Nhlf cells

NHLF cells and human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293) were obtained from Lonza and American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), respectively. NHLF cells were cultured in fibroblast growth medium (Lonza CC-2512B) at 37°C in 5% CO₂. HEK293 cells were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin at 37°C in 5% CO₂ incubator. NHLF cells were used within 10 passages according to the manufacturer's recommendation. MLE12 murine-transformed lung epithelial cells were purchased from ATCC and cultured and maintained using DMEM-F12 medium supplemented with 10% FBS as recommended.

The following microbial strains were used in this study: wild-type Candida albicans ATCC MYA-2876/SC5314, C. glabrata ATCC2001/CBS138, C. auris NCPF8984 and NCPF8985^{38 (link)}, MSSA ATCC25923, and MRSA ATCC43300. C. glabrata CGL305 (source: blood), MRSA40 (source: bronchoalveolar lavage fluid), and MDRP1481 (source: urine) were clinical isolates at the Nagasaki University Hospital (Nagasaki, Japan). The following human cell lines were used in the toxicity study: human lung carcinoma A549 cells (ATCC CCL-185) and NHLF cells (Lonza Walkersville, Inc., MD, USA). Candida and bacterial strains were maintained in YPD broth and Tris-buffered saline containing 25% glycerol, respectively, and frozen at − 70 °C until use. Human lung carcinoma A549 cells and NHLF cells were stored in RPMI-1640 containing 10% fetal calf serum and Fibroblast Basal Medium containing 10% fetal calf serum, respectively, and frozen with liquid nitrogen until use.

Vero E6 cells (Cercopithecus aethiops-derived epithelial kidney cells, ATCC) were grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; Gibco, catalog no. 41965039) supplemented with 2.5% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS; Gibco, catalog no. 10270106), 100 units/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin (Thermo Fisher, catalog no. 15140122), 2 mM l-glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate (Pan Biotech, catalog no. P04-8010), and 1× nonessential amino acids (Sigma, catalog no. M7145). Caco-2 cells (human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, kindly provided by H. Barth, Ulm University) were grown in the same media but with supplementation of 10% FCS. Calu-3 cells (human epithelial lung adenocarcinoma cells, kindly provided by M. Frick, Ulm University) were cultured in minimum essential Eagle medium (MEM; Sigma, catalog no. M4655) supplemented with 10% FCS (during viral infection) or 20% FCS (at all other times), 100 units/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, and 1× nonessential amino acids. NHLF cells (primary human lung fibroblasts; Lonza), HEK293T ZAP KO cells (10 (link)), and A549 cells (adenocarcinoma human alveolar basal epithelial cells; ATCC) were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FCS, 2 mM μg/ml l-glutamine, 100 units/ml penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin.