Ges 1

Immortalized human gastric mucosal epithelial cells GES-1 (from the Cell Resource Center, Beijing, China) were used, and the cell culture media were supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, BI) and 1% penicillin–streptomycin (100 U/mL) with RPMI 1640 medium (Gibco), and the cells were cultured at 37 °C in a 5% CO₂ thermostatic incubator.

Gastric cancer cells MKN45 and SGC7901, human embryonic kidney cell line HEK-293T and human gastric mucosa cell line GES-1 were obtained from Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences Cell Resource Center. MKN45 and HEK-293T cells were hatched in high-glucose DMEM (Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium) supplemented with 10% FBS (fetal bovine serum, Life Technologies Corporation, Paisley, UK). SGC7901 and GES-1 cells were maintained in RPMI-1640 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) supplemented with 10% FBS. All cells were incubated in a humidified incubator at 37°C with 5% CO₂. The medium was refreshed every 48 h.

Human GC cell lines SGC7901, BGC823, AGS, and MKN28 and the immortalized gastric epithelial cell line GES-1 were purchased from the Cell Resource Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). The invasive cell subline MKN28-M and non-invasive cell subline MKN28-NM were created from the human GC cell MKN28 using the repeated transwell approach as previously described.^{44 (link)} Cells were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; Thermo Scientific HyClone, Beijing, China) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (HyClone), 100 U/ml of penicillin, and 100 U/ml of streptomycin (HyClone) in a 37 °C humidified incubator with a mixture of 95% air and 5% CO₂.