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23 protocols using ie dap

1

Molecular Modulators of Inflammation

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Caffeic acid and CAPE were purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). EGCG was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. iE-DAP was purchased from InvivoGen (San Diego, CA, USA). Recombinant rat tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was obtained from Peprotech (Rocky Hill, NJ, USA). SN50 was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA. SR11302 was purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Recombinant rat VEGF was obtained from Wako.
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2

Signaling Pathways in Bacterial Immune Response

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Staphylococcus aureus PGN and LTA, Escherichia coli 0111:B4 LPS, TPCK and PDTC were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). iE-DAP, MDP and gefitinib were purchased from InvivoGen (USA). The antibodies against TAK1, phosphorylated TAK1 (Thr184/187), phosphorylated IκBα (Ser32/36), β-actin and ubiquitin were from Cell Signaling Technology (USA). The antibodies against IκBα (ab47449) and RIP2 (ab8427) were from Abcam (UK).
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3

Airway Epithelial Cell Immune Response

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Airway epithelial cells were cultured under ALI conditions as described and washed with BEBM before treatment. Cells were treated with iE-DAP (50ug/ml, Invivogen, San Diego CA), iE-LYS (50ug/ml; Invivogen, San Diego CA) or negative control media for 24 hr prior to supernatant harvest. For NOD1 inhibition, cells were pretreated with ML130 (1uM, Selleckchem, Houston, TX) for 1hr at 37°C, 5% CO2 before addition of iE-DAP or H. pylori. Similar procedures were performed using NF-kappaB inhibitor JSH-23 (10uM, ApexBio Tech, TX) and p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB203580 (10uM, Selleckchem, Houston, TX) prior to addition of H. pylori.
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4

Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Mice

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Mice were food restricted but had free access to water 8 h prior to treatment. Following anesthesia with 1% pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg, ip), a segmental (70%) warm ischemia procedure was performed by blocking the left lateral and median lobes with a vascular clamp. After 60 min, the clamp was removed, followed by reperfusion at 2, 6, 12, or 24 h. Mice were then euthanized by cervical dislocation at 2, 6, 12, or 24 h after reperfusion. For the sham group, only the first hepatic portal vein was exposed. In order to assess the impact of NOD1 in pyroptosis during IR in this model, mice received an intraperitoneal injection of γ‐d‐glutamyl‐meso‐diaminopimelicacid (iE‐DAP; 5000 μg/kg; invivoGen, USA)19, 29 prior to ischemia. The IR control group was treated with an injection of an equal amount of normal saline.
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5

Modulation of Cardiomyocyte Calcium Dynamics

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Isolated cardiomyocytes were perfused with 10-8 M isoproterenol (Sigma-Aldrich, Madrid, Spain) for 1–5 min and intracellular Ca2+ dynamics were recorded. In some experiments, cells were pretreated with the selective NOD1 agonist C12-iE-DAP (iE-DAP, InvivoGen, San Diego, CA, United States), which has significant cell membrane permeability and high potency (Fernández-Velasco et al., 2012 (link); Delgado et al., 2015 (link); Val-Blasco et al., 2017a (link)), or iE-Lys (Invivogen), an inactive analog of NOD1. Nodinitib-1 (Cayman) was used as a selective NOD1 inhibitor and mice were injected IP with 5 μmol/L Nodinitib-1 or vehicle (<0.01% DMSO) three times weekly for 6 weeks.
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6

Ginsenoside and Bacterial Sensing Compounds

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Rg3 was purchased from (Sigma, St. Louis, USA) and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. Ginsenoside Rb1 was obtained from the Korea Ginseng and Tobacco Research Institute (Daejeon, Korea) and dissolved in 100% ethanol. ML130 was purchased from Selleckchem (Houston, USA) and iE-DAP was purchased from InvivoGen (San Diego, USA). Rg3, Rb1, iE-DAP, and ML130 were used at the indicated doses and time points.
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7

