L serine

Manufactured by Fujifilm

Sourced in Japan

L-serine is a non-essential amino acid that plays a crucial role in various biochemical processes. It serves as a building block for proteins and participates in the biosynthesis of other important molecules, such as phospholipids and sphingolipids. L-serine is commonly used as a component in laboratory equipment and research applications.

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Serine (5 citations)

8 protocols using l serine

Biochemical Compounds Procurement Protocol

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NAD disodium salt, d-(–)-3-phosphoglyceric acid disodium salt, and l-homocysteine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). l-Alanine, l-valine, l-methionine, l-homoserine, l-serine, and N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid (TAPS), DTT, NADH, and isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan).

Okamura E., Ohtaka K., Nishihama R., Uchida K., Kuwahara A., Mochida K, & Hirai M.Y. (2021). Diversified amino acid-mediated allosteric regulation of phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase for serine biosynthesis in land plants. Biochemical Journal, 478(12), 2217-2232.

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Taste Receptor Activation by Amino Acids

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Agar (purified powder) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). As tastants, D-fructose (CAS: 57-48-7, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan), as well as L-alanine (ALA; CAS: 56-41-7), L-arginine monohydrochloride (ARG; CAS: 1119-34-2), L-asparagine monohydrate (ASN; CAS: 5794-13-8), L-aspartic acid (ASP; CAS: 56-84-8), L-cysteine monohydrochloride hydrate (CYS; CAS: 7048-04-6), L-histidine monohydrochloride (HIS; CAS: 645-35-2), L-isoleucine (ILE; CAS: 73-32-5), L-leucine (LEU; CAS: 61-90-5), L-lysine monohydrochloride (LYS; CAS: 657-27-2), L-glutamine (GLN; CAS: 56-85-9), L-glutamic acid (GLU; CAS: 56-86-0), L-glycine (GLY; CAS: 56-40-6), L-methionine (MET; CAS: 63-68-3), L-phenylalanine (PHE; CAS: 63-91-2), L-proline (PRO; CAS: 147-85-3), L-serine (SER; CAS: 56-45-1), L-threonine (THR; CAS: 72-19-5), L-tryptophan (TRP; CAS: 73-22-3), L-tyrosine (TYR; CAS: 60-18-4) and L-valine (VAL; CAS: 72-18-4) were used at concentrations of 10 mmol l⁻¹ (TYR was used in 0.5 mmol l⁻¹ due to low solubility). Amino acids were obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan (TYR, SER, CYS, VAL), Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA (ILE, PRO) or Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan (ALA, ARG, ASN, ASP, LEU, LYS, GLN, GLY, MET, PHE, THR, TRP, TYR).

Kudow N., Miura D., Schleyer M., Toshima N., Gerber B, & Tanimura T. (2017). Preference for and learning of amino acids in larval Drosophila. Biology Open, 6(3), 365-369.

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Synthesis and Analysis of Amino Acids

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L-Kynurenine sulfate salt, KYNA, and L-tyrosine disodium salt hydrate were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). L-Alanine, L-arginine, L-asparagine, L-aspartate, L-cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate, L-glutamine, L-glutamate, L-glycine, L-histidine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine hydrochloride, L-lysine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, and L-valine were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). Rodent diet (MF) was obtained from Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd (Tokyo, Japan). All other chemicals were of the highest commercially available purity.

Sekine A., Okamoto M., Kanatani Y., Sano M., Shibata K, & Fukuwatari T. (2015). Amino acids inhibit kynurenic acid formation via suppression of kynurenine uptake or kynurenic acid synthesis in rat brain in vitro. SpringerPlus, 4, 48.

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Amino Acid Treatments for Larval Development

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d-Serine (191-08821; FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corp., Tokyo), l-serine (191-00401, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corp.), l-glutamate acid (070-00502, FUJIFILM Wako), and glycine (077-0073, FUJIFILM Wako) were stocked in fresh water at 100 mM at −30°C and used at the final concentration of 50 μM. D-AP5 (015-18481, FUJIFILM Wako) was stocked in 100 mM NaOH at −30°C and used at the final concentration of 100 μM. MK-801 (0924; Tocris Bioscience, Bristol, UK), 7-chlorokynurenic acid (ab120024; Abcam, Cambridge, MA), and brefeldin-A (022-15991, FUJIFILM Wako) were stocked in dimethyl sulfoxide at −30°C at 25 mM, 50 mM, and 10 μg/μl, respectively, and used at the final concentrations of 100 μM, 700 μM, and 2 μg/μl, respectively. Chemicals were administered at the settlement of larvae or after tail cutting.

Krasovec G., Hozumi A., Yoshida T., Obita T., Hamada M., Shiraishi A., Satake H., Horie T., Mori H, & Sasakura Y. (2022). d-Serine controls epidermal vesicle release via NMDA receptor, allowing tissue migration during the metamorphosis of the chordate Ciona. Science Advances, 8(10), eabn3264.

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Amino Acid and Metal Complex Preparation

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l-Alanine, l-proline, l-serine, l-threonine, l-aspartic acid, l-glutamic acid, l-methionine, citric acid, [RuCl₂(p-cymene)]₂ (1) and deuterium oxide (D₂O) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). l-Cysteine, l-penicillamine and sodium 3-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propanesulfonate (DSS) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). S-Methyl-l-cysteine was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). l-Valine was obtained from Kanto Chemical Company (Tokyo, Japan). These reagents were used without further purification.

Aizawa S.I., Takizawa K, & Aitani M. (2019). Mechanistic study on substitution reaction of a citrato(p-cymene)Ru(ii) complex with sulfur-containing amino acids. RSC Advances, 9(43), 25177-25183.

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Quantification of D-Serine and Glycine in Brain

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D-serine or glycine concentrations in the human brain tissue were determined using a 2D-HPLC system (NANOSPACE SI-2 series, Shiseido) as previously validated and described (Miyoshi et al., 2009 ). Briefly, tissue homogenates were deproteinized with methanol. The amino acids in the liquid layer were derivatized with 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F), separated in two tandem-connected columns (a capillary-monolithic ODS column and a narrowbore-enantioselective column, provided from Shiseido), and detected at 530 nm with excitation at 470 nm. Standard D-serine, L-serine, and glycine were obtained from Wako (Osaka, Japan).

Suzuki M., Imanishi N., Mita M., Hamase K., Aiso S, & Sasabe J. (2017). Heterogeneity of D-Serine Distribution in the Human Central Nervous System. ASN NEURO, 9(3), 1759091417713905.

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Analytical-Grade Chemical Compounds

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Propionic acid (PA), butyric acid (BA), L-glycine (Gly), L-alanine (Ala), L-serine (Ser), L-threonine (Thr), L-cysteine (Cys), L-methionine (Met), L-valine (Val), L-leucine (Leu), L-isoleucine (Ile), L-phenylalanine (Phe), L-tryptophan (Trp), L-aspartic acid (Asp), L-glutamic acid (Glu), L-asparagine (Asn), L-glutamine (Glu), L-histidine (His), L-asparagine monohydrate (Arg), L-tyrosine (Tyr), and L-ascorbic acid were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako (Osaka, Japan). Acetic acid (AA), L-lysine (Lys), and sodium butyrate were purchased from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan), and proline (Pro) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All chemicals were of analytical grade.

Takakuwa A., Nakamura K., Kikuchi M., Sugimoto R., Ohira S., Yokoi Y, & Ayabe T. (2019). Butyric Acid and Leucine Induce α-Defensin Secretion from Small Intestinal Paneth Cells. Nutrients, 11(11), 2817.

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Serine and Proline Metabolism in Renal Cells

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The human proximal tubular cell line, HK-2, was cultured in DMEM/F12 supplemented with 5% foetal calf serum (FCS). L-serine and D-serine (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan) were dissolved in very small amounts of distilled water and added directly to the medium before use. Normal human renal epithelial cells (NHREC) were purchased from Kurabo (Osaka, Japan) and cultured in Renalife medium (Lifeline Cell Technology, Frederick, MD, USA). The amino acids, D-/L-alanine, D-/L-serine, and D-/L-proline were purchased from Wako.

Okada A., Nangaku M., Jao T.M., Maekawa H., Ishimono Y., Kawakami T, & Inagi R. (2017). D-serine, a novel uremic toxin, induces senescence in human renal tubular cells via GCN2 activation. Scientific Reports, 7, 11168.

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