Reduced and oxidized glutathione

CC1₄, Tris-HCl, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), oxidized and reduced glutathione, reduced β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), glucose-6-phosphate, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), glutathione reductase, 5,5-dithio-bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), potassium persulfate, sulfosalicylic acid (SSA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), 2,6-dichloroindophenol, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), Tween 20, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Rabbit polyclonal antibody specific for 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-8-OHdG), Rabbit polyclonal antibody specific for 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), Rabbit polyclonal antibody specific to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), Rabbit polyclonal antibody specific to interleukin 6 (IL-6), Rabbit polyclonal antibody specific to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), EnVision™ + System/horseradish peroxidase (HRP), Rb (DAB+), target retrieval solution, and antibody diluent were purchased from Dako (Agilent Technologies Company, Denmark).

Thioacetamide, thiobarbituric acid, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (l-NAME), glyceryl trinitrate, horseradish peroxidase, ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA), phenol red, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), tris-HCl, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), dithiothreitol, oxidized and reduced glutathione (GSH), glucose-6-phosphate, 2-mercaptoethanol, pyridoxal-5-phosphate, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), 5,5-dithio-bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) and γ-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sulfosalicylic acid, naphthalene, 1,4-bis (5-phenyl-2-oxazolyl) benzene, 1,4-dioxane, toluene, perchloric acid (PCA), sodium chloride, potassium chloride, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), ascorbic acid, citric acid and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) from Central Drug House (P) Ltd (CDH), New Delhi, India.. 2,5-Diphenyloxazole and ferric chloride were purchased from Spectrochem Private Limited, Mumbai, India. Methanol, tween-80, brij-25 and sodium azide were purchased from SD Fine Chem Limited, Mumbai, India. [¹⁴C]ornithine (specific activity 82 Ci/mmol) and [³H]-thymidine (specific activity 56 m Ci/mmol) have been obtained from Amersham (Buckinghamshire, UK). All other chemicals and reagents that were used were of the highest purity commercially available.

Formic acid and HPLC grade methanol were purchased from VWR Prolabo (Fontenay-sous-Bois, France). Deionized water was obtained from a Milli-Q purification system (Millipore, Molsheim, France). Standard of trans-piceid was purchased from Selleckchem (Houston, TX, USA). Standards of caffeic acid, vanillic acid, gallic acid and ferulic acid were purchased from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). Standards of syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, protocatechuic acid, ethyl protocatechuate, tyrosol, tryptophol, tryptophan, trans-resveratrol, quercetin, catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin 3-gallate, taxifolin, oxidized and reduced glutathione were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), as well as hydrochloric acid, phloroglucinol, L-ascorbic acid, and ammonium formiate. Standards of ethyl gallate, ethyl caffeate, tyrosine, hydroxytyrosol, epigallocatechin, malvidin 3-O-glucoside chloride, and malvidin 3,5-diglucoside chloride were purchased from Extrasynthese (Geney, France). Standards of trans-caftaric acid, quercetin glucoside and procyanidin dimers B1, B2, B3, B4, and trimer C1 were purchased from Phytolab (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany).