce a fraction containing nonmyocyte cardiac populations.
CM yields and percentage of viable rod-shaped cells were quantified using a hemocytometer. Where required, the CMs were resuspended in prewarmed plating media and plated at an applicationdependent density, onto laminin (5 μg/mL) precoated tissue culture plastic or glass coverslips, in a humidified tissue culture incubator (37°C, 5% CO2). After 1 hour, and every 48 hours thereafter, media was changed to fresh, prewarmed culture media.
The cardiac nonmyocyte fraction was collected by centrifugation (300g, 5 minutes), resuspended in fibroblast growth media, and plated on tissue-culture treated plastic, area ≈ 23 cm2 (0.5× 12-well plate) per LV, in a humidified tissue culture incubator. Media was changed after 24 hours and every 48 hours thereafter.
Ackers-Johnson M., Li P.Y., Holmes A.P., O’Brien S.M., Pavlovic D, & Foo R.S. (2016). A Simplified, Langendorff-Free Method for Concomitant Isolation of Viable Cardiac Myocytes and Nonmyocytes From the Adult Mouse Heart. Circulation research, 119(8), 909-920.
Publication 2016
Animals Animals, Laboratory Ascending Aorta Buffers Calcium Centrifugation Chest Collagenase Culture Media Descending Aorta Dietary Supplements Digestion Edetic Acid enzyme activity Fibroblasts Forceps Gravity Heart Heart Atrium Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hypodermic Needles isolation Laminin Left Ventricles Mus Muscle Cells Perfusion physiology Population Group Retreatments Rod Photoreceptors Sterility, Reproductive Syringes Tissues Ventricles, Right
2
Optical Control and Recording of Neurons
See Supplementary Methods for detailed methods. Constructs with Arch, Mac, and Halo are available at http://syntheticneurobiology.org/protocols. In brief, codon-optimized genes were synthesized by Genscript and fused to GFP in lentiviral and mammalian expression vectors as used previously5 (link),23 (link) for transfection or viral infection of neurons. Primary hippocampal or cortical neurons were cultured and then transfected with plasmids or infected with viruses encoding for genes of interest, as described previously5 (link). Images were taken using a Zeiss LSM 510 confocal microscope. Patch clamp recordings were made using glass microelectrodes and a Multiclamp 700B/Digidata electrophysiology setup, using appropriate pipette and bath solutions for the experimental goal at hand. Neural pH imaging was done using carboxy-SNARF-1-AM ester (Invitrogen). Cell health was assayed using Trypan blue staining (Gibco). HEK cells were cultured and patch clamped using standard protocols. Mutagenesis was performed using the QuikChange kit (Stratagene). Computational modelling of light propagation was done with Monte Carlo simulation with MATLAB. In vivo recordings were made on headfixed awake mice, which were surgically injected with lentivirus, and implanted with a headplate as described before23 (link). Glass pipettes attached to laser-coupled optical fibers were inserted into the brain, to record neural activity during laser illumination in a photoelectrochemical artifact-free way. Data analysis was performed using Clampfit, Excel, Origin, and MATLAB. Histology was performed using transcardial formaldehyde perfusion followed by sectioning and subsequent confocal imaging.
Chow B.Y., Han X., Dobry A.S., Qian X., Chuong A.S., Li M., Henninger M.A., Belfort G.M., Lin Y., Monahan P.E, & Boyden E.S. (2010). High-Performance Genetically Targetable Optical Neural Silencing via Light-Driven Proton Pumps. Nature, 463(7277), 98-102.
Publication 2009
Bath Brain carboxy-seminaphthorhodaminefluoride Cells Cloning Vectors Codon Cortex, Cerebral Esters Formaldehyde Genes Lentivirus Light Mammals Microelectrodes Microscopy, Confocal Mus Mutagenesis Nervousness Neurons Operative Surgical Procedures Perfusion Plasmids Transfection Trypan Blue Virus Virus Diseases
3
Lattice Light Sheet Microscopy Setup
Specimens are cultured or mounted on 5 mm diameter cover slips (Warner Instruments, 64-0700), cleaned prior to use according to our earlier protocol (7 (link)). The cover slip is clipped to the end of a long extension of the sample holder (orange, fig. S4D). This end is dipped in a shallow media-filled bath (translucent yellow, fig. S4D), while the opposite end is bolted to the sample piezo. The bath has inlet and output ports for perfusion of the media. A subassembly with the excitation and detection objectives and their translation stages is lowered from above until the ends of the objectives are dipped in the media at the distance from the cover slip appropriate for creating a lattice light sheet near its upper surface.
For operation away from room temperature (particularly for live mammalian cells at 37°C), heated or chilled water from a remote temperature-controlled reservoir is pumped through self-contained channels cut in the base of the bath, unconnected to the bowl that contains the imaging media. Asymmetric heating or cooling of the ends of the objectives creates significant optical aberrations that affect the microscope performance, as does convection of the media due to temperature gradients in the bath. Thus, additional heating/cooling blocks (translucent green and red, fig. S4D) with self-contained water channels are bolted around and close to the objectives, but not in contact. These are supplied with water from a second reservoir to maintain a circularly symmetric, uniform temperature around the objectives that matches the temperature of the bath. The temperatures of the two reservoirs needed to attain a given specimen temperature differ, but can be determined empirically.
Preparation conditions specific to each specimen are given in the Supplementary Note 5. Imaging conditions specific to each specimen, including maximum and minimum excitation NA, excitation power, imaging time, image and voxel sizes, imaging mode, fluorophores and proteins, etc., are given in table S1.
Chen B.C., Legant W.R., Wang K., Shao L., Milkie D.E., Davidson M.W., Janetopoulos C., Wu X.S., Hammer JA I.I.I., Liu Z., English B.P., Mimori-Kiyosue Y., Romero D.P., Ritter A.T., Lippincott-Schwartz J., Fritz-Laylin L., Mullins R.D., Mitchell D.M., Bembenek J.N., Reymann A.C., Böhme R., Grill S.W., Wang J.T., Seydoux G., Tulu U.S., Kiehart D.P, & Betzig E. (2014). Lattice Light Sheet Microscopy: Imaging Molecules to Embryos at High Spatiotemporal Resolution. Science (New York, N.Y.), 346(6208), 1257998.
