Sphingomyelin sm

Manufactured by Avanti Polar Lipids

Sourced in United States

Sphingomyelin (SM) is a type of sphingolipid found in the cell membranes of various organisms. It is a key structural component of the myelin sheath, which insulates nerve fibers and facilitates efficient signal transmission. Sphingomyelin plays a crucial role in the maintenance and function of cell membranes.

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Lab products found in correlation

1 2 dioleoyl sn glycero 3 phoshoetanolamine dope, by NOF corporation (6 mentions) Dmg peg 2k, by NOF corporation (6 mentions) Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Merck Group (3 mentions) Mitochondria isolation kit for cultured cell, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Choline oxidase, by Fujifilm (1 mentions) Horseradish peroxidase, by Oriental Yeast (1 mentions) Amplex red, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Calcein, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Propidium iodide, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Sytox green, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Double distilled water, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (mtt), by Merck Group (1 mentions) Acrylamide, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Cholesterol, by Avanti Polar Lipids (1 mentions) Phosphatidylinositol, by Avanti Polar Lipids (1 mentions) Ergosterol, by Merck Group (1 mentions) L α phosphatidylethanolamine, by Avanti Polar Lipids (1 mentions) L α phosphatidylglycerol, by Avanti Polar Lipids (1 mentions) Egg yolk l α phosphatidylcholine, by Avanti Polar Lipids (1 mentions) Eagle s minimum essential medium emem, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)

9 protocols using sphingomyelin sm

Lipid-based Nanoparticle Preparation

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The 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phoshoetanolamine (DOPE) and methoxy polyethene glycol 2000 (DMG-PEG-2k) were obtained from the NOF Corporation (Tokyo, Japan). Sphingomyelin (SM) was obtained from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA). Stearylated R8 (STR-R8) was obtained from TORAY Research Center, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). The 1,1′-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-Tetramethylindodicarbocyanine, 4-Chlorobenzenesulfonate (DiD) and the Mitochondria Isolation Kit for cultured cells were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (Waltham, MA, USA). All other chemicals that were used were commercially available, reagent-grade products.

Hori I., Harashima H, & Yamada Y. (2023). Development of a Mitochondrial Targeting Lipid Nanoparticle Encapsulating Berberine. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(2), 903.

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Enzymatic Lipid Quantification Techniques

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Choline oxidase and lipoprotein lipase were obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). Phospholipase D and glycerophospholipid-specific phospholipase D were purchased from Biomol International (Plymouth meeting, PA). Amine oxidase was provided by Asahi Kasei Pharma (Tokyo, Japan). l-Amino acid oxidase, l-glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase, and sphingomyelinase were obtained from Worthington (Lakewood, NJ), Roche Diagnostics (Mannheim, Germany), and Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO), respectively. Calf intestine alkaline phosphatase and horseradish peroxidase were obtained from Oriental Yeast (Osaka, Japan). Purified phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidic acid (PA), L-α-palmitoyl-oleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), and sphingomyelin (SM) were purchased from Avanti Polar lipids (Alabaster, AL). The fluorescent probes Amplex Red (N-acetyl-3,7-dihydroxyphenoxazine) and Stop Reagent were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA).

Kawatsuki A., Morita S.Y., Watanabe N., Hibino E., Mitsuishi Y., Sugi T., Murayama S, & Nishimura M. (2019). Lipid class composition of membrane and raft fractions from brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports, 20, 100704.

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Peptide Synthesis and Antifungal Assay

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For peptide synthesis, fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC) amino acids, rink amide 4-methylbenzhydrylamine resin and other chemicals were purchased from Calbiochem-Novabiochem (La Jolla, CA, USA). Acrylamide, ergosterol and MTT were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Cholesterol (CH, from porcine liver), L-α-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE, from Escherichia coli), egg yolk L-α-phosphatidylcholine (PC), L-α-phosphatidylglycerol (PG, from E. coli), sphingomyelin (SM) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) were obtained from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA). Calcein, 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA), 3,3′-diethylthiodicarbocyanineiodide (DiSC₃-5) and SYTOX Green and Propidium iodide (PI) were acquired from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR, USA). All other reagents purchased were analytical grade. Double distilled water was used in the preparation of buffers (Millipore Co., Bedford, MA, USA). The fungal strains Candida albicans (C. albicans), Candida catenulate (C. catenulate), Candida intermedia (C. intermidia), Candida rugosa (C. rugosa), Candida glabrata (C. glabrata) and Candida melibiosica (C. melibiosica) isolates were obtained from the Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC). Drug resistant C. albicans (CCARM 14001, CCARM 14007 and CCARM 140020) were collected from the Culture Collection of Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes (CCARM).

Ramamourthy G., Park J., Seo C., J. Vogel H, & Park Y. (2020). Antifungal and Antibiofilm Activities and the Mechanism of Action of Repeating Lysine-Tryptophan Peptides against Candida albicans. Microorganisms, 8(5), 758.

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Neuronal Lipid Nanoparticle Preparation

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We obtained 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phoshoetanolamine (DOPE) and methoxy polyethene glycol 2000 (DMG-PEG-2k) from the NOF Corporation (Tokyo, Japan). Sphingomyelin (SM) was obtained from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA). Stearylated R8 (STR-R8) and axon-targeting peptides were obtained from KURABO Industries (Osaka, Japan). We obtained 1,1′-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-Tetramethylindodicarbocyanine, 4-Chlorobenzenesulfonate (DiD), and a MitoTracker™ Green FM and B-27™ Plus Neuronal Culture System from Thermo Fisher Scientific Life Sciences (Waltham, MA, USA). Eagle’s Minimum Essential Medium (EMEM) was obtained from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and Poly-L-ornithine were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other chemicals used are commercially available, reagent-grade products. The flexiPERM was obtained from Sarstedt (Nümbrecht, Germany).

Hori I., Harashima H, & Yamada Y. (2023). Development of Liposomes That Target Axon Terminals Encapsulating Berberine in Cultured Primary Neurons. Pharmaceutics, 16(1), 49.

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Lipid-Based Nanoparticle Formulation Protocol

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1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DOPE) and sphingomyelin (SM) were obtained from Avanti Polar lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA). Protamine was purchased from CALBIO CHEM (Darmstadt, Germany). Stearylated octaarginine (STR-R8)^{43 (link)} was obtained from KURABO Industries Ltd (Osaka, Japan). Lipofectamine iMRX (LFN iMax), 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindodicarbocyanine perchlorate (DiD), 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) and MitoTracker Deep Red (MTDR) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Life Sciences (Waltham, MA, USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) with a low glucose content was purchased from Gibco (Massachusetts, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. (Roche; Darmstadt, Germany). Purified oligonucleotides were purchased from Sigma Genosys Japan (Ishikari, Japan). All other chemicals used were commercially available reagent-grade products.

Yamada Y., Somiya K., Miyauchi A., Osaka H, & Harashima H. (2020). Validation of a mitochondrial RNA therapeutic strategy using fibroblasts from a Leigh syndrome patient with a mutation in the mitochondrial ND3 gene. Scientific Reports, 10, 7511.

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Lipid-loaded CD1a Tetramer Preparation

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Soluble mammalian CD1a samples were enzymatically biotinylated using BirA biotin ligase. Endogenous CD1a tetramers were prepared by mixing Streptavidin-PE (BD-biosciences) with biotinylated CD1a in a 1:4 molar ratio. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) (1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), sphingomyelin (SM) (N-nervonoyl-D-erythro-sphingosylphosphorylcholine), sulfatide (3-O-sulfo-D-galactosyl-ß1–1’-N-nervonoyl-D-erythro-sphingosine) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) (1-oleoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) were all purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids. PC, SM and sulfatide were prepared in 0.5% tyloxapol (Sigma) tris buffered saline (TBS) pH 8.0. LPC was prepared in aqueous solution or aqueous 0.5% tyloxapol. Prior to the production of lipid-loaded tetramers, biotinylated CD1a was loaded overnight with PC (1:6 molar ratio), LPC (1:5, 1:25, 1:50, 1:150 and 1:450 molar ratio) or SM (1:3, 1:6, 1:12 and 1:24 molar ratio). CD1a tetramer positive cells were co-stained with CD3 (clone UCHT1, BD biosciences) and analysed using a LSR Fortessa (BD sciences). Data was processed using FlowJo software (Tree Star Inc.). Loading of CD1a with LPC for crystallographic studies was performed by mixing CD1a with LPC in a 1:60 molar ratio, incubating overnight at room temperature and excess lipid and detergent removed using a HiTrap Q FF column (GE healthcare).

