The chemical library was donated by the EPA ToxCast Program. For verification and replication experiments, the following chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich: DL -α tocopherol acetate (T3376), DL -sulforophane (S4441), vincristine sulfate salt (V8879), oxyfluorfen (35031), rotenone (45656), fenamidone (33965), pyraclostrobin (33696), trifloxystrobin (46447), myxothiazol (T5580), pyridaben (46047), azoxystrobin (31697), fluoxastrobin (33797), fenpyroximate (31684) and kresoxim-methyl (37899). Famoxadone was purchased from Chem Service, Inc (N-11943). Topotecan hydrochloride was purchased from Tocris (4562). Paclitaxel was purchased from Fisher Scientific (AC32842). All chemical stocks were prepared in DMSO unless otherwise noted. Vehicle samples were prepared with an equivalent DMSO concentration of ≤0.5% in feeding medium.
Trifloxystrobin
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany
Trifloxystrobin is a fungicide active ingredient manufactured by Merck Group. It is a broad-spectrum fungicide used to control various fungal diseases in agricultural and horticultural applications. Trifloxystrobin acts by inhibiting mitochondrial respiration in fungi, thereby disrupting their cellular processes.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Azoxystrobin, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Pyraclostrobin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Pyridaben, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Buparvaquone, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Auranofin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Atovaquone, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
3mb pp1, by Cayman Chemical (2 mentions)
Dimethoate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Tebuconazole, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Cyprodinil, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Methyl parathion, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Malathion, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Paclitaxel, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Dl α tocopherol acetate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Kresoxim methyl, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Topotecan hydrochloride, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
Vincristine sulfate salt, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Oxyfluorfen, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Rotenone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Myxothiazol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
8 protocols using trifloxystrobin
1
Chemical Library Acquisition and Verification
2
Preparation of Pathogen Box Compounds
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The ‘Pathogen Box’ compounds were kindly provided by MMV in 96-well plates containing 10 mM stock solutions dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Additional amounts of several compounds were purchased from Sigma Aldrich and dissolved in DMSO (stock concentration given in brackets), including azoxystrobin (31697-100MG; 50 mM), trifloxystrobin (46447-100MG; 50 mM), auranofin (A6733-10MG; 50 mM), buparvaquone (SML1662-25MG; 3 mM), and atovaquone (A7986-10MG; 10 mM). 3-MB-PP1 was purchased from Cayman Chemical (17860; 10 mM). Additional MMV688853 (BKI-1517; 10 mM) was a kind gift from Wes Van Voorhis (University of Washington). Additional MMV024397 was also provided by MMV. The DMSO concentration introduced when using these compounds in assays was < 0.2% (v/v), except MMV688853 when used at the higher concentrations (up to 50 μM) in the Plasmodium assays (up to 0.5% (v/v) DMSO).
3
Fungicide Comparative Analysis Protocol
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SHAM was purchased from Tokyo Kasei Kogyo Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). The analytical standard trifloxystrobin was purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich (Tokyo, Japan). Metyltetraprole (>99% purity) was synthesized in our laboratory as described previously.2 For conducting agar medium and liquid medium tests, all chemical compounds were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide to make 10 mg mL−1 stock solutions, which subsequently were diluted to obtain the desired solutions. For conducting in planta tests, 25% trifloxystrobin flowable formulation (Flint, Bayer Cropscience Japan, Tokyo, Japan) was purchased and a 40% suspension concentrate formulation of metyltetraprole was prepared.36
4
Pesticide Standards Quantification Protocol
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The pesticide standards that included acetamiprid, boscalid, cyprodinil, dimethoate, dithianon, fenhexamid, fenoxycarb, fenpyrazamine, fludioxonil, fluopyram, iprodione, pyraclostrobin, pirimicarb, tebuconazole, thiacloprid, and trifloxystrobin with a purity in the range of 99.4–100 % were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Germany). The chemical structures selected compounds are shown in Figures S13-S14 . Stock solutions were prepared in acetonitrile and stored at −20 °C. Deionized water for the preparation of the mobile phase was produced by Watek system (Germany). Ammonium formate for mass spectrometry was obtained from Fluka (Germany). Formic acid used in the mobile phase and acetonitrile in HPLC grade was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Methanol (HPLC grade) was from Merck (Germany).
5
Trifloxystrobin Sensitivity Assay for V. inaequalis
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Sensitivity of V. inaequalis to trifloxystrobin (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) was determined by spore germination assay. trifloxystrobin was solubilized in acetone and added to water-agar (2% agar grade A; Becton, Dickinson and Company) to achieve the following concentrations: 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 2 mg/L.
