Scotopic electroretinography (ERG) and photopic ERG were both recorded monthly using the Diagnosys Espion Visual Electrophysiology System (Lowell, MA), as described previously (18 (link)). Briefly, after dark adaptation for 16 h, mice were anesthetized with their pupils dilated. A series of flashes with intensities 0.002–600 candela (cd) · s/m2 were applied to induce rod response under dark adaptation. For cone function, a series of flashes with 600 cd · s/m2 intensity were applied to record the cone photoreceptor response after 10-min light adaptation under a background light of 50 cd/m2. ERG responses of both eyes were simultaneously recorded and analyzed.
Visual electrophysiology system
Manufactured by Diagnosys
Sourced in United States
The Visual Electrophysiology System is a diagnostic tool designed to assess the function of the visual system. It measures the electrical responses of the eye and visual pathways to light stimuli, providing objective data about the performance of the visual system.
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5 protocols using visual electrophysiology system
1
Scotopic and Photopic ERG Measurements
2
Mouse ERG Detection Procedure
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Mouse ERG detection was performed on an Espion Visual Electrophysiology System (Diagnosys, Lowell, MA, United States). Briefly, female Asrgl1 KO mice and female controls were dark-adapted overnight 1 day before detection. In the next morning, before ERG, animals were anesthetized and the eyes were dilated with a drop of tropicamide and phenylephrine, as well as tetracaine (0.5%). Throughout the experiment, a heating platform was used to keep the body temperature at 37°C. Gold wire loops were used to record dark-adapted ERGs in response to flashes with intensities ranging from 0.003 to 20 cds/m2. After 20 min of complete light adaptation, cone-mediated ERGs were recorded with white flashes.
3
Electroretinography Assessment in Mice
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Full-field electroretinography (ERG) recordings were conducted as described previously (Xu et al., 2011 (link)). Briefly, after overnight dark adaptation, mice were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of 85 mg/kg ketamine and 14 mg/kg xylazine. ERGs were recorded using an Espion visual electrophysiology system with a Ganzfeld ColorDome system (Diagnosys). Potentials were recorded using a gold-wire electrode to contact the corneal surface through a layer of 2.5% hypromellose (Gonak, Akorn). For assessment of scotopic responses, a stimulus intensity of 2.20 log cd·s m−2 was presented to dark-adapted dilated mouse eyes. To evaluate photopic responses, mice were adapted to a 1.48 log cd·s m−2 light for 5 min, and then a light intensity of 1.89 log cd·s m−2 was given. Responses were differentially amplified, averaged, and analyzed using Espion 100 software (Diagnosys).
4
Scotopic ERG Analysis in Animal Model
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An Espion Visual Electrophysiology System (Diagnosys, USA) was used to record electroretinograms (ERGs). After at least 12 h of dark adaptation, animals were anesthetized, and their pupils dilated using 0.2 mg/mL tropicamide phenylephrine. Animals were placed on a regulated heating pad throughout the experiment. ERGs were recorded using a golden ring that made contact with the corneal surface through a 0.2% carbomer layer. Additionally, needle electrodes were inserted into the cheeks and tails of the animals to serve as reference and ground leads, respectively. The ERG stimulus consisted of two scotopic flashes (0.01 and 20 cd.s/m2), followed by 20 cd.s/m2 white flashes on a 30 cd/m2 white background after a light preadaptation period of 5 min. A-waves, b-waves, and PhNR were recorded and analyzed. PhNR refers to a negative wave following the b-wave that mainly originates from the spiking activity of RGCs and amacrine cells [54 (link)]. The amplitudes of different wave types from each eye were recorded for analysis. Amplitudes of a- and b-waves are reported as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism software. A multiple t-test was used to compare the two groups. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant.
5
Scotopic Electroretinogram in Rats
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ERG was recorded using the Espion Visual Electrophysiology System (Diagnosys, Lowell, MA, USA). Rats were dark-adapted for 16 h for scotopic ERG. The full ERG responses of both eyes were simultaneously recorded at the flash intensity of 600 cd·s/m2, and the data in both eyes were recorded, and the average of the left and right eyes were used for the analysis [31 (link)].
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