Birkinshaw R.W., Pellicci D.G., Cheng T.Y., Keller A.N., Sandoval-Romero M., Gras S., de Jong A., Uldrich A.P., Moody D.B., Godfrey D.I, & Rossjohn J. (2015). αβ T-cell receptor recognition of CD1a presenting self-lipid antigens. Nature immunology, 16(3), 258-266.

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Planar Lipid Membrane Compositions

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We used two different lipid mixtures to produce starter planar lipid membranes of compositions close to those of mammalian cell membranes. The cholesterol-free membrane was composed of Asolectin (Aso, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and Sphingomyelin (SM, Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster, AL, USA) dissolved in n-decane (TCI America, Portland, OR, USA) as stock solutions (100 mg/mL Aso, and 50 mg/mL SM) and mixed to provide an Aso:SM ratio of 10:4 (w:w). Cholesterol (Chol, Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in n-decane (50 mg/mL) and was used to produce a mixture of Aso:SM:Chol at w:w ratios of 10:4:4. Throughout our experiments we used a buffered electrolyte solution consisting of 135 mM KCl (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and 20 mM HEPES (pH = 7.2, ThermoFisher Scientific).

Whiting R., Finn P.W., Bogard A., McKinney F., Pankratz D., Smith A.R., Gardner E.A, & Fologea D. (2022). Experimental Investigations on the Conductance of Lipid Membranes under Differential Hydrostatic Pressure. Membranes, 12(5), 479.

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Lipid-based Delivery System Synthesis and Characterization

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1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DOPE) was purchased from the NOF Corporation (Tokyo, Japan). Sphingomyelin (SM) was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA). STR-S2 (stearylated-Dmt-d-Arg-FK-Dmt-d-Arg-FK-NH₂, Dmt = 2,6-dimethyltyrosne) was obtained from the Toray Research Center (Tokyo, Japan). The synthesis of methylated β-cyclodextrin-threaded acid-labile PRX (Me-PRX) and BODIPY-labeled Me-PRX [14 (link)] are described in the Supplementary Materials. HeLa human cervix carcinoma cells were obtained from the RIKEN Cell Bank (Tsukuba, Japan). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (low glucose) (DMEM) was obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). CellLight ER-RFP BacMam 2.0, LysoTracker Red DND-99 and MitoTracker Deep Red FM were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). All other chemicals used were commercially available reagent-grade products.

Yamada Y., Daikuhara S., Tamura A., Nishida K., Yui N, & Harashima H. (2023). Differences in the Intracellular Localization of Methylated β-Cyclodextrins-Threaded Polyrotaxanes Lead to Different Cellular States. Biomolecules, 13(6), 903.

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Lipid-Based Nanoparticle Delivery System

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1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DOPE), DOPE-N-(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazole-4-yl) (NBD-DOPE), and sphingomyelin (SM) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA). Stearylated R8 (STR-R8)²⁸ (link) was obtained from Kurabo Industries (Osaka, Japan). Protamine was purchased from Calbiochem (Darmstadt, Germany). pTriEx3 Neo vector was purchased from Merck (Novagen; Darmstadt, Germany). LFN 2000 was purchased from Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS), MitoTracker Deep Red, and Rhodamine 123 were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Life Sciences (Waltham, MA, USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) with high glucose and minimum essential medium Eagle alpha modification (α-MEM) were purchased from Nacalai Tescue (Kyoto, Japan). Oligonucleotides, in purified form, were purchased from Sigma Genosys Japan (Ishikari, Japan). All other chemicals used were commercially available reagent-grade products.

Kawamura E., Maruyama M., Abe J., Sudo A., Takeda A., Takada S., Yokota T., Kinugawa S., Harashima H, & Yamada Y. (2020). Validation of Gene Therapy for Mutant Mitochondria by Delivering Mitochondrial RNA Using a MITO-Porter. Molecular Therapy. Nucleic Acids, 20, 687-698.

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