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Vaginal Douching

Vaginal douching is the practice of rinsing the vagina with a liquid solution, typically water or a commercial douching product.
This process is often used to clean the vagina or address perceived odor or discharge.
However, the efficacy and safety of vaginal douching are controversial, with some research suggesting it may disrupt the natural vaginal microbiome and increase the risk of infections.

Most cited protocols related to «Vaginal Douching»

1
Vaginal Microbiota Profile Database
Cited 14 times
The training dataset of 13,160 vaginal microbiota profiles originated from several different studies, all of which have been published previously [7 , 22 (link), 55 (link)–59 (link)]. A detailed explanation of the sample procedures and study populations can be found in the original publications. Samples were either self-collected or physician-collected by swabbing the mid-vagina (n = 11,387) or physician collected via a vaginal lavage with 3 mL of sterile deionized water (n = 1844). Vaginal swabs and vaginal lavage samples were frozen at − 80 °C. Participants also provided behavior and lifestyle information. Nugent scoring was performed as previously described [7 , 35 (link)]. Vaginal pH was established using the VpH glove (Inverness Medical) and binned into categories (≤ 4.5, greater than 4.5 but less than 5.0, between 5.0 and 5.5 inclusive, and ≥ 5.5). All studies were performed under Institutional Review Board-approved protocols, and samples were collected after obtaining written informed consent from all the participants.
France M.T., Ma B., Gajer P., Brown S., Humphrys M.S., Holm J.B., Waetjen L.E., Brotman R.M, & Ravel J. (2020). VALENCIA: a nearest centroid classification method for vaginal microbial communities based on composition. Microbiome, 8, 166.
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Publication 2020
Ethics Committees, Research Freezing Inclusion Bodies Microbial Community Physicians Population Group Sterility, Reproductive Vagina Vaginal Douching
2
Resident-Intruder Aggression in Female Mice
Cited 10 times

