Invia confocal raman microscope

The FT-IR spectra of starch samples were measured using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Vertex 70, Bruker, Bremen, Germany). The starch samples were prepared at the ratio of 1 g starch/100 g KBr and then compressed into pellets. The spectra were recorded between 4000 cm⁻¹ and 400 cm⁻¹ with a scan speed of 4 cm⁻¹. The Raman spectra of starch samples were measured using a Renishaw inVia confocal Raman microscope (Renishaw, Wotton-under-Edge, UK) with a 785 nm green diode laser source [26 (link)]. The spectra were recorded between 3200 cm⁻¹ and 100 cm⁻¹ with a scan speed of 7 cm⁻¹.

To study the SERS properties of these samples, a confocal microscopy Raman spectrometer (inVia^TM confocal Raman microscope, Renishaw, UK) was used as the measuring instrument. In all SERS tests, unless specifically stated, the excitation wavelength was 532 nm, laser power was 10 mW and the specification of the objective was 50 times long-focus objective lens (×50 L). A series of standard solutions of rhodamine 6G (R6G), adenine (A), cytosine (C) with different concentrations were used as the target molecules. Synthesized Co₃O₄ and 20 μL target molecules with different concentrations were dropped onto 5 mm × 5 mm polished silicon wafers. The mixture was dried at 60 °C.

Caco-2 cells were cultured and seeded with CAII using the procedure described in Section 2.3. However, only a 24 h incubation period was used in this study. Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde (4%), after which they were submerged in PBS (phosphate-buffered saline) prior to analysis. The samples were analysed using an inVia^TM Confocal Raman Microscope (Renishaw, New Mills, UK) with a Nd:YAG laser (532 nm, frequency-doubled laser) with an output power of 40 mW and excitation spot of around 1 µm. A GaAlAs laser (wavelength 782 nm) was used for excitation, producing a maximum of 9 mW at the focal plane of a 50× objective, typically used to illuminate the sample. Measurements were carried out at a spectral resolution of 4 cm⁻¹.

Raman spectra were recorded using a Renishaw inVia^TM confocal Raman microscope operated in backscattered geometry. The changes of 50% glycerol concentration at 50, 100, 150, and 200 μm below the DM surface with time were obtained. The measurements were performed by the focusing laser beam on the specific depth under the DM surface and then recording the spectra during the OC process. Raman spectra were recorded before and every 30 s after dropping a dose of 40 μL of 50% glycerol over the test area using a micropipette.
DM samples were held on an xyz-axis motorized stage with micrometer resolution computer-controlled; laser wavelength at 633 nm was used for acquiring Raman spectra with 1200 g/mm for fingerprint (FP: 400–1800 cm⁻¹) and high wavenumber (HWN: 2600–3800 cm⁻¹) regions and collected for 5 and 1 s acquisition time per spectrum, respectively. The measurements were performed with a spatial resolution of 0.77 µm and a laser-spot size of 1.5 µm. The CRM was calibrated using the 520 cm⁻¹ Raman band position of a silicon wafer. The excitation laser light was focused on the DM surface using 50× objective, which was also used to collect Raman spectra. The laser power on the DM surface was limited to 8.3 mW, which is considered safe for the tissue. All data were obtained under the same experimental conditions at room temperature of 20 ± 1 °C.

Raman spectroscopic analysis was used to detect the subtle biochemical changes and spectral characteristics in the implanted and sham sites of the rat calvaria. The Raman spectra were collected from RENISHAW inViaTM Confocal Raman Microscope (RENISHAW, UK) with 785 nm edge laser and 0.5% laser power, with 60s and 10s exposure and accumulation time respectively, objective 50L, Renishaw CCD camera detector with a scanning range of 100–3200 cm^-1.

The morphology and elemental mappings of the materials were studied using a FEI Tecnai F20 Transmission Electron Microscope and A LEO 1550 high-resolution SEM. The nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms of the MCP and MCPS were obtained with a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (Micromeritics ASAP2020). AccuTOF DART was used to get mass spectra for sulfur and MCPS composites. Raman spectra were collected using a Renishaw InVia Confocal Raman Microscope (λ=488 nm). ¹H NMR spectra were taken by Inova-400 Spectrometer. Ultraviolet–vis spectra were collected by Shimadzu UV–Vis–NIR Spectrometer. XPS measurements were performed with a Surface Science SSX-100 spectrometer using a monochromatic Al Kα source (1486.6 eV). Non-linear least squares curve fitting was applied to high-resolution spectra, using CasaXPS software.