Acetonitrile

Berberine, coptisine, palmatine, forsythoside A, phillyrin, astibin, baicalin, geniposide, and gentiopicrin (reference markers for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)) were purchased from Fusol Material Co., Ltd. (Tainan, Taiwan). Acetonitrile and methanol were obtained from Spectrum Chemical MFG. Corp. (HPLC grade; New Brunswick, NJ, USA). Monopotassium phosphate and sodium lauryl sulfate were purchased from J. T. Baker (Philipsburg, NJ, USA). Trifluoroacetic acid (purity >99.5%; HPLC grade) was obtained from Alfa Aosor (Lancashire, UK).

The ammonium formate and cyclohexanone were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Madison, WI, USA), while the HPLC-grade solvents, such as methanol, chloroform, isopropanol and acetonitrile, were procured from Spectrum Chemical Mfg., Corp. (Gardena, CA, USA). The 1,2-diheptadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (PE; 17:0/17:0), 1,2-diheptadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-sn-glycerol) (PG; 17:0/17:0) and 1,2-diheptadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (PC; 17:0/17:0) were obtained from Aladdin Reagents Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Additionally, the 1-heptadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (LPC; 17:0) was procured from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA), and the triheptadecanoin (TAG; 17:0/17:0/17:0) was sourced from Sigma-Aldrich (Madison, WI, USA).
Fresh eggs were procured from a local market located in Hebi, China. The egg yolks were manually separated from the egg whites after removing the shells. A sample mixture containing at least 10 egg yolks was prepared for each experiment. All the samples were kept on ice until being analyzed to ensure their freshness.

Brown seaweed Sargassum fusiforme was collected in July 2019 from Wenzhou, China. The dextrans (1, 5, 25, 50, 41 kDa) and monosaccharides (D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, D-rhamnose, D-xylose, L-fucose, D-arabinose, D-glucuronic acid, D-galactose acid, D-Galactosamine, D-Glucosamine) used as standards for High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were purchased from sigma Chemical Co., Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, United States). The SCFA_S (Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid), digestive enzymes (Gastric lipase, pepsin, pancreatin, and trypsin) and ammonium acetate were purchased from Aladdin Industrial Inc. (Shanghai, China). High performance liquid chromatography grade solvents including acetonitrile, chloroform, methyl alcohol and formic acid were purchased from Spectrum Chemical (New Brunswick, Canada). Other analytical grade chemicals were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

The tortoiseshell and deer antler gelatin was a product of Chuan Feng Tang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Tao-Yuan County, Taiwan) (batch number: R029901). Pepsin (catalog number: P7000) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Formic acid was purchased from Honeywell (Charlotte, NC, USA). Acetonitrile was purchased from Spectrum Chemical (New Brunswick, NJ, USA). Synthetic peptides were provided by Mission Biotech Co., Ltd. (Taipei, Taiwan).