The antibiotic streptomycin sulfate (Sigma-Aldrich) was added to water agar at a final concentration of 200 mg/L. In each in vitro test, pieces of scabbed leaves (0.012 -0.020 g) were randomly collected from each sample and introduced in micro tubes with 1 mL of sterile water. After shaking, the conidial concentration was adjusted to (1 -3) × 10 5 spores/mL. Two drops of 20 µL of spore suspension were placed on agar plates for every fungicide concentration and incubated for 24 h at 20˚C. 150 conidia per replicate were visually assessed using a microscope, counting those that had germinated. Two in vitro tests were performed for each population.
The resistance response for each population was expressed as mean percent relative germination "RG%" (percentage of germination at 2 mg/L/percentage of germination in untreated × 100), as previously described [39] (link).
The antibiotic streptomycin sulfate (Sigma-Aldrich) was added to water agar at a final concentration of 200 mg/L. In each in vitro test, pieces of scabbed leaves (0.012 -0.020 g) were randomly collected from each sample and introduced in micro tubes with 1 mL of sterile water. After shaking, the conidial concentration was adjusted to (1 -3) × 10 5 spores/mL. Two drops of 20 µL of spore suspension were placed on agar plates for every fungicide concentration and incubated for 24 h at 20˚C. 150 conidia per replicate were visually assessed using a microscope, counting those that had germinated. Two in vitro tests were performed for each population.
The resistance response for each population was expressed as mean percent relative germination "RG%" (percentage of germination at 2 mg/L/percentage of germination in untreated × 100), as previously described [39] (link).
6
Pesticide Standards for Analytical Methods
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Diazinon, methyl-parathion, fenitrotion, malathion, chlorpyrifos, triadimephon, penconazole, imazalil, myclobutanil, ethion, trifloxystrobin, propiconazole, bromopropylate, lindane, endosulfan, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide A, trans-chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, p,p′-DDT, and p,p′-DDD standards of high purity (>98%) were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Seelze, Germany). The stock solutions (1 g l -1 ) were prepared by dissolving the standards in methanol HPLC grade (99.9%) from Sintorgan (Buenos Aires, Argentina) and stored under freezing condition (-18 °C) in dark bottles sealed with PTFE/silicone caps. The working standard solutions (50 mg l -1 ) were prepared in hexane HPLC grade (99.9%) purchased by Sintorgan (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Deionized water obtained from an E-pure water purification system (Barnstead/Thermolyne, Bedford, MA, USA) was used for physical-chemical analysis.
7
Analytical Standards for Environmental and Forensic Analysis
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Materials. HPLC-grade acetonitrile, water, hexafluorobenzene (99%) and chlorobenzene (99.9%), iodobenzene (>99%) and fluorobenzene (>99.5%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Buchs, Switzerland), and toluene (99.85%) and acetone (99.9%) from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). Analytical-grade pesticide and drug standards were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, and were: ametryn, atrazine, prometon, prometryn, propazine, simazine, terbutryn, disulfoton, famphur, parathion, parathion-methyl, phorate, sulfotep, thionazin, triethyl thiophosphate, dimethoate, metolachlor, pyrimethanil, malathion, cyprodinil, flusilazole, cyproconazole, trifloxystrobin, quinoxyfen, tebuconazole, pyriproxyfen, pyridaben, difenoconazole, azoxystrobin, diazepam, cocaine, methadone, desipramine, imipramine, MDMA, ketamine, lidocaine and fentanyl. Phenanthrene-d10, pyrene-d10, and a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mix (CRM 47930) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
8
Pathogen Box Compound Screening
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The 'Pathogen Box' compounds were kindly provided by MMV in 96-well plates containing 10 mM stock solutions dissolved in DMSO. Additional amounts of several compounds were purchased from Sigma Aldrich and dissolved in DMSO (stock concentration given in brackets), including azoxystrobin (31697-100MG; 50 mM), trifloxystrobin (46447-100MG; 50 mM), auranofin (A6733-10MG; 50 mM), buparvaquone (SML1662-25MG; 3 mM), and atovaquone (A7986-10MG; 10 mM). 3MB-PP1 was purchased from Cayman Chemical (17860; 10 mM).
Additional MMV688853 (BKI-1517; 10 mM) was a kind gift from Wes van Voorhis (University of Washington). Additional MMV024397 was also provided by MMV. The DMSO concentration introduced when using these compounds in assays was < 0.2% (v/v), except MMV688853 when used at the higher concentrations (up to 50 μM) in the Plasmodium assays (up to 0.5% (v/v) DMSO).
Additional MMV688853 (BKI-1517; 10 mM) was a kind gift from Wes van Voorhis (University of Washington). Additional MMV024397 was also provided by MMV. The DMSO concentration introduced when using these compounds in assays was < 0.2% (v/v), except MMV688853 when used at the higher concentrations (up to 50 μM) in the Plasmodium assays (up to 0.5% (v/v) DMSO).
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