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Publication 2010
Animals Autopsy Estrous Cycle Estrus Females Isoflurane Males Mice, House Proestrus Vaginal Douching
3
Estrous Cyclicity Monitoring in Mice
Cited 8 times
A schematic of the experimental design is shown in Fig. 1A. Preinjection estrous cycle monitoring was performed for at least 2 weeks to confirm that mice had regular cycles before any experimentation. All mice tested for the present studies showed at least two consecutive regular cycles prior to injection. After KA/saline injection, mice were allowed to rest for a 2‐week recovery period, and then were monitored daily for estrous cycle stages for an average of 66 days (range from 60 to 75 days) postsurgery. Daily vaginal cytology was performed to determine the estrous cycle stages (proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus). The vaginal lavage method20 was used for vaginal cytology examination and was performed between 10 am and 12 pm (relative to lights off at 7 pm). Twenty microliters of sterile 1% phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) was inserted into the vaginal cavity, withdrawn, and smeared on a microscope slide. Estrous cycle stages were determined according to the type, number, and morphology of cells in the smear. Proestrus is indicated by the presence of mostly nucleated epithelial cells, estrus by cornified epithelial cells, metestrus by cornified epithelial cells with leukocytes, and diestrus by leukocytes21 (Fig. 1B). Regularly cycling mice showed cycles with an average 5‐day periodicity (1 day each of proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus day I, and diestrus day II; Fig. 1B).20Estrous cyclicity was evaluated from two aspects. The cycle length was calculated by counting the days between two successive estrus stages with both metestrus and diestrus stages occurring in between. The percentage of time spent in each stage was calculated by the number of days spent in each stage divided by the total number of days of monitoring. In order to determine whether each mouse displayed regular or irregular estrous cyclicity, the average cycle length and percentages of time in each stage were calculated from the data collected from 42 days postinjection until the last day of monitoring. If a mouse spent more than 50% of time in one stage, or the average cycle length was 7 days or longer, this mouse was considered to have an irregular estrous cycle. Note that here we use the term “regular” to refer to mice whose cycle parameters fall within a normal range, as assessed through these measurements. For rodents, prolonged diestrus may indicate an acyclic period or pseudopregnancy; these two situations are usually accompanied by heavy mucus secretion.22, 23 The mice in this study, however, did not show this type of secretion. The ages of saline‐treated and KA‐treated mice were not significantly different at the time of injection (saline 11.5 + 0.3 weeks, KA 11.9 + 0.7 weeks, p = 0.45 Mann–Whitney test). The estrous cycle of both groups was monitored for 2 months after injections, and then the mice were euthanized, at which time the ovaries were collected for histology (time postinjection: saline 9.4 ± 0.9 weeks, KA 9.5 ± 0.6 weeks, p = 0.67 two‐sample t test). The body weight of each mouse was measured on the day of surgery and the last day of monitoring, and these values were used to calculate mean weight gain per week and final body weight values.
Li J., Kim J.S., Abejuela V.A., Lamano J.B., Klein N.J, & Christian C.A. (2016). Disrupted female estrous cyclicity in the intrahippocampal kainic acid mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia Open, 2(1), 39-47.
Publication 2016
Body Weight Cytological Techniques Dental Caries Diestrus Epithelial Cells Estrous Cycle Estrus Leukocytes Light Metestrus Microscopy Mucus Mus Ovary Phosphates Proestrus Pseudocyesis Rodent Saline Solution secretion Sterility, Reproductive Surgery, Day Vagina Vaginal Douching Vaginal Examination
4
Social Defeat Exposure in California Mice
Cited 8 times
