Glucuronic acid glca

The soluble and insoluble NSPs or xylan contents were measured as newly illustrated with minor modifications [18 (link)]. Ileal chyme samples were pretreated with fat extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis of starch. Subsequently, the supernatant and residue were subjected to different complicated steps such as hydrolysis, washing, centrifugation, and drying. The glycan degradation products were then analyzed for individual sugar concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC, Agilent 1200 series, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA); the quantity of arabinose and xylose determined the AX content, and the total sugars represented the total NSP content. Monosaccharide standards consist of galactose (Gal), glucose (Glu), mannose (Man), arabinose (Ara), xylose (Xyl), fucose (Fuc), rhamnose (Rha), galacturonic acid (Glc), and glucuronic acid (GlcA) (Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA), which were subjected to the same procedures as the samples.

Smilax china L. was purchased from Simcere Drugstore in Nanjing, China. The voucher specimen number is B/20190106. DSS (36–50 kDa, reagent grade) was provided by MP Biomedicals (Shanghai China). Sulfasalazine (SSZ) was supplied by Shanghai Sanwei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The DEAE cellulose was purchased from Yuanye Bioengineering Institute (Shanghai, China). Fucose (Fuc), galactose (Gal), rhamnose (Rha), galacturonic acid (Gala), glucose (Glu), xylose (Xyl), and glucuronic acid (Glca) were provided by Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). The AIN-93M diet was purchased from Hunan Silaike Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd. (Changsha, China). Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) kits were acquired from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were purchased from Boster Biological Technology, Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China). All other chemicals and reagents used in the experiments were of analytical reagent grade.