Publication 2014
Bath Cells Convection Light Mammals Microscopy Perfusion Proteins Vision Water Channel
4
Survival Analysis in Nuclear Cardiology
In comparing the survival distributions of two or more groups (for example, new therapy vs standard of care), Kaplan-Meier estimation1 and the log-rank test2 are the basic statistical methods of analyses. These are non-parametric methods in that no mathematical form of the survival distributions is assumed. If an investigator is interested in quantifying or investigating the effects of known covariates (e.g., age or race) or predictor variables (e.g., blood pressure), regression models are utilized. As in the conventional linear regression models, survival regression models allow for the quantification of the effect on survival of a set of predictors, the interaction of two predictors, or the effect of a new predictor above and beyond other covariates.
Among the available survival regression models, the Cox proportional hazards model developed by Sir David Cox3 has seen great use in epidemiological and medical studies, and the field of nuclear cardiology is no exception. What follows are some examples of Cox models being used in nuclear cardiology. Xu et al4 (link) looked at how myocardial scarring (assessed with positron emission tomography [PET] or single photon emission computed tomography [SPECT]) and other demographic and medical history factors predicted mortality in patients with advanced heart failure who received cardiac resynchronization therapy. Bourque et al5 (link) looked at how left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF, assessed with angiography) and nuclear summed rest score (SRS, assessed with SPECT) interacted to change the risk of mortality. Hachamovitch and Berman6 (link) looked at the incremental prognostic value of myocardial perfusion SPECT (MPS) parameters in the prediction of sudden cardiac death. Nakata et al7 (link) looked at how the heart-to-mediastinum ratio (assessed with metaiodobenzylguanidine [MIBG] imaging) predicted cardiac death.
Survival models other than the Cox model have been used in nuclear cardiology as well. For example, in a study of diagnosis strategies for quantifying myocardial perfusion with SPECT, Duvall et al8 (link) utilized a log-normal survival model, a member of the parametric family of regression survival models, since initial data exploration revealed that the proportional hazards assumption of the Cox model was invalid. While this is an excellent example of when to utilize other survival models, it has been more common to see such data presented in conjunction with a Cox model analysis. In earlier studies of MPS-derived predictors of cardiac events, Hachamovitch et al9 (link) used Cox models to identify significant predictors and parametric models, specifically the accelerated failure time (AFT) model, to make estimates of the time to certain percentiles of survival. An identical analysis strategy was used by the research group comprised of Cuocolo, Acampa, Petretta, Daniele et al10 (link)–13 (link) in their research of the impact of various SPECT-derived predictors on the occurrence of cardiac events.
George B., Seals S, & Aban I. (2014). Survival analysis and regression models. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, 21(4), 686-694.
Publication 2014
3-Iodobenzylguanidine Angiography Blood Pressure Cardiac Death Cardiac Events Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Cardiovascular System Family Member Heart Heart Failure Mediastinum Myocardium Patients Perfusion Positron-Emission Tomography Sudden Cardiac Death Tests, Diagnostic Therapeutics Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon Ventricular Ejection Fraction
5
Late-Window Endovascular Stroke Therapy Eligibility
The trial was performed at 38 centers in the United States. Neurointerventionalists were preapproved to participate on the basis of training and experience. (For approval requirements, see the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org.) Enrolled patients or their surrogates provided written informed consent. Patients were enrolled if they met clinical and imaging eligibility requirements and could undergo initiation of endovascular therapy between 6 and 16 hours after the time that they had last been known to be well, including if they had awakened from sleep with symptoms of a stroke. Perfusion imaging had to be performed at the trial-site hospital in which endovascular therapy was planned.
Patients were eligible if they had an initial infarct volume (ischemic core) of less than 70 ml, a ratio of volume of ischemic tissue to initial infarct volume of 1.8 or more, and an absolute volume of potentially reversible ischemia (penumbra) of 15 ml or more. Estimates of the volume of the ischemic core and penumbral regions from CT perfusion or MRI diffusion and perfusion scans were calculated with the use of RAPID software (iSchemaView), an automated image postprocessing system. The size of the penumbra was estimated from the volume of tissue for which there was delayed arrival of an injected tracer agent (time to maximum of the residue function [Tmax]) exceeding 6 seconds.8 (link) (An example is given in Fig. 1.) Patients were required to have an occlusion of the cervical or intracranial internal carotid artery or the proximal middle cerebral artery on CT angiography (CTA) or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Detailed inclusion and exclusion criteria for the trial are provided in the Supplementary Appendix.
Albers G.W., Marks M.P., Kemp S., Christensen S., Tsai J.P., Ortega-Gutierrez S., McTaggart R.A., Torbey M.T., Kim-Tenser M., Leslie-Mazwi T., Sarraj A., Kasner S.E., Ansari S.A., Yeatts S.D., Hamilton S., Mlynash M., Heit J.J., Zaharchuk G., Kim S., Carrozzella J., Palesch Y.Y., Demchuk A.M., Bammer R., Lavori P.W., Broderick J.P, & Lansberg M.G. (2018). Thrombectomy for Stroke at 6 to 16 Hours with Selection by Perfusion Imaging. The New England journal of medicine, 378(8), 708-718.
Publication 2018
Cerebrovascular Accident Computed Tomography Angiography Dental Occlusion Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Eligibility Determination Infarction Internal Carotid Arteries Ischemia Magnetic Resonance Angiography Middle Cerebral Artery Neck Neoplasm Metastasis Patients Perfusion Radionuclide Imaging Sleep Therapeutics Tissues