In experiment 1 mice were randomly assigned to be exposed to social defeat or control episodes. Males and females assigned to social defeat were exposed to highly aggressive same-sex breeders on three consecutive days (n = 9 males, n = 11 females). Although virgin male and female California mice exhibit aggressive behavior [33] (link), [34] (link), pilot studies indicated that there was less variability in aggression levels among breeders than virgin mice. Pups and the breeder's mate were removed 5 min before each episode of defeat, which lasted 7 minutes or until the breeder attacked the focal mouse 10 times. Control mice were introduced into a clean cage for 7 minutes and then returned to the home cage (n = 10 males, n = 15 females). This paradigm is similar to studies conducted in rats, but milder than studies on domestic mice which use continual sensory contact with an aggressive resident [8] (link), [35] (link). After exposure to defeat, each focal mouse was returned to its home cage and cagemates. We hypothesized that three episodes of defeat would be salient because previous work demonstrates that three winning experiences has important effects on brain and behavior [36] (link), [37] (link).
A complicating factor when studying intact females is accounting for variation in the ovarian cycle. Ideally, we would have used vaginal lavage before behavioral tests to identify females in diestrus, proestrus, or estrus before beginning social defeat or control training. However, lavage itself is stressful and has significant effects on behavior in female California mice ([30] (link); E. S. Davis personal communication). Because social defeat and control training was conducted across multiple days, each female was trained across multiple stages of the estrous cycle. Thus although variation in estrous cycle could influence the severity of each episode of defeat, multiple bouts of defeat ensured that this variation was not a confounding factor.
Trainor B.C., Pride M.C., Villalon Landeros R., Knoblauch N.W., Takahashi E.Y., Silva A.L, & Crean K.K. (2011). Sex Differences in Social Interaction Behavior Following Social Defeat Stress in the Monogamous California Mouse (Peromyscus californicus). PLoS ONE, 6(2), e17405.
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Publication 2011
Behavior Test Brain Diestrus Estrous Cycle Estrus Females Males Mice, House Ovarian Cycle Proestrus Rattus norvegicus Vaginal Douching
5
Rhesus Macaque Immunogens Evaluation
Cited 6 times
The 12 rhesus macaques (two groups of six animals) were inoculated five times with the immunogens described in the Expression and purification of Env immunogens section. Immunizations were performed at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, and 18 by the i.m. route of injection. All protein immunizations were administered in 75 µg ABISCO-100 (Isconova AB) and 500 µg CpG ODN2395 (Coley Pharmaceutical Group) as adjuvant (Abisco-100 + CpG). Protein doses were 200 µg per animal for the first inoculation and 100 µg for the subsequent injections. The vaccine was given in a total volume of 1 ml, divided equally between the left and right hind leg. Blood and rectal lavage samples were taken before and 1 and 2 wk after each immunization. The rectal mucosa was sampled through insertion of a syringe and rinsing with 4 ml PBS. The lavage was then added to a concentrated cocktail of protease inhibitors, spun, and the liquid phase frozen at −80°C. Vaginal lavage was taken 2 wk after each immunization through insertion of a pediatric feeding tube and rinsing with 2 ml PBS. The vaginal lavage was then treated as for rectal samples. 3 wk after immunizations two and four, the macaques were sampled for bone marrow through strictly aseptic insertion of a pediatric spinal needle between the greater and lesser tuberosity of humerus. A maximum of 5 ml was aspirated from each animal into a heparinized syringe and transferred to an EDTA tube.
Sundling C., Forsell M.N., O'Dell S., Feng Y., Chakrabarti B., Rao S.S., Loré K., Mascola J.R., Wyatt R.T., Douagi I, & Karlsson Hedestam G.B. (2010). Soluble HIV-1 Env trimers in adjuvant elicit potent and diverse functional B cell responses in primates. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 207(9), 2003-2017.
Publication 2010
Animals Antigens Asepsis BLOOD Bone Marrow Edetic Acid Freezing Gene Products, env Immunization Intubation, Gastrointestinal Lesser Tuberosities, Humeral Macaca Macaca mulatta Mucous Membrane Needles Pharmaceutical Adjuvants Pharmaceutical Preparations Protease Inhibitors Proteins Rectum Syringes Vaccination Vaccines Vaginal Douching

