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Controls: Participants (n = 96; age: 52.2 ± 16.8 years; range: 19–80 years; 63 females) undergoing EEG due to indications unrelated to neuropsychiatric diseases. Exclusion criteria for this group included diagnosis of depression or schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, substance abuse, psychiatric or general medical conditions requiring hospitalization, history of epilepsy or conditions requiring anticonvulsants, ECT, vagal nerve stimulation, or transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), history of traumatic brain injury and history or imaging findings of cerebrovascular diseases including ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke.
Depression: Participants with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) hospitalized during the index time. This diagnosis had been established by two senior psychiatrists according to DSM-IV and DSM-V criteria following a psychiatric interview where the severity of depression was found to be at least moderate. In addition, the participants (n = 28; age: 69.7 ± 14.8 years; range: 33–91 years; 20 females) had to have had at least 1 previous major depressive episode, prior to age 30—namely, the index episode was a recurrent one.
Schizophrenia: Diagnosis of schizophrenia had been established by two senior psychiatrists according to the ICD-10 criteria. In addition, the participants (n = 42; age: 41.4 ± 16.8 years; range: 18–76 years; 15 females) had to be hospitalized during the index time.
Depressive episodes secondary to a systemic disease or neurological disorder, such as depression due to hypothyroidism.
Received modified electric convulsive therapy (MECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), deep brain stimulation (DBS) or vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) within 3 months before screening.
Withdrawal of psychotropic drugs did not equate to seven half-life periods before the screening.
Women with a positive blood human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)/urine HCG test; men with reproductive potential and women of reproductive age unable to use contraception effectively and women who plan to become pregnant within 3 months of the start of the study.
Participated in any interventional clinical trial 3 months before screening.