Most recents protocols related to «Perfusion»

1
Biocompatible Column for Concurrent Micro-PET/SPECT
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

FIG. 1 shows the biocompatible column 1 for concurrent micro-PET or micro-SPECT of the first cell culture 6a and the second cell culture 6b, which are both MTS. The column comprises the inlet 2, the axially oriented perfusion chamber 3 and the outlet 4. Both the inlet 2 and the outlet 4 are fluidly connected to the perfusion chamber 3. The perfusion chamber 3 comprises porous solid phase formed by four sponges, 7c, 7d, 7a, 7b, made of a biopolymer and which were pre-cut to fit into perfusion chamber 3. The liquid phase 5 consisting of growth medium extends from the inlet 2 through sponges 7c, 7d, 7a, 7b to the outlet 4. Sponges 7a and 7b have recesses 8a and 8b, respectively. The first cell culture 6a is located within recess 8a being in contact with sponge 7a, and the second cell culture 6b is located within recess 8b being in contact with sponge 7b. Sponges 7c and 7d neither have a recess nor a cell culture. The first cell culture 6a and the second cell culture 6b our separated from each other by sponge 7a. The column 1 further has one filter 50 adjacent to the inlet 2 and another filter 50 adjacent to sterile filter 51, which is adjacent to the outlet 4.