Most recents protocols related to «Vaginal Douching»

1
Genetic Characterization of Cholinergic Neurons in Fear Conditioning
All animal treatments and procedures were in compliance with the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science (AALAS) and experimental procedures were approved by both the University of South Carolina and Columbia VA Health Care System Institutional Care and Use Committees. Upon arrival, rats were maintained in the vivarium on a 12‐hour light/dark cycle with ad libitum access to food and water. As Long Evans Tg (ChAT::Cre) rats originally developed by the Deisseroth group have genetically‐restricted expression of Cre recombinase in cholinergic (ChAT expressing) neurons,26 four ChAT:Cre hemizygous male rats were purchased from the Rat Resource and Research Center (RRRC# 00658: Long Evans‐Tg(ChAT‐Cre)5.1Deis; University of Missouri, Columbia MO; RRID:RRRC_00658) and were ~ 2 months of age upon arrival. They were bred with four adult female wildtype Long Evans rats (~2 months old on arrival; Envigo RRID:RGD_5508398). The day before weaning, rat pups were color coded by tail marking and each given a unique number. At 21 days, the four resulting litters (N = 41 pups) were weaned. At weaning, tail snips were taken (~1 mm) with a sterile scalpel and placed into a labeled 96 well plate (provided by TransnetYX). The plate was sealed and sent to TransnetYX (Cordova, TN) for genotyping using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of the Cre recombinase gene.
Following weaning, animals were housed in groups of 2–3 with same‐sex littermates, but were single housed starting ~2 weeks prior to behavioral testing per our previous studies.17, 42, 43 Breeding of the transgenic ChAT::Cre+ males with wildtype females yielded 41 offspring that were tested in a cue‐conditioned fear and extinction protocol during early light phase of the light: dark cycle (see Figure 1; as described in17, 42, 43). The groups tested were Cre+ males (N = 12), Cre‐ males (N = 8), Cre+ females (N = 15), and Cre‐ females (N = 6). Unfortunately, due to the COVID‐19 pandemic we were unable to add additional litters to create similar sample sizes in each group.
Males and females were handled for 2 weeks prior to behavioral testing, and daily vaginal lavage was performed in the females to determine estrous cycle stage; males were handled similarly. Vaginal lavage was also performed after behavioral testing each day to assess the stage of the cycle during each behavioral test while avoiding additional handling stress.43, 44, 45 Vaginal cytology was determined using the fresh cytology samples under a microscope, and slides were then fixed using 95% ethanol for additional staining using hematoxylin and eosin for additional verification (see Refs. 43 (link), 44 (link) for detailed methods).
Tryon S.C., Sakamoto I.M., Kaigler K.F., Gee G., Turner J., Bartley K., Fadel J.R, & Wilson M.A. (2023). ChAT::Cre transgenic rats show sex‐dependent altered fear behaviors, ultrasonic vocalizations and cholinergic marker expression. Genes, Brain, and Behavior, 22(1), e12837.
Publication 2023
Animals Animals, Transgenic Behavior Test Cholinergic Agents COVID 19 Cre recombinase Cytological Techniques Eosin Estrous Cycle Ethanol Extinction, Psychological Fear Females Food Genes Hematoxylin Hemizygote Light Males Microscopy Neurons Patient Holding Stretchers Polymerase Chain Reaction Rats, Long-Evans Sterility, Reproductive Tail Vagina Vaginal Douching Woman
2
MRI-guided HDR Brachytherapy for Cervical Cancer
The dose of the pelvic EBRT was 45–50.4 Gy, with a 1.8–2 Gy/fraction. Some patients were treated with concurrent or sequential therapy with a total lymph node boost dose of 57.5–65 Gy. The EBRT techniques included three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), or volume modulated radiotherapy (VMAT). In Arm 1 and Arm 2, 52 (82.5%) and 49 (86.0%) of the patients received concurrent platinum-based chemotherapy, and 11 (17.5%) and 8 (14.0%) of the patients received radiotherapy only. All the patients received treatment by using the MRI-guided 192Ir HDR after-loading the therapy equipment (Micro-Selectron HDR V2), and the BT was performed after completion of the EBRT.
The implantation of the BT applicator and needle was performed as described below: the applicator was selected before the surgery, according to the disease conditions of patients. The tumor location, size, shape, para-uterine invasion, and relationship with surrounding organs were verified from the MRI images before and after the EBRT, as well as gynecological examination. The bowel preparation was performed on the day before the operation, and vaginal irrigation was performed on the day of operation. Combined intravenous and inhalation anesthesia was administered to the patients, then the patients were disinfected routinely, and the Foley urethral catheter was placed, with the balloon at the site of the vesical neck. The color ultrasound-assisted implantation of the applicator and needle was performed. The applicators used included the Utrecht interstitial Fletcher CT/MRI applicator set, interstitial ring CT/MRI applicator set, vaginal CT/MRI multi-channel applicator set, and self-made 3D-printed applicator. In patients that the para-uterine invasion has reached the pelvic wall, trans-perineal manual implantation was performed in addition to the above-mentioned applicators to meet the