Protocols for Crystallizing and Transfecting Cells

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ATP, Ultrapure LPS, colchicine, nocodazole, MDP, Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), and doxycycline were obtained from Sigma. Imject Alum was obtained from Thermo. Nigericin, flagellin, poly (dA:dT) and vinblastine were obtained from Enzo. iE-DAP was obtained from Invivogen. MSU crystals and cholesterol crystals were made as described46 (link)47 (link): cholesterol (Sigma) dissolved in 95% ethanol (12.5 g l−1) was heated to 60 °C, filtered through filter paper and left at room temperature to allow crystallization; 8 g of uric acid (Sigma) was dissolved in 1,600 ml of boiling water containing 49 ml NaOH, and then PH was adjusted to 7.2, and crystals were formed by gradual cooling down. DOTAP (Roche), TransIT/LT1 (MirusBio), and TransIT/TKO (MirusBio) were used as transfection reagents. Mitotracker Red, Mitotracker Deep Red FM, TubulinTracker Green, Hoechst 33342, DAPI were obtained from Invitrogen. CytoTox 96 non-radioactive cytotoxicity assay (Promega) was used to measure lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as an indication of cell viability following manufacturer’s instruction.
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8

Placental Explant Inflammatory Response

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Intact FM, chorion, and amnion explants were either untreated (media control) or treated with lipopolysaccharide isolated from Escherichia coli 0111:B4 at 100ng/mL (LPS; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO); peptidoglycan isolated from Staphylococcus Aureus at 10μg/mL (PGN; InvivoGen, San Diego, CA); flagellin at 1μg/mL (InvivoGen); L18-MDP, D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid at 100μg/mL (iE-DAP; InvivoGen); or a synthetic derivative of muramyl dipeptide at 10μg/mL (MDP; InvivoGen). Doses were based on previous studies (Hoang et al. 2014 (link), Cross et al. 2017 (link), Potter et al. 2020 (link)). For some experiments, FMs were pre-treated for 1 hour with either the NLRP3 inhibitor 3,4-methylenedioxy-β-nitrostyrene (MCC950; 10μM; Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI); the pannexin-1 inhibitor, carbenoxolone (10μM; Sigma-Aldrich); the caspase-1 inhibitor, Z-WEHD-FMK (1μM; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN); the reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium (DPI; 10μM; Sigma-Aldrich); or the xanthine oxidase inhibitor, allopurinol (400 μM; Selleck Chemicals, Houston, TX). After 24 hours, cell-free culture supernatants were collected and FM tissues snap-frozen, and both then stored at −80°C.
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9

Cell Culture Protocol for iE-DAP, ML-7, and BAY 11-7085

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iE-DAP was brought from InvivoGen (Cat: tlrl-c12dap, San Diego, CA, USA). ML-7 (Cat: HY-15417, purity: 99.63%) and BAY 11-7085 (Cat: HY-10257, purity: 99.99%) were obtained from MedChem Express Inc. (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA). Reagents employed in cell cultures including RIPM 1640 (Cat: 11875093), 0.25% trypsin (Cat: 25200056), fetal bovine serum (Cat: 10099141) and penicillin-streptomycin solution (Cat: 15140122) were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). FITC-dextran was brought from Sigma-Aldrich (Cat: FD40, Saint Louis, MO, USA).
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10

Modulation of Immune Signaling Pathways

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All agonists, drugs and inhibitors were dissolved in DMSO or water following the manufacturer’s recommendations. Digitonin was used at a concentration of 2,5 μg/ml for 30 min (Interchim). Dynasore was used at a concentration of 80 μM for 1h (Sigma-Aldrich). NOD1 inhibitor (ML130, Sigma) and NOD1 ligand (IE-DAP, Invivogen) were used at 10µM and 10µg/ml respectively. ADP-heptose (ADP-H, 9020852, J&K Scientific and Invivogen) was used at concentration ranging from 10-8 to 10-5M. HBP was synthetized as previously described and was used at a concentration 10-3M11 (link).
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