US11866684B2. Device and method for micro-PET or micro-SPECT of a cell culture (2024-01-09). DOC MEDIKUS GMBH [AT]. Inventors: Verena Pichler [AT].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Biopolymers Cell Culture Techniques Culture Media Perfusion Porifera Sterility, Reproductive Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
2
Patient-Derived Organoid Drug Screening
Not available on PMC !

Example 4

As a non-limiting example, the perfusion chamber or the multi-well plate described herein can be used for drug screening. As shown in FIG. 19, skin or blood cells from human patients having a specific disease can be collected to generate patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells). The iPS cells can be cultured in a dish to mimic disease-affected cells. Alternatively, the iPS cells can be stimulated to differentiate into an organoid sample, which can be used as a disease model. The organoid sample can be dissected and transferred into the perfusion chamber or the multi-well plate as described herein. Afterwards, the test compounds (e.g., drugs) can be diluted and used to treat the organoid sample in each chamber (or well) with proper controls. Cellular activities and/or intracellular gene expressions can be detected (e.g., recorded) in response to test compounds (e.g., drugs) treatment. The organoid sample can then be subjected to a spatial analysis workflow as described herein. Based on changes of the detected cellular activities and/or the intracellular gene expressions, together with the spatial analysis results, disease-specific drugs can be determined and used to treat the specific disease in the human patients.

US11866767B2. Simultaneous spatio-temporal measurement of gene expression and cellular activity (2024-01-09). 10x Genomics, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Cedric Uytingco [US], Layla Katiraee [US], Kristen Pham [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Blood Cells Cells Gene Expression Homo sapiens Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Organoids Patients Perfusion Pharmaceutical Preparations Protoplasm Skin
3
Targeted Delivery of TNF Reduces Glioblastoma
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

Three patients with recurrent glioblastoma were treated with L19-TNFα at a dose level of 10 μg/kg. Already twenty-four hours after the infusion, a decrease in overall tumor perfusion and an emerging tumor necrosis was detected, as shown in FIG. 1A. One patient had progressive disease after three months and two patients still have stable disease with an increasing area of necrosis in the tumor region at six months after treatment. This is surprising considering that the Progression Free Survival (PFS) for recurrent glioblastoma is 1.5 months.

The patient with progressive disease underwent re-section and the tissue from this surgery, i.e. after treatment with L19-TNFα, was compared with the tissue obtained during first surgery. By immunohistochemistry, a significant increase in tumor-infiltrating CD4 and CD8 T-cells in the tumor after L19-TNFα treatment was detected. Furthermore, increased levels of cleaved caspase-3 were found suggesting a higher number of dead tumor cells, as shown in FIG. 1B. These data demonstrate the in situ activation due to the targeted delivery of TNF.

US11872288B2. TNF-alpha immunoconjugate therapy for the treatment of brain tumors (2024-01-16). PHILOGEN S.P.A [IT]. Inventors: Theresa Hemmerle [CH].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Aftercare Caspase 3 CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes Glioblastoma Immunohistochemistry Necrosis Neoplasms Obstetric Delivery Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Perfusion Recurrent Brain Tumors Tissues Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
4
Live Sample Preparation for Spatio-Temporal Measurements
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

Live samples can be prepared for spatio-temporal measurements as shown in FIGS. 12A-12D. Live samples (e.g., live tissue sections) can be generated using a Vibratome (FIG. 12A) and viability maintained (FIG. 12B) in oxygenated media. Traditional chambers equipped with an inlet and outlet port for constant flow of media can be designed to promote laminar flow as exemplified in FIG. 12C. Such chambers can be adapted to assemble with the spatial array described herein. Alternatively, perfusion chamber assembly can be custom made, for example, as shown in FIGS. 10A-10B. Testing can occur by, for example, placing the perfusion chamber under a microscope or other device or apparatus for capturing cellular activity or gene expression upon testing of the live sample (FIG. 12D).

US11866767B2. Simultaneous spatio-temporal measurement of gene expression and cellular activity (2024-01-09). 10x Genomics, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Cedric Uytingco [US], Layla Katiraee [US], Kristen Pham [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Cells Gene Expression Medical Devices Microscopy Perfusion Tissues
5
Optical Recording of Brain Tissue
Not available on PMC !