demands of dose distribution, and the depth of the needle was guided under the assistance of ultrasound. After the completion of the implantation, the applicator and needles were fixed. For one BT fraction in one application and two BT fractions every other day in one application, the fixation method of the applicator and needles remained the same. First, the needles were fixed on the applicator using the guiding tube, which was assembled on the applicator. Next, the applicator was filled with gauze for internal fixation, and then it was externally fixed on the patient's body with a T-shaped fixing belt. And then the rectum was pushed by the rectal pressure plate. The MRI was performed after the patient has been awakened. The application of analgesic drugs was decided based on the level of pain in patients. The analgesic drugs included were as follows: patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA), subcutaneous injection of opiates, and/or anti-inflammatory analgesics. The analgesic drugs were used in the recovery and treatment periods according to the requirements.
T2W MRI of each BT fraction was used for the delineation of target volume and OARs, as referred to in the GEC-ESTRO recommendations [4 (link)]. The high-risk clinical target volume (HR-CTV) was applied for the range of tumors that showed by the MRI and physical examinations following the EBRT, as well as the overall uterine cervix examination. The intermediate-risk clinical target volume (IR-CTV) was applied for the range of cervical cancer before the EBRT and for the extension of HR-CTV. The OARs included the bladder, small intestine, sigmoid colon, and rectum.
All the patients received the HDR-IGABT treatment at the 28 Gy/4f. The MRI was performed on the day when the operation has been completed. The patients in Arm 1 have received one BT fraction, and then the applicator or needles have been removed, while the patients in Arm 2 have received the first BT fraction. CT has been performed 16–24 h later to verify the locations of the applicator and needles. The second BT fraction was performed after confirmation.
All the patients received routine medical nursing, and stretch socks were worn to prevent deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Continuous electrocardiogram (ECG), blood pressure, and blood oxygen saturation were monitored during the waiting period. Antiemetics and anxiolytics were provided based on patient assessment. For the patients who received BT fractions every other day in one application, the segmental pressing massager was used in the waiting period, and corresponding nursing practices were also adopted during the waiting period to maintain the patients in the supine position. In addition, one doctor and two nurses were assigned for nursing and closely monitoring the continuous BT patients.
Song S., Han D., Zhang N., Mao Z., Guo X, & Cheng G. (2023). The MRI-guided two adaptive brachytherapy fractions versus one adaptive brachytherapy fraction in one application for the cervical cancer: a retrospective study. Radiation Oncology (London, England), 18, 46.
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Publication 2023
Analgesics Analgesics, Anti-Inflammatory Anesthesia, Inhalation Anti-Anxiety Agents Antiemetics Blood Pressure Cervical Cancer Cervix Uteri Deep Vein Thrombosis Electrocardiography Fracture Fixation, Internal Gynecological Examination Human Body Intestines Intestines, Small Neck Needles Neoplasms Neoplasms by Site Nodes, Lymph Nurses Opiate Alkaloids Ovum Implantation Oximetry Pain Patient-Controlled Analgesia Patients Pelvis Perineum Pharmacotherapy Physical Examination Physicians Platinum Pressure Radiotherapy Radiotherapy, Conformal Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated Rectum Sigmoid Colon Subcutaneous Injections Surgery, Day Ultrasonics Urethral Catheters Urinary Bladder Uterus Vagina Vaginal Douching Volumetric-Modulated Arc Therapy
3
Establishment of Timed Pregnancies in Rodents
Holtzman Sprague–Dawley rats were purchased from Envigo. A CITED2-deficient mouse model (15 (link)) was a gift from Dr. Yu-Chung Yang of Case Western Reserve University (Cleveland, OH). The Cited2 mutation was moved to a CD1 mouse genetic background following >10 generations of backcrossing. Animals were maintained in a 14-h light:10-h dark cycle (lights on at 0,600 h) with food and water available ad libitum. Timed pregnancies were established by cohabiting female and male rats or mice. Mating was determined by the presence of a seminal plug or sperm in the vaginal lavage for the rat and the presence of a seminal plug in the vagina for the mouse and considered gd 0.5. Pseudopregnant female rats were generated by mating with vasectomized males. Detection of seminal plugs was considered day 0.5 of pseudopregnancy.
Kuna M., Dhakal P., Iqbal K., Dominguez E.M., Kent L.N., Muto M., Moreno-Irusta A., Kozai K., Varberg K.M., Okae H., Arima T., Sucov H.M, & Soares M.J. (2023). CITED2 is a conserved regulator of the uterine–placental interface. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120(3), e2213622120.
Publication 2023
Animals CITED2 protein, human Females Food Genetic Background Light Males Mice, House Mutation Pregnancy Pseudocyesis Rats, Sprague-Dawley Rattus Sperm Vagina Vaginal Douching
4
HPV Self-Sampling Accuracy Evaluation
The calculation of the sample size was performed according to the following data:

HPV self-sampling, with respect to the clinician's sampling and analyzed by PCR-based assays, has a relative sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 92%, respectively, if we consider the most unfavourable scenarios, that is, a vaginal lavage to obtain the sample and the use of cell transport medium11 (link).

Approximately 40% of the women visiting the participating colposcopy clinic have HPV. This estimate was obtained from tests requested in that clinic.

Patients drop-out was estimated to be close to 0%, since all the health procedures of this research are performed on the same day, consecutively, and the main researcher is directly in charge of the pre-analytical phase.

Accuracy, or minimum value, of the difference to be detected is 0.1 and the chosen confidence level is 95%.

The estimated number of samples needed to compare each device with the gold standard is 58. Since each participant provides two self-samples, either dry or liquid, two groups of 58 women are needed; that is, a minimum of 116 participants.
Gibert M.J., Sánchez-Contador C, & Artigues G. (2023). Validity and acceptance of self vs conventional sampling for the analysis of human papillomavirus and Pap smear. Scientific Reports, 13, 2809.
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Publication 2023
Biological Assay Colposcopy Gold Medical Devices Patients Vaginal Douching Woman
5
Cervical Sample Self-Collection Protocol
Participation was offered to patients scheduled at the colposcopy clinic in the Inca Regional Hospital (Mallorca, Illes Balears) who met the criteria (Table 1).

Criteria for inclusion and exclusion in the study.

Inclusion criteria
 Women between 35 and 65 years old
Exclusion criteria
 Pregnancy and first six weeks of the puerperium
 Not having a cervix (prior hysterectomy or trachelectomy)
 Vaginal bleeding
 Use of medication, creams or vaginal douches in the last 48 h before sample collection
 Ignorance of the co-official languages of the Balearic Islands by the participant and, if applicable, by her companion
 Illiteracy in the strict or functional sense
 Inability to perform self-sampling
Gibert M.J., Sánchez-Contador C, & Artigues G. (2023). Validity and acceptance of self vs conventional sampling for the analysis of human papillomavirus and Pap smear. Scientific Reports, 13, 2809.
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Publication 2023
Cervicectomy Cervix Uteri Colposcopy Companions Hysterectomy Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Pregnancy Specimen Collection Vaginal Douching Woman

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More about "Vaginal Douching"

Vaginal douching, also known as vaginal irrigation or vaginal lavage, is the practice of rinsing the vagina with a liquid solution, typically water or a commercial douching product.
This process is often used to clean the vagina or address perceived odor or discharge.
The efficacy and safety of vaginal douching, however, are controversial, with some research suggesting it may disrupt the natural vaginal microbiome and increase the risk of infections.
Vaginal hygiene and health are important topics, and research has been conducted using various animal models, such as Sprague-Dawley rats, C57BL/6 mice, and Holtzman Sprague–Dawley rats.
Scientists have utilized techniques like Sabouraud dextrose agar plates and the Aurum Total RNA Fatty and Fibrous Tissue Kit to study the effects of vaginal douching and related interventions.
Some key subtopics in the field of vaginal douching include the potential benefits, such as addressing perceived odor or discharge, as well as the potential risks, including disruption of the vaginal microbiome and increased risk of infections.
Alternatives to douching, such as the use of probiotic supplements or B/B homodimerizer, have also been explored.
Researchers may use tools like PubCompare.ai to optimize their vaginal douching research, enabling them to easily locate and compare protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, ensuring reproducibility and accuracy.
This can enhance research efficiency and help find the best douching methods and products for vaginal health and hygiene needs.
Overall, the topic of vaginal douching is complex, with ongoing debates about its efficacy and safety.
Continued research, using both human and animal models, as well as the utilization of advanced tools and technologies, can provide valuable insights into this important aspect of women's health and hygiene.