Example 2

As a non-limiting example, the perfusion chamber or the multi-well plate described herein can be used for measurement of cellular activity. For example, live brain tissue sample can be sectioned from a fresh brain tissue by Vibratome and cultured in a perfusion chamber or a multi-well plate described here. Tissue culture medium specific for live brain samples can be perfused through (or added by pipetting) to maintain tissue viability. Voltage-sensitive dyes can be added to the culture medium and perfused to the perfusion chamber (or added to the multi-well plate by pipetting) to interact with the brain tissue sample. Fast membrane potential changes, e.g., action potentials in single neurons, can be optically recorded by time-lapse fluorescent microscopy. Immediately following the recording, the brain tissue sample can be fixed by 2% paraformaldehyde. Following fixation, the cover and gasket are disassembled. The tissue sample can then be subjected to a spatial analysis workflow as described herein.

US11866767B2. Simultaneous spatio-temporal measurement of gene expression and cellular activity (2024-01-09). 10x Genomics, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Cedric Uytingco [US], Layla Katiraee [US], Kristen Pham [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Action Potentials Brain Cells Culture Media Dyes Membrane Potentials Microscopy Neurons paraform Perfusion Tissues Tissue Viability

Top products related to «Perfusion»

1
Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
2
Matlab by MathWorks
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MATLAB is a high-performance programming language and numerical computing environment used for scientific and engineering calculations, data analysis, and visualization. It provides a comprehensive set of tools for solving complex mathematical and computational problems.
3
Paraformaldehyde (pfa) by Merck Group
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Paraformaldehyde is a white, crystalline solid compound that is a polymer of formaldehyde. It is commonly used as a fixative in histology and microscopy applications to preserve biological samples.
4
Collagenase type 2 by Worthington
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Collagenase type II is an enzyme used in cell and tissue culture applications. It is responsible for the breakdown of collagen, a structural protein found in the extracellular matrix. This enzyme is commonly used to facilitate the dissociation of cells from tissues during cell isolation and harvesting procedures.
5
Dnase 1 by Merck Group
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DNase I is a laboratory enzyme that functions to degrade DNA molecules. It catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of phosphodiester linkages in the DNA backbone, effectively breaking down DNA strands.
6
Vt1000 by Leica
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The VT1000S is a vibratome, a precision instrument used for sectioning biological samples, such as tissues or organs, into thin slices for microscopic examination or further processing. The VT1000S provides consistent and accurate sectioning of samples, enabling researchers to obtain high-quality tissue sections for a variety of applications.
7
Cryostat by Leica
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The Cryostat is a specialized piece of laboratory equipment used for the sectioning of frozen tissue samples. It maintains a controlled low-temperature environment, enabling the precise and consistent cutting of delicate specimens for microscopic analysis and examination.
8
Percoll by GE Healthcare
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Percoll is a colloidal silica-based medium used for cell separation and gradient centrifugation. It is designed to provide a density gradient for the isolation and purification of cells, organelles, and other biological particles.
9
Vt1200 by Leica
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The VT1200S is a vibrating microtome designed for precision sectioning of biological samples. It features a high-precision feed system and a stable base for consistent, uniform sectioning.
10
Fura 2 am by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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Fura-2 AM is a fluorescent calcium indicator used for measuring intracellular calcium levels. It is a cell-permeable derivative of the parent compound Fura-2. Fura-2 AM can be loaded into cells, where intracellular esterases cleave off the acetoxymethyl (AM) ester group, trapping the Fura-2 indicator inside the cell.

More about "Perfusion"

Perfusion is the vital process of delivering and distributing blood, fluids, and other essential components throughout the body's tissues and organs.
This life-sustaining function is crucial for maintaining optimal health, organ function, and overall physiological balance.
Factors like blood pressure, flow, and vessel permeability can influence perfusion, and disruptions in this critical process can lead to various medical conditions, including ischemia, edema, and organ dysfunction.
Researchers leveraging advanced AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai can identify the most accurate and reproducible perfusion protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents.
This empowers them to improve their research, enhance experimental methods, and ultimately drive better patient outcomes.
Key terms and concepts related to perfusion include blood flow, tissue oxygenation, microcirculation, fluid dynamics, and vascular biology.
Specialized tools and techniques, such as MATLAB, Paraformaldehyde, Collagenase type II, DNase I, VT1000S, Cryostat, Percoll, VT1200S, and Fura-2 AM, are often employed in the study and manipulation of perfusion processes.
By understanding and optimizing these various aspects of perfusion, researchers can make significant strides in advancing medical knowledge and developing more effective treatments for a wide range of conditions.